I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2500 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.
To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published since 2024
(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (667 page pdf):
To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023
click on the following link (867 page pdf):
To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020
click on the following link (875 page pdf):
The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.
Editorial: The 4th international expert forum on the public health and
environmental impacts of cellular and wireless radiation exposure 2024
Ben
Ishai P, Butler T, Davis D, Leszczynski D, Taylor H (2026) Editorial:
The 4th international expert forum on the public health and
environmental impacts of cellular and wireless radiation exposure 2024.
Front. Public Health 14:1856852. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1856852.
No abstract
Excerpt
Taken together, the contributions to this Research Topic suggest that historical disagreement reflects not only scientific uncertainty, human hubris, and individual and collective value judgments (), along with institutional, methodological, and social influences that shape science and policy (Lin; Frank; Héroux; Scarato). While important knowledge gaps remain, particularly in long-term ecological research and exposure assessment, the current literature is sufficient to seriously question the continued reliance on the thermal-only paradigm to safeguard public health and the environment. The evidence presented in this Research Topic indicates plausible pathways for gradual, cumulative adverse effects on human health and wellbeing and on the ecosystem in which they exist and depend. For human populations, the principal risk lies in normalizing universal, continuous exposure to a biologically active, environmental toxin, while the policymaking and regulatory frameworks responsible for risk management lag behind scientific understanding of the health and environmental risks of RF-EMF. For ecosystems, the risk is compounded by stressors, such as habitat loss and climate change, which may amplify vulnerability to EMF exposure.
It is time that policy and regulation take into consideration the reduction of EMF exposure as a public and environmental health issue to be pursued. As clean air acts have forced changes in industry behavior, a similar regulatory approach is necessary to ensure scientifically reasonable levels of EMF exposure.
In this context, precaution should be understood not as opposition to technological development but rather as a governance principle aimed at aligning innovation with the protection of public and environmental health. This Research Topic does not close the debate on wireless RF-EMF and its biological effects. It does, however, clarify that the central question is no longer whether RF-EMF can interact with biological systems, but rather how the risks associated with such interactions and adverse consequences should be mitigated.
Open access:
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Association between mobile
phone use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A large prospective cohort
study
Ren S, Gao P, Wei S, Cui Y, Ye D, Fang X. Association between mobile
phone use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A large prospective cohort
study. PLoS One. 2026 May 22;21(5):e0347330. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0347330.
Abstract
Background: It remains uncertain whether there is a relationship between mobile phone use and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Research on the relationship between different mobile phone usage(MPU) behaviors and the risk of RA onset is still insufficient.
Methods: The UK Biobank (UKB) data were utilised to inquire into the relationship between four mobile phone use exposure variables-MPU, length of mobile phone use(LMPU), weekly usage of mobile phone for making or receiving calls(WMPU), and hands-free device/speakerphone use with mobile phones to make or receive calls(HMPU)-and new-onset RA. The relationships between MPU behaviors and the occurrence of RA in the general population were assessed using Cox regression analyses. These associations were further explored in subgroups stratified. We implemented sensitivity analyses to confirm the stability of the results.
Results: During a median follow-up period of 13.63 years, 6082 new cases of RA were identified among 479,966 participants. Individuals who used cell phones had a 14% elevated risk of the onset of RA (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07-1.23), with an 8% elevated risk (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.15) observed among those who used a mobile phone for more than 30 minutes per week.
Conclusions: We aimed to investigate the association between MPU and the risk of developing RA in the general population. Results indicate that increased MPU, longer duration of use, and gr
Methods: The UK Biobank (UKB) data were utilised to inquire into the relationship between four mobile phone use exposure variables-MPU, length of mobile phone use(LMPU), weekly usage of mobile phone for making or receiving calls(WMPU), and hands-free device/speakerphone use with mobile phones to make or receive calls(HMPU)-and new-onset RA. The relationships between MPU behaviors and the occurrence of RA in the general population were assessed using Cox regression analyses. These associations were further explored in subgroups stratified. We implemented sensitivity analyses to confirm the stability of the results.
Results: During a median follow-up period of 13.63 years, 6082 new cases of RA were identified among 479,966 participants. Individuals who used cell phones had a 14% elevated risk of the onset of RA (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07-1.23), with an 8% elevated risk (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.15) observed among those who used a mobile phone for more than 30 minutes per week.
Conclusions: We aimed to investigate the association between MPU and the risk of developing RA in the general population. Results indicate that increased MPU, longer duration of use, and gr
Conclusions
This study found that MPU, duration of MPU, and weekly usage time were positively correlated with an increased probability of RA onset. However, the use of hands-free mode when making or receiving calls showed no significant correlation with RA incidence. Therefore, on one hand, future research could conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to validate whether implementing MPU management strategies can reduce the risk of RA development. On the other hand, this study also provides a preliminary foundation and hypothesis for future investigations into the causal relationship between MPU and RA using genetic proxy tools for MPU.
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Prenatal and Early-Life Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Impacts on Neurodevelopment and Behavior
Ezgin N. Prenatal and Early-Life Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Impacts on Neurodevelopment and Behavior. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2026;:1549–1564.
Abstract
Wi-Fi is a common source of radiofrequency electromagnetic field
(RF-EMF) exposure, operating at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies.
Increasing experimental evidence suggests that RF-EMF exposure during
prenatal and early postnatal periods may influence neurodevelopment and
behavior. This review examines the effects of RF-EMF exposure on
learning, memory, anxiety-like behaviors, motor activity, and
exploratory behaviors. The study is based on 65 experimental studies
identified through a literature search conducted in PubMed, Web of
Science, and Scopus databases. Mechanistic studies indicate that these
effects are associated with increased oxidative stress, impaired
synaptic plasticity, and modulation of neuronal signaling pathways,
potentially affecting neurogenesis, dendritic spine formation, and the
maturation of neural circuits. Findings from animal studies are
heterogeneous; while some studies report mild cognitive and motor
impairments, others do not observe significant behavioral changes. Human
data remain limited and controversial, providing low-level evidence
regarding cognitive and behavioral effects. Nevertheless, the
sensitivity of the developing nervous system to such exposures is
noteworthy. Current evidence suggests that RF-EMF exposure may affect
neurodevelopment and behavior through neurobiological mechanisms.
However, further standardized, long-term, and multidimensional studies
are required to reach definitive conclusions regarding the direction and
magnitude of these effects. Factors such as exposure duration,
intensity, developmental stage, and sex appear to play critical roles.
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Exposure Misclassification in the Danish Mobile Phone Subscriber Cohort and its Influence on International Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation Cancer Risk Assessments
Hardell L, Nilsson M. Exposure Misclassification in the Danish Mobile Phone Subscriber
Cohort and its Influence on International Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation
Cancer Risk Assessments. Archives of Internal Medicine Research. May 15, 2026. 9(2):107-118.
Abstract
The Danish mobile phone subscriber cohort, updated in 2011, is one of
the most frequently cited epidemiological studies concluding that mobile
phone use is not associated with increased risk of brain tumors.
Regulatory bodies routinely rely on this cohort as part of the evidence
for null associations. However, the Danish cohort exhibits structural
exposure misclassification and control group contamination that limit
its ability to give information on health risks. The objective of this
study was to critically examine methodological features, evaluate how
they constrain inference regarding brain tumor risk, and document how
the study was assessed in several international risk assessments.
Methodological aspects, data on numbers of subscribers, minutes of
mobile phone use over the cohort study period and incidence statistics
of central nervous system (CNS) tumours were examined. We analyzed how
the cohort’s findings have been evaluated, critically analyzed and
incorporated into major international risk assessments from the WHO, the
EU and national expert groups. Several structural limitations were
identified: exposure classification restricted to pre-1996 private
subscribers; misclassification of 200 507 corporate subscribers and all
post-1995 users classified as “unexposed” leading to severe
contamination of the unexposed group with exposed individuals; absence
of individual usage data; DECT phone users classified as unexposed;
insufficient window for slow-growing tumors. These factors bias the
risks toward unity. Data from NORDCAN show increasing CNS tumour
incidence in Denmark, which contradicts the findings in the cohort.
Several expert evaluations have assessed the cohort as high quality
evidence of absence of risk. The WHO commissioned review published in
2024 appears to be the assessment in which the cohort contributed most
substantially to the overall results. Due to structural exposure
misclassification and control group contamination, the Danish cohort
cannot test associations between mobile phone use and brain tumor risk.
The continued use of the study in international risk assessments bias
overall results towards null. The study is scientifically flawed and is
uninformative on health risks from mobile phone use.
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Exposure to 5G Radiofrequency and
Physiological Effects in Healthy Young Adults: Insights Into Heart Rate
Variability and Salivary Stress Biomarkers
My note: This was not a 5G study.
Layla J, Lisa M, Stéphane D, Raphaël B, Laurent H, Paul M, Philippe L,
Tamara B, Erwan SB, Brahim S. Exposure to 5G Radiofrequency and
Physiological Effects in Healthy Young Adults: Insights Into Heart Rate
Variability and Salivary Stress Biomarkers. Bioelectromagnetics. 2026
Jul;47(5):e70056. doi: 10.1002/bem.70056.
Abstract
This study investigated the potential impact of fifth-generation (5 G) radiofrequency (RF) on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Electrocardiograms (n = 43) and salivary samples (n = 33) were collected from healthy young volunteers before, during, and after exposure to a 3.5 GHz frequency (electrical field intensity ~1-2 V/m) emitted by an antenna while participants were seated at rest. Heart-rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices, including time and frequency domain measures, were analyzed from short-term epochs during both "real" and "sham" exposure sessions, under eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. Initial variations in RR intervals and HR were observed during 5 G exposure; however, these effects were not confirmed by post-hoc analyses after correction for multiple comparisons, suggesting the absence of consistent exposure-related modulation. The only statistically significant result was a time-by-exposure interaction for the RMSSD parameter during the final exposure period. This effect was small in magnitude, limited to a single time point, and not supported by other parasympathetic indices, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously as it may reflect normal physiological variability or a statistical artifact. No consistent exposure-related effects were detected in salivary stress biomarkers, including cortisol, alpha-amylase, and chromogranin A. Although minor variations were observed in some measures, all values remained within normal physiological ranges, and their clinical relevance remains uncertain. These findings are restricted to the specific experimental conditions examined, namely short-term far-field exposure (25.5 min) at low specific absorption rate (SAR) levels (0.008 mW/kg in the brain). Overall, the results provide preliminary baseline human data at 3.5 GHz rather than confirmatory evidence of biological effects. Further studies involving larger cohorts and longer exposure durations are required to determine whether subtle or cumulative autonomic effects of 5 G exposure can be reliably detected.
Summary
-
Exploratory study assessing autonomic responses to short-term 3.5 GHz 5 G exposure in healthy young adults.
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No robust or consistent effects were observed on heart rate variability or salivary stress biomarkers after statistical correction.
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Findings provide preliminary baseline human data for low-level 5 G exposure, highlighting the need for larger and longer studies.
Open access: https://onlinelibrary.
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Early-life exposure to
27.5 GHz 5G millimeter-wave radiation induces skin-related biological
responses in mice
Palone F, Fratini E, Novelli F, Leonardi S, De Stefano I, Pasquali E,
Tanori M, Pinto R, Ardoino L, Zambotti A, Camera F, Piscitelli M, Merla
C, Pazzaglia S, Capstick M, Samaras T, Mancuso M. Early-life exposure to
27.5 GHz 5G millimeter-wave radiation induces skin-related biological
responses in mice. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-57133-w.
Abstract
The global rollout of 5G networks has raised questions regarding the
potential biological effects of millimeter-wave exposure, particularly
in the skin due to its limited penetration depth. This study examined
the effects of whole-body exposure to 27.5 GHz millimeter waves, a
frequency within the 5G FR2 bands, on skin-related biological responses
in early life mice. Patched1- heterozygous knockout and wild-type CD1
mice were exposed from birth to weaning (P21), 23 h per day, in
10-minute ON/5-minute OFF cycles, at two power densities (6.67 and 20
W/m²). SHAM-exposed animals served as a control. No overt histological
abnormalities were observed in exposed skin. However, molecular analyses
revealed significant modulation of inflammation-related gene
expression. Notably, Ccl4, Csf2, and Tnfsf11 emerged as central
regulatory nodes, displaying high degree and betweenness centrality
across all groups, irrespective of genotype and sex. Crucially, exposure
significantly stimulated mast cell degranulation and, in wild-type
mice, led to a reduction in cutaneous glutamate levels. Concurrently, a
down-regulation of transcripts associated with cutaneous sensory
components (Calca, Mrgprd) was observed within the skin
microenvironment. These findings show that 27.5 GHz exposure induces
coordinated changes in cutaneous inflammatory pathways and mast
cell-mediated homeostasis without detectable structural damage. Overall,
these results demonstrate a localized molecular and cellular response
within the cutaneous microenvironment, reflecting a subtle homeostatic
shift, and suggest that genetic background may contribute to variability
in the biological response to millimeter-wave exposure.
Open access: https://www.nature.
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Effects of 26 GHz
radiofrequency exposure on electrodermal activity in healthy young
adults
Michelant L, Hugueville L, Leveque P, Selmaoui B. Effects of 26 GHz
radiofrequency exposure on electrodermal activity in healthy young
adults. Int J Radiat Biol. 2026 Jun 3:1-10. doi:
10.1080/09553002.2026.2678295.
Abstract
Purpose: The deployment of 26 GHz millimeter wave technology represents the next phase of 5 G implementation, yet potential effects on autonomic nervous system function remain unexplored. This study investigated whether environmental-level 26 GHz exposure influences electrodermal activity (EDA), a sensitive marker of sympathetic nervous system activation.
Materials and methods: Twenty-two healthy young adults participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, triple-blind study examining EDA responses to controlled 26 GHz exposure. Participants underwent two sessions (real and sham exposure) with electric field intensities of 2 V/m at head level and 1 V/m at torso level, representing upper environmental exposure ranges. EDA parameters were measured during pre-exposure, exposure (25.5 min), and post-exposure phases using established continuous decomposition analysis. Both tonic components (baseline sympathetic activation) and phasic responses (stimulus-evoked reactions) were assessed following standardized auditory stimulation protocols.
Results: No statistically significant effects of 26 GHz exposure were observed across all measured EDA parameters. Tonic activity, phasic responses, response latency, amplitude measures, and global skin conductance remained unchanged during and following RF exposure compared to sham conditions across all experimental phases.
Conclusions: Environmental-level 26 GHz exposure does not produce detectable acute effects on sympathetic nervous system activity as measured through electrodermal responses. These findings contrast with reported effects at lower 5 G frequencies, suggesting frequency-specific biological interactions. The limited tissue penetration of millimeter waves likely prevents electromagnetic energy from reaching sympathetically innervated structures. Results support current guidelines yet emphasize the need for complementary study.
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Ten-Country Study on Public
Perceptions of 5G EMF Emissions: Who Feels Exposed, and Why?
Link SC, Grellier J, Martin L, Eggeling-Böcker M, Abacioglu F, Schulz C,
Vaupotič N, White MP, Boehmert C. A Ten-Country Study on Public
Perceptions of 5G EMF Emissions: Who Feels Exposed, and Why?
Bioelectromagnetics. 2026 Jul;47(5):e70058. doi: 10.1002/bem.70058.
Abstract
Formal risk assessment considers characteristics such as proximity,
dose, and vulnerability. However, public risk perception may also be
influenced by other-possibly less relevant-factors such as visibility
and novelty. The introduction of 5G and its associated infrastructure
and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) may therefore change
perceptions of RF-EMF from mobile communications in general. To explore
this, we conducted an online survey in 10 European countries (n =
10,358) using a picture-based approach. Respondents perceived daily
RF-EMF exposures as moderate but expected them to increase with 5G. A
mobile phone at the ear was generally associated with higher perceived
exposure than multiple base stations. Overall, distance to the RF-EMF
source most strongly influenced perceived exposure, followed by the
number of sources. 5G reception was linked to higher exposure perception
than 4G or Wi-Fi reception. These patterns were consistent across most
countries. We conclude that when assessing RF-EMF exposure, people rely
on heuristics (e.g., more sources imply more exposure) that often guide
them correctly. Understanding when and why people feel particularly
exposed can help develop more effective communication about true levels
of exposure and risk.
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Simsek ET, Sumser K, Mansourinezhad P, Kayhan H, Paulides MM,
Buyukatalay EO. Experimental and clinical evidence on radiofrequency
electromagnetic field effects on the blood-brain barrier: a scoping
review. Phys Med Biol. 2026 May 28;71(10). doi:
10.1088/1361-6560/ae6e17.
Abstract
Objective. This scoping review evaluates evidence on whether
radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure influences
blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Given inconsistent findings
across decades of research and expanding wireless technology use, we
summarize results from in vivo, in vitro, and human studies with emphasis on exposure characterization and thermal control.
Methods. Literature
covering RF-EMF exposures from ∼900 MHz to frequencies relevant for
emerging wireless systems was surveyed. Due to substantial heterogeneity
in exposure conditions, i.e. specific absorption rates from 0.01 to
>10 W kg-1, diverse modulation schemes, and varied
biological endpoints, we performed a qualitative synthesis supported by a
methodological audit focusing on dosimetric rigor, temperature
monitoring, and sham-control implementation.
Results. Findings
remain mixed: seventeen studies reported increased BBB permeability or
molecular alterations, while eighteen observed no effects. Null-result
studies generally applied stricter dosimetry and thermal safeguards,
though incomplete temperature documentation was common. Some in vitro
studies suggest effects on tight-junction proteins or cellular stress
pathways, but these outcomes show limited reproducibility in animal
models. Human data are sparse and do not clearly differentiate thermal
from non-thermal influences.
Conclusion. Current evidence does
still not establish a causal link between RF-EMF exposure and BBB
disruption. Persistent methodological variability limits
interpretability. Future work should employ rigorous exposure
characterization, validated BBB biomarkers, and robust thermal and sham
controls, and address gaps at higher frequencies and in vulnerable
populations (prenatal, elderly).
Conclusion and future directions
The current body of experimental evidence, as visualized in (figure 6), presents a complex and unresolved picture regarding the effects of RF-EMF on BBB integrity. While it does not definitively support the hypothesis that RF-EMF exposure compromises the BBB, it is also not possible to entirely refute it.
The field is not divided into ‘old, flawed’ studies versus ‘new, high-quality’ studies. On the contrary, (figure 6) demonstrates that reports of an ‘Effect’ extend into the modern era (e.g. 2017, 2025), just as methodological weaknesses (e.g. ‘Uncontrolled’ dosimetry or incomplete controls) persist even in recent publications (e.g. 2015). This indicates that factors beyond just methodological quality (e.g. frequency, modulation, model differences) must be considered to explain the inconsistencies in the literature.
Therefore, the body of data does not conclusively prove that GSM, UMTS, or TDMA signals have no significant effect on BBB permeability; rather, it shows that the evidence is mixed.
Given this complexity and methodological heterogeneity, it is critical that future research addresses the current issues that challenge comparative analyses and regulatory consensus.
The recommendation to prioritize next-generation frequencies and vulnerable populations is grounded in a clear gap identified within the present database. Our synthesis shows that many studies conducted over the last two decades are limited to legacy 2G/3G bands, with virtually no data exploring the unique absorption characteristics of 5G millimeter waves in the BBB context. Additionally, while the BBB’s integrity varies significantly across the lifespan, the current literature is dominated by healthy young adult male models, effectively ignoring the potential heightened sensitivity of the developing or aging brain.
Future research should prioritize the following:
- Long-term and low-intensity exposure models
- Human studies incorporating CSF biomarkers or advanced imaging techniques. Although the collection of CSF is invasive and may be feasible only in specific patient groups, CSF biomarkers provide the most direct biochemical evidence of BBB integrity and, together with advanced imaging, can offer translational insights beyond peripheral markers or animal models.
- Vulnerable populations, including children, elderly individuals, and patients with neurovascular comorbidities
- Novel technologies such as 5G and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. Future research should prioritize these frequencies; their distinct biophysical properties, including higher photon energy and unique tissue absorption profiles, present a novel exposure scenario that remains significantly underrepresented in the current BBB literature. The necessity of focusing on 5G mmWave frequencies is further underscored by recent state-of-the-science reviews (Karipidis et al 2021), which identify a profound lack of high-quality, replicated research in the 6–300 GHz range. Our synthesis aligns with their findings, emphasizing that the unique energy deposition patterns of these frequencies necessitate a dedicated re-evaluation of BBB permeability under modern exposure scenarios.
- Methodological rigor, specifically emphasizing double-blind, randomized controlled designs, standardized dosimetry (including thermal monitoring), the use of sham-exposed control groups, and validated, direct outcome measures such as CSF biomarkers.
In conclusion, while current evidence does not definitively indicate that typical RF-EMF exposures within international safety limits impair BBB integrity in healthy individuals, the scientific debate, as highlighted by (figure 6), is not closed. Careful and comprehensive investigation is warranted for emerging exposure scenarios and high-risk populations.
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Response to the BfS
Statement: Scientific Clarifications on Chromosomal Damage and RF-EMF
Exposure
Belyaev I, Gulati S, Mosgoeller W, Moldan D. Response to the BfS
Statement: Scientific Clarifications on Chromosomal Damage and RF-EMF
Exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2026 Jun 6;322:120336. doi:
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120336.
No abstract
Excerpt
In conclusion, our study (Gulati et al., 2024) provides statistically robust evidence consistent with an association between long-term RF-EMF exposure and increased chromosomal aberrations under the investigated conditions.
Because the study is exploratory and based on a limited sample size, the findings should be interpreted cautiously and warrant independent replication in larger well-characterized cohorts and longitudinal study designs.
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2.45 GHz RF Reprogram
Mitochondria-Lysosome Crosstalk & Modulate Survival/Death of
Macrophages Exposed to LPS or SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Sueiro-Benavides RA, Leiro-Vidal JM, Rodríguez-González JA, Ares-Pena
FJ, López-Martín E. Radiofrequency Fields at 2.45 GHz Reprogram
Mitochondria-Lysosome Crosstalk and Modulate the Survival/Death of
Macrophages Exposed to LPS and/or the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Int J
Mol Sci. 2026 Apr 24;27(9):3813. doi: 10.3390/ijms27093813.
Abstract
The redox mechanisms of RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to 2.45 GHz RF-EMF
at subthermal specific absorption rates and to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
and/or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (CSP) were investigated. To this
end, cellular responses (lysosomal and mitochondrial activity, nitric
oxide (NO) production, and cell survival/death) were measured after 6,
24, and 48 h. Selective loss of viability in cells exposed to RF and LPS
was observed at 6 h, consistent with early defects in membrane
permeability. Lysosomal activity was significantly enhanced in cells
treated with RF + LPS. Mitochondrial activity decreased in cells exposed
to RF + LPS at 6 h and increased in cells treated with RF + CPS/LPS.
Cell viability decreased greatly in cells treated with LPS and CSP + LPS
after 24, particularly after 48 h. Nitrite levels peaked in
non-irradiated cells treated with RF + LPS and in CSP + LPS at 24 h and
decreased in irradiated cells after 48 h. Irradiation affected selection
of the death mode: apoptosis decreased or remained unchanged in cells
subjected to any of the treatments, while necrosis increased in cells
treated with CPS, LPS, or both for 48 h. The combination of RF-EMF and
infectious agents reprogrammed the interaction between
mitochondria/lysosomes/nitric oxide (NO)/cell death in macrophages in a
time- and stimulus-dependent manner.
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/
The importance of hair in human perception of
electric fields - A double-blind repeated measures study
Jankowiak K, Kaifie A, Krabbe J, Dohrn MF, Kimpeler S, Mingers F, Kühn
R, Kraus T, Kursawe M. The importance of hair in human perception of
electric fields - A double-blind repeated measures study. Sci Rep. 2026
May 13;16(1):14970. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-52898-6.
Abstract
Electric fields (EFs) are an integral part of modern life which might
affect humans in terms of conscious perception. Despite their ubiquity,
the mechanisms underlying EF perception remain underexplored. To
elucidate interindividual variance, this study investigates the
influence of human hair on the perception of alternating current (AC)
EFs, direct current (DC) EFs, and hybrid EFs using a double-blind
repeated measures design. Thirty healthy participants were exposed to
various EF strengths while their hair characteristics and environmental
conditions were systematically manipulated. The findings indicate that
hair plays a crucial role in EF detection, as removal of hair markedly
increased detection thresholds for all EF types. Furthermore,
correlations were observed between hair moisture content and DC EF
sensitivity, as well as between arm hair roughness and AC EF
sensitivity. Factors such as environmental relative humidity and the
application of mascara directly influenced the EF detection performance.
The findings suggest that both the presence and properties of hair
notably contribute to how humans are affected in their perceptual
experience of EFs, highlighting the need for further research into
individual characteristics that influence the EF perception mechanisms.
Conclusions
The replication of the effect of relative humidity on the perception of
various EF types underscores the robustness of results in EF detection
research. The influence of hair on the head and arms on the ability to
perceive EFs is clearly emphasized. It was shown that the removal of
hair is associated with a strong loss of detection performance. At the
same time, if hair is present, its characteristics also have an
influence on EF detection performance. Head hair moisture in DC EFs and
hair roughness in AC EF perception influence the detection thresholds.
The results complement the known models regarding EF perception and
their extensions6,13.
Furthermore, the results help to understand how EFs are perceived by
humans. Further research focusing on the influence of fine hairs on the
ears, cheeks, and eyelashes is needed. It remains to be investigated
whether complete hair removal could eliminate the ability to perceive
EFs.
Open access: https://www.nature.
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Exposure
of the palm to handheld wireless devices operating at frequencies from
900 MHz to 6 GHz
Christ A, Niskala K, Joyner KH. Exposure of the palm to handheld wireless devices operating at frequencies from 900 MHz to 6 GHz, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2026;, ncag052, doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncag052.
The exposure of the palm due to handheld wireless devices is analyzed
using anatomical hand models of adults and children considering a
frequency range from 900 MHz to 6000 MHz. The fingers of the hand models
are articulated such that they hold the phone model in realistic
positions. The antennas of the phone model are located in the microphone
region, which maximizes the exposure of the palm. Approximately 140
configurations are evaluated numerically. The exposure is quantified in
terms of the 10 g psSAR and compared with the psSAR calculated for a
flat phantom. The results indicate that the exposure of the palm is
within the extremity exposure limit of 4 W per kg in 96%
of the cases for the hand models if the exposure limits are met for a
flat phantom at 0 mm distance. The numerical uncertainty for the
exposure evaluation is assessed as 24.7% (
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Combined Experimental-Numerical Spatio-Temporal Mapping of RF-EMF Exposure in City Environments
Leeman M, Deprez K, Van der Straeten J, Ver M.
Combined Experimental-Numerical Spatio-Temporal Mapping of RF-EMF Exposure in City Environments.
Abstract
The rollout of 5G has increased spatial and temporal variability in RF-EMF exposure due to higher frequency bands, beamforming, and denser deployments, challenging conventional maps that rely only on simulations or sparse measurements. We present a hybrid framework that fuses deterministic ray-tracing with heterogeneous data (static sensor node data gathered over a two-year period, a mobile spectrum analyzer (SA) campaign, and personal exposimeter measurements) to generate high-resolution spatio-temporal exposure maps for a dense urban area of 2.5 km2. At its core is the Mean-Matched Gradient-Preserving Optimization (MMGPO), which estimates a smooth multiplicative correction field over the simulated grid to remove bias while preserving logarithmic gradients. When validated against 28 independent SA measurements, MMGPO achieves an RMSE=5.47 dB and correlation r=0.70 for the total electric field exposure over all frequency bands. By incorporating temporally varying node data, this approach provides policymakers, researchers, and the public with reliable, high-resolution exposure assessments across multiple time windows, capturing spatial detail while reflecting temporal variations in
modern wireless networks.
modern wireless networks.
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Quantum coherence stabilization in biology via feedback with
coherent background fields
Ahmadi M, Shariatpanahi SP, Shamsi J, Asgari E, Foroughmand-Araabi MH,
Majidzadeh-A K, Jahed Motlagh MR, Torkaman Rahmani A. Quantum coherence
stabilization in biology via feedback with coherent background fields.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2026 May 29:1-15. doi:
10.1080/15368378.2026.2679035.
Abstract
Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium while
maintaining a high degree of internal order, raising the long-standing
question of how fragile quantum coherence can persist in warm, noisy
biological environments. While several biological processes exhibit
signatures of quantum coherence, the physical mechanisms responsible for
stabilizing such coherence remain an active area of debate. In this
work, we present a phenomenological model demonstrating that quantum
coherence in open spin systems can be stabilized through
entropy-dependent feedback with a weakly coupled coherent field. We
consider an open quantum spin ensemble subject to environmental
decoherence, augmented by (i) entropy-sensitive suppression of
decoherence and (ii) a coherence-inducing interaction that favors
low-entropy, collectively coherent configurations. Using multipartite
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as representative low-entropy
coherent states, numerical simulations reveal nonlinear threshold
behavior, entropy collapse, and long-lived coherence despite strong
environmental noise. These features provide clear signatures of a
positive feedback loop, wherein coherence suppresses decoherence,
reduced decoherence enhances coherence, and the resulting
self-reinforcement stabilizes the system. Importantly, the model is
agnostic to the physical origin of the coherent field and is compatible
with a wide range of candidates, including internally generated
biological oscillations, collective electromagnetic or redox dynamics,
oxygen-mediated spin correlations, and other structured cellular fields.
As an illustrative example, we discuss the potential role of an
ultralight dark matter (ULDM) background field, whose predicted
macroscopic coherence and oscillation frequencies could, in principle,
participate in the same feedback mechanism. By separating the general
principle of feedback-stabilized coherence from any specific physical
realization, this work provides a unifying theoretical framework for
understanding how quantum coherence may persist in open, noisy systems
relevant to biological physics. The results suggest that coherence in
living matter may arise not from isolation from the environment, but
from structured coupling to coherent fields that dynamically regulate
decoherence through entropy-sensitive feedback.
Plain language summary
Living cells are warm and noisy environments, yet growing experimental
evidence shows that some biological processes are sensitive to very weak
electromagnetic influences, including extremely low-frequency (ELF)
magnetic fields. Such fields are already used or explored in
medicine—for example in bone repair, neuromodulation, and cancer
research—although the physical mechanisms underlying their biological
effects remain unclear.In this study, we investigate a general physical
principle that could explain how weak oscillating influences affect
biological systems. We show that if a quantum system is weakly coupled
to a coherent background influence—such as an ELF magnetic field—and if
this coupling becomes more effective as the system becomes more ordered,
a positive feedback loop can emerge. In this loop, quantum coherence
reduces the rate at which it is destroyed by environmental noise, and
the resulting stability further strengthens coherence. Using computer
simulations of interacting quantum spins, we demonstrate that this
feedback can produce sudden transitions from disordered behavior to
long-lived, highly coherent states, even when noise is strong. The model
does not depend on the specific origin of the oscillating influence and
is compatible with known biological rhythms, chemical oscillations, and
externally applied ELF fields.As a physically motivated example, we
also discuss ultralight dark matter—hypothesized to form a weak,
coherently oscillating background field throughout space—as a possible
contributor to the same stabilization mechanism. Overall, the results
suggest that weak oscillating fields may influence biology and medicine
not through direct energy transfer, but by stabilizing quantum coherence
through feedback. This framework offers a unified, testable perspective
for understanding biological sensitivity to ELF fields and, more
broadly, how coherence may persist in living systems.
--
Electrohypersensitivity beyond controversies
Petzke T, Köteles F, Szemerszky R, Nordin S, Witthöft M, Lemogne C, Van
den Bergh O, Pitron V. Electrohypersensitivity beyond controversies. Int
J Hyg Environ Health. 2026 May 29:114817. doi:
10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114817.
No abstract
Excerpt
In conclusion, despite important research efforts no clear and consistent biological correlates of SAEF-EMF [symptoms associated with electromagnetic fields] have been identified so far. Such specific biological correlates, if any in the future (Leszczynski, 2025b), would only complement other biopsychosocial determinants that have been shown to associate with SAEF-EMF and not replace them. We thus propose to always consider purely biological mechanisms alongside psychological, social, and environmental mechanisms for SAEF. This approach opens avenues for dedicated treatment for SAEF-EMF and other SAEF (Pitron et al., 2025; Van den Bergh et al., 2021). Specifically, there is preliminary evidence for effective treatment of SAEF, using cognitive and behavioral therapy involving cognitive restructuring and gradual exposure to symptoms and blamed environmental factors (Busse et al., 2008; Guglielmi et al., 1994; Spyker, 1995; Van den Bergh et al., 2024). A shared biopsychosocial framework also enables better communication between practitioners, patients, and policy stakeholders, fostering more public attention, more research, and better care. More shared knowledge about SAEFs, especially in the medical community, would hopefully decrease the amount of medical neglect, iatrogenic harm, and unmet needs that people with SAEFs are experiencing.
Comment on Petzke et al. (2026)
Cinciripini
G. Comment on Petzke et al. (2026): International Journal of Hygiene
and Environmental Health 273 (2026). International Journal of Hygiene
and Environmental Health, 2026.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
No abstract
--
Personal Radio Frequency
Electromagnetic Field Exposure Among Swiss Adolescents in the 5G Era
Jalilian H, Waibl VJ, Wipf I, Mootz I, Abend S, Diez NS, Veludo AF,
Loizeau N, Dongus S, Guxens M, Röösli M. Personal Radio Frequency
Electromagnetic Field Exposure Among Swiss Adolescents in the 5G Era.
Environ Res. 2026 May 22:124775. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.124775.
Abstract
Introduction: The rapid expansion of wireless technologies, including 5G, has introduced complex radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure patterns, yet real-world data on personal exposure in adolescents remain limited. This study, conducted within the HERMES3 (Health Effects Related to Mobile Phone Use in Adolescents) cohort, aims to characterize personal RF-EMF exposure among Swiss adolescents.
Methods: A subsample of 143 adolescents participated in a personal measurement study between June 2023 and January 2025. Participants carried a personal exposimeter (ExpoM-RF4) for ca. 72-hours, to collect Geographic Positioning System coordinates and exposure data from 35 frequency bands. During this period, participants were asked to fill-out an electronic activity diary. Following data quality control, frequency bands were categorized by source and analyzed descriptively.
Results: Mean and median daily total RF-EMF levels of 0.09 mW/m2 and 0.06 mW/m2, respectively, were measured. WiFi/Bluetooth contributed most to total exposure (35 %), followed by broadcast (31 %), uplink (19 %), downlink (10 %), time division duplex (4 %), and Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (0.7 %). Across environments, average RF-EMF exposure was highest in transport systems (0.47 mW/m2) and lowest at school (0.08 mW/m2) and home (0.07 mW/m2).
Conclusion: Despite widespread 5G deployment, overall personal exposure among adolescents remains similar to pre-5G levels, with variations mainly reflecting user behavior and network density. However, this should not be interpreted as a direct causal estimate of the independent effect of 5G deployment. WiFi/Bluetooth was the main contributor to daily personal exposure. Personal measurements underestimate exposure contributions from sources emitting close to body.
Methods: A subsample of 143 adolescents participated in a personal measurement study between June 2023 and January 2025. Participants carried a personal exposimeter (ExpoM-RF4) for ca. 72-hours, to collect Geographic Positioning System coordinates and exposure data from 35 frequency bands. During this period, participants were asked to fill-out an electronic activity diary. Following data quality control, frequency bands were categorized by source and analyzed descriptively.
Results: Mean and median daily total RF-EMF levels of 0.09 mW/m2 and 0.06 mW/m2, respectively, were measured. WiFi/Bluetooth contributed most to total exposure (35 %), followed by broadcast (31 %), uplink (19 %), downlink (10 %), time division duplex (4 %), and Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (0.7 %). Across environments, average RF-EMF exposure was highest in transport systems (0.47 mW/m2) and lowest at school (0.08 mW/m2) and home (0.07 mW/m2).
Conclusion: Despite widespread 5G deployment, overall personal exposure among adolescents remains similar to pre-5G levels, with variations mainly reflecting user behavior and network density. However, this should not be interpreted as a direct causal estimate of the independent effect of 5G deployment. WiFi/Bluetooth was the main contributor to daily personal exposure. Personal measurements underestimate exposure contributions from sources emitting close to body.
Highlight
- Personal RF-EMF exposure among Swiss adolescents was 0.09 mW/m2 on average.
- RF-EMF exposure levels have little changed compared to the pre 5G era
- WiFi/Bluetooth was the dominant contributor to total exposure (35%)
- 5G (TDD) bands contributed little to total exposure (4%)
- Daily mean exposures were highest in transport systems (0.47 mW/m2) and lowest at home (0.07 mW/m2)
--
Gender Differentiation Based
Mobile Terminal Electromagnetic Exposure Safety Analysis and
Corresponding Antenna Miniaturized-Based Protective Measures
Zhou WY, Luo MF, Wang PP, Li YX, Lu M. Gender Differentiation Based
Mobile Terminal Electromagnetic Exposure Safety Analysis and
Corresponding Antenna Miniaturized-Based Protective Measures.
Bioelectromagnetics. 2026 May;47(4):e70055. doi: 10.1002/bem.70055.
Abstract
The rapid development of 5 G technology raises concerns about near-field
electromagnetic exposure from mobile terminals, especially its
potential risks to reproductive and vital organs. However, gender-based
differences in tissue dielectric properties and their impact on exposure
are often overlooked. This study has two main objectives: to analyze
the influence of gender differences on near-field electromagnetic
exposure, with a particular focus on key tissues, by calculating
gender-specific dielectric properties of different organ tissues; and to
propose antenna miniaturization as an active electromagnetic protective
measure for reducing specific absorption rate (SAR). This study employs
finite element modeling to construct male and female human models,
incorporating reproductive systems and key organs, to evaluate SAR
before and after the miniaturization of a MIMO mobile terminal antenna
at 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The results show that SAR values in male
tissues, particularly in reproductive organs, are significantly higher
than in female counterparts. Antenna miniaturization effectively reduces
peak SAR by over 30% in multiple tissues, demonstrating its role as an
active electromagnetic protective measure. This work highlights gender
differences in electromagnetic exposure and confirms the feasibility of
antenna miniaturization for improving mobile terminal safety design
Summary
-
To analyze the influence of gender differences on near-field electromagnetic exposure, with a particular focus on key tissues, by calculating gender-specific dielectric properties of different organ tissues.
Antenna miniaturization effectively reduced peak SAR by over 30% in multiple tissues, demonstrating its potential as an active electromagnetic protective measure.
-
The study provides a gender-differentiated SAR assessment framework and validates miniaturization as a viable strategy for enhancing 5 G terminal safety.
--
Effect of 2.45 GHz RF EMR on Components of the
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Male Rats
Vijay S, Ibrahim SF, Osman K, Zulkefli AF, Mat Ros MF, Jamaludin N, Taha
SMAS, Hairulazam A, Jaffar FHF. The Effect of 2.45 GHz Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Radiation on Components of the
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Male Rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2026
May 20;27(10):4582. doi: 10.3390/ijms27104582.
Abstract
The brain and testes are connected via the
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Both are vulnerable to
radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). However, no
comprehensive study had evaluated the effects of RF-EMR on key hormones
along this axis. Hereby, this study evaluated the effect of RF-EMR on
the hormonal changes along the axis, including the neuropeptide
kisspeptin. A total of 18 (N = 18) adult Sprague-Dawley rats were
divided into three groups (n = 6): Control, 4 h, and 24 h. The Control
group was sham-exposed to an inactive router. The exposed groups were
subjected to 2.45 GHz RF-EMR for 4 and 24 h daily, for 60 days at a 20
cm distance. The power density was 0.141 W/m2 with a whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.41 W/kg. No significant changes were observed in hypothalamic Kiss1
gene expression or serum kisspeptin levels. GnRH levels increased
significantly in both exposed groups, while FSH and LH remained
unchanged. Testicular testosterone was significantly reduced in the 24 h
group, while serum testosterone was elevated in the 24 h group compared
to the 4 h group. In conclusion, prolonged 2.45 GHz RF-EMR exposure
caused selective changes in components of the HPG axis, particularly
involving GnRH and testosterone, suggesting potential endocrine effects
on male reproductive regulation.
Excerpts
This study employed a TP-LINK AC570 Wireless Dual Band Wi-Fi Router
Archer C20 (Shenzhen, China), which was equipped with three
omnidirectional antennas. Among the three antennas, two generate a 2.45
GHz frequency, while one antenna generates a 5 GHz frequency. For this
study, only the 2.45 GHz antennas were activated, whereas the single 5
GHz antenna was deactivated. According to the Maximum Permissible
Exposure (MPE) report for this router, the power density of the antenna
is 0.141 W/m2 for a 2.45 GHz frequency emission at a distance of 20 cm with a constant antenna gain of 3 dBi....
For the group that received Wi-Fi exposure, the Wi-Fi router was
actively communicating with a Raspberry Pi computer (Cambridge
University, Cambridge, UK) using a ping protocol via Bitvise SSH client
version 8.18 software (Slovenia, Hungary, and USA). A total of 10 pings
were sent each minute, and communication between the devices was done
through the 802.11b/g/n standard.
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/
--
Possible effects of 3200 MHz radio-frequency field on cardiac blood parameters in rats
Özdemir N, Özkan ET, Kayabaşı B, et al. Possible effects of 3200 MHz radio-frequency field on cardiac blood parameters in rats. J Health Sci Med. 2026;9(3):645-651. doi:10.32322/jhsm.18727
Abstract
Aims: Radiofrequency (RF) technologies are widely used in modern communication systems, particularly with the introduction of fifth-generation (5G) networks. Despite increasing exposure to RF fields, their potential biological effects remain controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated exposure to a 3200 MHz RF field on cardiac injury biomarkers in a rat model. We hypothesized that repeated RF exposure would induce measurable alterations in cardiac biomarkers.
Methods: Thirty-four male Wistar albino rats (220-280 g) were randomly assigned to five groups: control, sham-15 min, sham- 1 h, RF exposure-15 min, and RF exposure-1 h. Animals in exposure groups were subjected to a 3200 MHz RF field for 15 minutes or 1 hour daily for 15 consecutive days. Serum troponin I, creatine kinase (CK), and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were measured using the Abbott Alinity I immunoassay autoanalyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA).
Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad software.
Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in troponin I or BNP levels among the groups (p<0.05). A statistically significant increase in CK levels was detected only between the sham-15 min and RF exposure-15 min groups
(p<0.05), as well as between the control and sham-15 min groups. No consistent biomarker elevation associated with RF exposure duration was identified.
(p<0.05), as well as between the control and sham-15 min groups. No consistent biomarker elevation associated with RF exposure duration was identified.
Conclusion: Exposure to a 3200 MHz RF field at SAR levels of 0.3-0.36 W/kg did not significantly alter cardiac biomarkers, including troponin I and BNP, under the experimental conditions of this study.
--
Thermal Damage to the Skin From 5.6 GHz Microwave Exposures in Swine
Parker JE, Rodriguez RA, Vázquez-Colón CD, Stone R, Butterworth JW,
Whitmore JN, Payne JA, Voorhees WB. Thermal Damage to the Skin From 5.6
GHz Microwave Exposures in Swine. Bioelectromagnetics. 2026
May;47(4):e70053. doi: 10.1002/bem.70053.
Abstract
A study of burn thresholds from superficially penetrating
radio-frequency (RF) energy at 5.6 GHz for swine skin was conducted. The
study estimated the thresholds for superficial, partial-thickness, and
full-thickness burn severities after 20 s of exposure at power densities
of 4-8 W/cm2. Biopsies were collected from each burn site at
1, 24, 72, and 168 h post exposure. Each sample was assessed by a burn
pathologist against 20 histological factors to characterize the damage
resulting from these RF overexposures. There were significant
differences in the burn thresholds at the different severities compared
to previous thresholds found at 8.2 and 95 GHz. A one-dimensional,
layered digital phantom that utilized realistic values for dielectric
and thermal properties was consistent with the observed damage trends
and empirical dosimetry values. The results of the heating and cooling
response of the animal model, and histology scores of each exposure are
provided to establish damage thresholds and support development of
simulation tools to predict parameters associated with RF hazards.
Summary
-
Provides empirical data of microwave over-exposures on swine skin to support refinements and confidence of safety exposure standards related to 5G technologies.
-
Demonstrates the predictability of subject skin temperatures from a one-dimensional, heat transfer model of superficially penetrating microwave exposures.
-
Compares common damage metrics for skin damage and shows the utility of incorporating temperature at depth to estimate thermal damage.
--
Verification
of quantum biological predictions for weak magnetic field effects on
superoxide in planarians
Rishabh R, Vučković J, Zadeh-Haghighi H, Beane WS, Simon C. Verification
of quantum biological predictions for weak magnetic field effects on
superoxide in planarians. PNAS Nexus. 2026 May 6;5(5):pgag152. doi:
10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag152.
Abstract
The dependence of superoxide concentration and tissue regeneration on
weak magnetic field strength in planarians exhibits a nonmonotonic
behavior that classical physics struggles to explain. Here, we
experimentally verify the predictions of a simple radical pair (RP)
model for magnetic field modulation of superoxide levels during
planarian regeneration. The model predicted increased superoxide
concentrations at both hypomagnetic and higher fields (>500 µT).
Previously reported magnetic field effects on blastema size do not
follow the same pattern as our predictions for superoxide levels, while
in earlier experiments blastema size was correlated with superoxide
levels within a narrower magnetic field range (200 and 500 µT).
Surprisingly, our experiments confirmed the model's predictions. We also
performed a search over the parameter space of a more general RP model
and identified multiple parameter sets that produce magnetic field
profiles consistent with the observed ranges of superoxide levels. While
the precise relationship between blastema size and superoxide
concentration is evidently more complex than previously thought, and
important biochemical aspects-including the identities of the radicals
involved-remain to be determined, our findings support a general RP
hypothesis and bolster the case for a quantum-biological explanation for
these magnetic field effects.
Significance statement
Weak magnetic field (WMF) effects in biology are increasingly attributed to quantum phenomena involving coherent electronic spin dynamics, yet experimental support remains limited beyond avian magnetoreception. We verify the predictions of a minimal radical pair (RP) model for magnetic field modulation of superoxide levels during planarian regeneration. We predicted increased superoxide concentrations at near-zero and higher magnetic fields, contrary to prior biological expectations. Surprisingly, our experiments confirmed these predictions. Using a more general RP model, we showed that the underlying quantum principles are more relevant than the exact identities of the radicals involved. While questions remain about the specific RP chemistry, this work strengthens the case for a quantum biological interpretation of the WMF dependence of superoxide generation.
https://academic.oup.com/--
The effect of electromagnetic fields on building
materials: The case of base stations
Bararan Z, Polat A. The effect of electromagnetic fields on building
materials: The case of base stations. Journal of Structural Engineering
& Applied Mechanics (Online). 2025; 8(4): 331 - 347.
10.31462/jseam.2025.08331347.
Abstract
--
An Analytical Framework for
Frequency-Dependent Electromagnetic Power Absorption in Biological
Tissues
Wang H, Foley S, Zhou H. (2026). An Analytical Framework for
Frequency-Dependent Electromagnetic Power Absorption in Biological
Tissues. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 14, 1931-1953. doi: 10.4236/jamp.2026.145094.
Abstract
As exposure to electromagnetic waves becomes increasingly widespread, it
is important to quantify how incident fields couple into biological
tissue and where absorbed energy is deposited. This work presents an
analytical, physics-based framework derived from Maxwell’s equations to
model the propagation of a normally incident electromagnetic plane wave
within homogeneous, lossy dielectric biological tissues. Closed-form
expressions for the electric and magnetic fields are derived, enabling
the determination of frequency-dependent power reflectance and
transmittance at the air-tissue interface, as well as the power
absorption coefficient and penetration depth within the medium. Using
complex relative permittivity data from the literature, we examine six
tissue types across a broad frequency range (1 MHz - 100 GHz). The
results demonstrate that higher water content significantly increases
dielectric loss and reduces penetration depth. Conversely, low-water
tissues (e.g., non-infiltrated fat) exhibit lower attenuation and deeper
penetration. Frequency is shown to be a dominant driver of this
behavior, with higher frequencies shifting the power budget from
reflection-limited coupling toward highly superficial absorption. These
findings provide a foundation basis for quantifying the heat source in
assessing exposure effect and risk and in designing electromagnetic
technologies.
Excerpt
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Joint Intermediate
Force Capabilities Office of the U.S. Department of Defense and the
Naval Postgraduate School.
--
Analysis of Atmospheric Attenuation Effects on mmWave Signal Propagation in Future 6G Wireless Communication Networks
P.
Semwal, N. Venu, V. Kumar, P. Verma, M. Tiwari and D. Upadhyay.
Analysis of Atmospheric Attenuation Effects on mmWave Signal Propagation
in Future 6G Wireless Communication Networks. 2026 International
Conference on Intelligent Computing and Automation for Sustainable
Solutions (ICASS), Faridabad, India, 2026, pp. 1-7, doi:
10.1109/ICASS69550.2026.
Abstract
The
purpose of this investigation is to determine how environmental factors
affect millimeter wave signals in relation to the development of a
future 6G network. This was completed using simulation with synthetic
data due to the lack of real data for measuring the effects of various
environmental factors on millimeter wave signals. The results indicate
that frequencies above 20GHz will experience significant attenuations,
particularly at frequencies of 22GHz, 60GHz and 120GHz; primarily caused
by absorption of millimeter wave signals by oxygen and water vapor. It
was also determined that all three types of precipitation (rain), (fog)
and (humidity) will cause weakening of millimeter wave signals and will
increase the rate of signal loss due to distance. The random variability
produced by changing weather conditions was also demonstrated through
Monte Carlo simulations. An alternative hybrid RABA-AMCS model was
introduced as a method to decrease errors associated with free-space
propagation and ITU-R models. Ultimately, it was concluded that the
atmosphere will be a primary contributor to signal loss and should
therefore be incorporated into the design of a reliable 6G wireless
communication system. keywords:
--
Homing
pigeon navigation relies on superparamagnetic macrophages under overcast
conditions
Lisowski C, Quetting M, Klaus D, Lazarevski L, Seep L, Germer M, Li J,
Müller I, Zuniga D, Fiedler W, Dechmann DKN, Thorup K, Hasenauer J,
Fester L, Kuerten S, Farle M, Wiedwald U, Wikelski M, Kurts C. Homing
pigeon navigation relies on superparamagnetic macrophages under overcast
conditions. Science. 2026 May 28;392(6801):985-991. doi:
10.1126/science.ady2486.
Abstract
Birds use a variety of navigational strategies, including the
geomagnetic field, especially when other cues are not available, such as
under overcast or nocturnal conditions. Magnetite particles in the
beak, cryptochromes in the eye, cellular ion-channel alterations, and
changes in the vestibular system have been proposed to explain
magnetoreception, but the exact mechanisms remain debated. Here, we used
physical, morphological, functional, and genomic assays to identify the
presence of superparamagnetic macrophages in the liver. We found that
after macrophage depletion, pigeons flying under overcast conditions
lacked their usual orientation capabilities. Orientation was unimpaired
in birds without macrophages when the sun was visible, suggesting that
this was their primary cue. We propose that in homing pigeons,
superparamagnetic macrophages in the liver are required for finding
magnetic direction.
Editor's Summary
Birds use a variety of navigational strategies, including the
geomagnetic field, especially when other cues are not available, such as
under overcast or nocturnal conditions. Magnetite particles in the
beak, cryptochromes in the eye, cellular ion-channel alterations, and
changes in the vestibular system have been proposed to explain
magnetoreception, but the exact mechanisms remain debated. Here, we used
physical, morphological, functional, and genomic assays to identify the
presence of superparamagnetic macrophages in the liver. We found that
after macrophage depletion, pigeons flying under overcast conditions
lacked their usual orientation capabilities. Orientation was unimpaired
in birds without macrophages when the sun was visible, suggesting that
this was their primary cue. We propose that in homing pigeons,
superparamagnetic macrophages in the liver are required for finding
magnetic direction
Open access: https://www.science.
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Getting home in the dark
Spiro S, Drakesmith H. Getting home in the dark. Science. 2026 May
28;392(6801):919-920. doi: 10.1126/science.aeh9507.
Abstract
Two mechanisms, independent of daylight, may enable pigeons to navigate using Earth's magnetic field.
Open access: https://www.science.
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Disruptive effects of brief radiofrequency noise exposure on migratory bat navigation
Lindecke O, et al. Disruptive effects of brief radiofrequency noise exposure on migratory bat navigation. Science392,977-979(2026).DOI:
Abstract
How
anthropogenic electromagnetic noise can affect living systems is a
poorly understood impact of an increasingly urbanized natural
environment, especially when occurring in a sublethal manner. In this
study, we investigated impacts of weak-broadband radiofrequency (RF)
fields on animal behavior. We exposed migratory soprano pipistrelle bats
(Pipistrellus pygmaeus) to 0.01- to 300-megahertz RF fields and
then tested their orientation later in the night. Whereas control bats
oriented normally, bats exposed to RF noise exhibited random departure
flight orientation, suggesting disruptive effects lasting beyond
immediate exposure. These findings suggest that electromagnetic
pollution has the potential to have a greater effect on animal behavior
than previously assumed.
Editor’s summary
Radiofrequency,
or electromagnetic, noise naturally occurs in the atmosphere, but it
has increased substantially due to human activities, being produced by
electronics, power lines, and even LED lights. The impacts of such noise
on wildlife and humans is often debated and is yet to be understood.
Lindecke et al. looked at the impacts of relatively weak
broadband radiofrequency fields on migratory soprano pipistrelle bats
and found that it disrupted their orientation even hours after exposure
(see the Perspective by Balmori and Balmori-de la Puente). Although the
disruptive mechanism of the noise remains to be characterized, these
results suggest that the ever-present din of our devices may be having a
bigger effect than was previously thought. —Sacha Vignieri
Silent interference
Balmori A, Balmori-de la Puente A. Silent interference. Science. 2026
May 28;392(6801):922-923. doi: 10.1126/science.aei2381.
No abstract
Open access: https://www.science.
--
Human Bioelectromagnetism and the Environment: Introduction to the Problem
Nevoit
G, Potyazhenko M, Mintser O, Jarusevicius G, Vainoras A. Human
Bioelectromagnetism and the Environment: Introduction to the Problem. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(8):3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/
Abstract
Background: The increasing contribution of anthropogenic
electromagnetic radiation has altered the Earth’s electromagnetic
landscape and poses a serious problem for electromagnetic ecology and
medicine. The aim of this study was to develop a working theoretical
framework to describe the current state of interaction between the human
body and electromagnetic fields in the external environment and to
facilitate transdisciplinary collaboration among scientists in studying
and addressing this problem.
Methods: Extensive research has been
conducted in the literature to provide a comprehensive presentation of
data, enabling a working concept of the interaction between the human
body and electromagnetic fields in the external environment.
Results: General data, theoretical foundations, mechanisms, and results
of the interaction of external electromagnetic fields with the human
body were presented.
Conclusions: There is a proven interaction
between the human body and external electromagnetic fields, as the body
is part of the Earth’s electromagnetic landscape and has biophysical
mechanisms for coupling with it. The increase in anthropogenic
electromagnetic radiation is an electromagnetic environmental problem,
and this requires further study of the safety issues and the impact of
anthropogenic electromagnetic fields on the human body, and a
reassessment of their biological impact on the human body, tightening
the standards and requirements for electromagnetic safety in places
where people live, a moratorium on further deployment of 5G, urgent
application of the precautionary principle, and stricter exposure
limits, especially for Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields.
Conclusions
Based on the
analyzed scientific data available through literature search, the
following can be stated:
- There is a proven interaction between the human body and external electromagnetic fields (natural and anthropogenic).
- The human body is a component of the Earth’s electromagnetic landscape and has biophysical mechanisms for coupling with it.
- The development of human civilization has led to the active use of electromagnetic energy with the creation of a large number of anthropogenic sources and to a change in the Earth’s electromagnetic landscape.
- Anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation has fundamental differences from the natural electromagnetic background of the Earth and has a proven negative impact on the human body.
- At present, anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation is a serious problem in electromagnetic ecology.
- To solve the existing problems of electromagnetic ecology, a transdisciplinary consolidation of scientists is necessary for further study of safety issues and the impact of anthropogenic electromagnetic fields on the human body.
- Such measures as re-evaluation of the biological impact of Extremely Low Frequency and Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields, classification of them as probably carcinogenic (Group 2A) or carcinogenic (Group 1) for humans, tightening of electromagnetic safety standards and requirements in places of human habitation, a moratorium on further deployment of 5G, urgent application of the precautionary principle, stricter exposure limits, especially for Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields are necessary.
- Further study of aspects of biomagnetism of the human body is a relevant and promising transdisciplinary scientific direction of fundamental science, which is associated with future discoveries in understanding the essence of human life and health.
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/
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Children’s Sensitivity to Environmental Electromagnetic Fields
Bevington M. Children’s Sensitivity to Environmental Electromagnetic Fields. International Journal of Research in Medical and Clinical Science (IJRMCS). Volume 4, Issue 1, 2026.
Abstract
This review concerns children’s health in relation to their typical environmental exposure at home and school to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), including radiofrequency from Wi-Fi, mobile phones and masts. It examines the extent to which children, here defined as including adolescents up to adulthood, are physiologically more sensitive to EMFs than adults, especially in the early years and while the brain is still developing myelin. It is challenging for parents, teachers andclinicians to identify the level of sensitivity to EMFs in a particular child and whether that child suffers electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). There are well established short-term and long-term health hazards associated with EMF exposure. In addition, the psychological and social harms from digital addiction are becoming better recognised. Finally, children’s rights and the appropriate protection of children from EMF exposure are considered. This includes the problems of the ICNIRP’s thermal guidelines which are unprotective of sensitive groups like children, and the World Health Organization’s arbitrary denial of physiological sensitivity to EMFs. With accurate information and appropriate long-term guidelines, parents, teachers and general practitioners can help ensure that children’s EMF environments are safe and healthy.
Conclusion
All children are more sensitive than adults to the EMFs in their environment and need greater protection at home and school from short-term and long-term effects. Children who are hypersensitive to EMFs need particular protection, and all children need protection from being exposed so much that they become hypersensitive. Parents and teachers need to provide children with an environment which has safe levels of EMFs below the threshold for adverse health. However, many parents and teachers lack the necessary information, since “the media, the responsible organizations (World Health Organization) and the governments are not transmitting this crucial information to the population, who remain uninformed.” [164] The greater information and appropriate actions outlined above and elsewhere [165] show how children’s health can be protected, and how their electromagnetic environment can be made safe.
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Recording the extremely low
frequency pulsations of wireless communication electromagnetic fields
Panagopoulos DJ, Litovsky R, Chamberlin K. Recording the extremely low
frequency pulsations of wireless communication electromagnetic fields.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2026 Apr 19:1-10. doi:
10.1080/15368378.2026.2654072.
Abstract
All digital Wireless Communication (WC) electromagnetic field
(EMF)/radiation (EMR) signals (from mobile/"smart" phones and
corresponding base antennas, cordless domestic phones, Wireless Fidelity
(Wi-Fi) routers, "Bluetooth" wireless connection among electronic
devices, etc.) are emitted discontinuously, in the form of on/off pulses
repeated at various Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) rates. Yet, many
scientists ignore/underestimate these ELF pulsations, and characterize
all WC emissions simply as Radio Frequency (RF)/Microwave (MW) signals.
Here, we provide recordings of ELF pulsations with respect to time,
emitted by the most common WC devices, specifically Wi-Fi router, 4th and 5th
Generation (4G, 5G) mobile phones. We used a broadband antenna,
connected to an RF spectrum analyzer (SA), calibrated the SA at the
signal's carrier MW frequency and recorded the power of the final
emitted RF/MW signal with respect to time. We recorded emissions at 10
ms, 100 ms, 1 s, and 2 s sweep times, capturing the pulses repeated at
various ELF rates, clearly showing the ELF pulsing emissions from the WC
devices. As in all real WC EMF signals emitted by commercially
available devices and corresponding antennas, there is intense
variability in the amplitude, shape, duration, and repetition frequency
of the pulses. The present study, in combination with the Ion Forced
Oscillation and Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (IFO-VGIC) mechanism of
non-thermal EMF-bioeffects, imply that the non-thermal biological and
health effects of WC EMFs are induced by the ELF pulsation, modulation
and variability, and not by the standalone (non-modulated) RF carrier
wave EMFs which can produce only heating.
Plain language summary
Electromagnetic fields/radiation (EMFs/EMR) emitted by digital wireless communication (WC) devices (mobile/“smart” phones, cordless domestic phones, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) routers for connection to the Internet, etc.) and corresponding base antennas, are usually referred to simply as Radio Frequency (RF: 300 kHz–300 GHz) EMFs/EMR. Yet, as we have repeatedly declared before, this reflects only one part of the reality. The other part is that the RF signals that carry the transmitted information (text, speech, music, images, video, etc.) are contained within on/off pulses which are emitted/repeated at various Extremely Low Frequency (ELF: 3–3000 Hz) rates. Moreover, the RF signal within the pulses is modulated mostly by ELF EMFs, and the final signal contains random variability especially in amplitude which lies mainly in the Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF: 0–3 Hz) band. Therefore, all WC EMFs are a combination of high (RF) and low (ELF/ULF) frequencies. To record the ELF pulses, specific methodology and instrumentation are required. Here, we have recorded these pulses (as power with respect to time) from the most common WC EMFs/EMR, namely Wi-Fi, 4th, and 5th Generation (4G, 5G) WC EMFs/EMR. The present study, in combination with a widely accepted biophysical mechanism, the Ion Forced Oscillation and Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (IFO-VGIC) mechanism, of non-thermal EMF-bioeffects, imply that the non-thermal biological and health effects associated with exposure to WC EMFs are induced by the ELF/ULF pulsation, modulation and variability, and not by the standalone (non-modulated) RF carrier wave EMFs which can produce only heating at adequately high intensities rarely found in the environment.
Excerpt
The present study clearly shows the existence of ELF pulsations in modern digital WC EMFs, which, in combination with the IFO-VGIC mechanism, fully explain and further validate the non-thermal biological and health effects reported in the EMF-bioeffects literature to be induced by various types of WC EMFs. An important application of the present research should be that the scientific community, the health authorities, and the industry, should stop treating WC EMFs as standalone RF EMFs with thermal-only effects, but should start measuring their inherent ELF pulsations, and considering the corresponding non-thermal biological effects. Especially, the health authorities should revise their guidelines to account for the non-thermal biological and health effects due to the ELF pulsations which occur at RF power densities much lower than those inducing thermal effects.
In conclusion, the more we know about the physical characteristics and waveforms of the various EMFs and the mechanism of induced biological effects, the more we understand about these effects and how to control them. We hope the present study effectively contributes toward a more realistic understanding, recording, and quantization of the physical properties, and consequently, a more relevant evaluation and understanding of the non-thermal effects and health risks associated with WC EMF exposures.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
A comprehensive
mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely
low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields
Panagopoulos DJ, Yakymenko I, De Iuliis GN, Chrousos GP. A comprehensive
mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely
low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields. Front
Public Health. 2025 Jun 4;13:1585441. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441
Abstract
Exposure to anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs), especially those of wireless communications (WC) has increased tremendously. This is an unprecedented phenomenon throughout biological evolution because, all anthropogenic EMFs, being fully polarized, coherent, and, especially WC EMFs, highly variable, differ substantially from the natural EMFs. WC EMFs consist of Microwave (MW) carrier waves, modulated, by Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) signals, and included in on/off pulses repeated at various ELF rates. Moreover, they exhibit intense random variability, mainly in the Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) band. Thus, WC EMFs are a combination of MW and ELF/ULF EMFs. The combination of polarization/coherence and intense low-frequency (ELF/ULF) variability seems to be the key to EMF-bioactivity. Epidemiological and laboratory studies highlight a connection between ELF or WC EMF exposure and cancer, infertility, electro-hypersensitivity, and various other pathologies. Studies also find DNA damage and Oxidative Stress (OS) which explain these pathologies. While man-made EMFs cannot directly ionize molecules, they are capable of doing this indirectly in biological tissue, by triggering the biosynthesis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can damage biomolecules, including DNA. The (over)production of ROS and the consequent OS are triggered by irregular gating of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels (VGICs) in the cell membranes as described by the Ion Forced Oscillation (IFO)-VGIC mechanism: Mobile ions within VGICs forced to oscillate by the applied ELF/ULF EMFs exert forces on the voltage sensors of the VGICs, similar to or greater than the forces that physiologically gate those channels, resulting in their irregular gating (dysfunction). Dysfunction of ion channels disrupts intracellular ionic concentrations. This triggers ROS overproduction and OS by the ROS-generating systems/enzymes in the cells, such as the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria, or the NADPH/NADH oxidases (NOXs), the Nitric Oxide synthases (NOS), etc. The IFO-VGIC mechanism and the consequent OS constitute a comprehensive mechanism that explains all known adverse biological and health effects reported to be induced by anthropogenic EMFs.