The preponderance of peer-reviewed research published since 1990 has found significant adverse effects from exposure to radio frequency radiation and extremely low frequency and static electromagnetic fields.
Cell phones and other wireless devices also produce static and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. ELF was classified by the IARC as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B) a decade before RFR received this classification.
89% (n=375) of 420 RFR oxidative effects (or free radical) studies published since 1997 reported significant effects including 96% (n=103) of 107 studies with a SAR (specific absorption rate) ≤ 0.40 watts per kilogram (which is ten times less than the 4.0 W/kg threshold of harm that the FCC and the ICNIRP use to base their RFR exposure limits).
71% (n=381) of 531 RFR genetic effects studies published since
1990 reported significant effects including 84% (n=184) of 218 studies of
gene expression.
78% (n=387) of 498 RFR neurological studies published since 2007 reported significant effects.
85% (n=342) of 401 RFR reproduction and development studies published since 1990 reported significant effects. Among the low-intensity exposure studies that reported significant effects, 68 studies used an exposure with a SAR ≤ 0.40 W/kg and 48 studies had a SAR ≤ 0.08 W/kg.
249 low-intensity RFR exposure studies (SAR < 0.40 W/kg) published since 1990 reported significant effects.
Extremely low frequency (ELF) and static electromagnetic fields
91% (n=313) of 345 ELF/static EMF oxidative effects (or free radical) studies published since 1990 reported significant effects.
83% (n=342) of 411 ELF/static EMF genetic effects studies published since 1990 reported significant effects including 92% (n=219) of 239 studies of gene expression.
91% (n=352) of 385 ELF/static EMF neurological studies published
since 2007 reported significant effects.
78% (n=81) of 104 ELF/static EMF reproduction and development studies published since 1990 reported significant effects.
This document contains abstracts for 383 studies published since 1997 that assessed the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on free radical-related cellular processes.
See pages 215-250 for a table that summarizes key details about each study.
Summary
1. Of the 383 studies published from 1997- October 2024, 340 (89%) studies reported significant effects; 43 (11%) studies found no significant effects.
2. Change in cellular free radical status is a consistent effect of radiofrequency radiation.
3. Effects can occur at low specific absorption rates (SAR) (<0.4 W/kg) of exposure. See 98 studies marked LI for low intensity, 94 (96%) low intensity studies found effects.
4. Effects have been reported at different frequencies, exposure duration, and modulations, and in many different biological systems, cell lines, and animal species. These data support the assertion that “Radiofrequency radiation affects cellular free radical processes.”
5. Most of the studies are live animal (in vivo) studies with long-term exposure, e.g., daily exposure up to months.
6. Some studies used mobile phones or RFR-emitting devices for exposure (see Table, pp. 215-250). The SAR and characteristics of RFR in these studies are not well defined. However, these studies should not be overlooked because they represent real-life exposure scenarios. Waveform modulations of radiofrequency radiation during wireless communication usage probably play an important role in biological effects. They are not revealed in studies that used a simple form of radiation (e.g., continuous-wave or GSM) and spatially uniform fields. Researchers in bioelectromagnetics should realize that the perfect RFR exposure system simulating real life exposures simply does not exist.
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