 |
Diagrammatic representation of various sources of RF EMF exposure effect on brain and testicular organ and deleterious outcomes
(Kesari, Agarwal & Henkel, 2018) |
Review Papers
Kesari KK, Agarwal A, Henkel R.
Radiation and male fertility.
Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Dec 9;16(1):118. doi: 10.1186/s12958-018-0431-1.
Abstract
During
recent years, an increasing percentage of male infertility has to be
attributed to an array of environmental, health and lifestyle factors.
Male infertility is likely to be affected by the intense exposure to
heat and extreme exposure to pesticides, radiation, radioactivity and
other hazardous substances. We are surrounded by several types of
ionizing and non-ionizing radiations and both have recognized causative
effects on spermatogenesis. Since it is impossible to cover all types of
radiation sources and their biological effects under a single title,
this review is focusing on radiation deriving from cell phones, laptops,
Wi-Fi and microwave ovens, as these are the most common sources of
non-ionizing radiation, which may contribute to the cause of
infertility by exploring the effect of exposure to radiofrequency
radiation on the male fertility pattern. From currently available
studies it is clear that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)
have deleterious effects on sperm parameters (like sperm count,
morphology, motility), affects the role of kinases in cellular
metabolism and the endocrine system, and produces genotoxicity, genomic
instability and oxidative stress. This is followed with protective
measures for these radiations and future recommendations. The study
concludes that the RF-EMF may induce oxidative stress with an increased
level of reactive oxygen species, which may lead to infertility. This
has been concluded based on available evidence from in vitro and in
vivo studies suggesting that RF-EMF exposure negatively affects sperm
quality.
--
Ford-Glanton BS, Melendez DA. Male reproductive toxicants:
Electromagnetic radiation and heat. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2018.
Human population in today's world lives surrounded by
radiofrequency fields (RF) and electromagnetic radiation (EM) fields,
transmitting almost all forms of electronic communication and data that humans
produce every second. Mobile devices and laptop computers are EMR-emitting
devices. The effect of mobile phone emitted radiation and heat on fertility is
the subject of recent interest and investigations. Many studies have found a
decrease in semen quality which has increased the focus on male reproductive
health. Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age,
and nearly half of these cases are linked to male fertility (Sharlip et al.,
2002). Different harmful environmental influences have led to changes in semen
analysis standards by reducing the lower limits of normal ranges, which were
declared by the World Health Organization (2010). The possible negative impact
of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality has been well established. While no
certain conclusions can be drawn from current evidence, a growing number of
studies indicate a decrease in male fertility associated with increased
cellular phone usage (Agarwal et al., 2011) and laptop computers using Wi-Fi
(Avendaño et al., 2012a). Here we review the current evidence regarding the
effects of electromagnetic radiation and heat in male fertility.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383645361
--
Yahyazadeh
A, Deniz OG, Kaplan AA, Altun G, Yurt KK, Davis D. The genomic effects
of cell phone exposure on the reproductive system. Environmental
Research. Available online 5 June 2018.
Abstract
Humans
are exposed to increasing levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) at
various frequencies as technology advances. In this context, improving
understanding of the biological effects of EMF remains an important,
high priority issue. Although a number of studies in this issue and
elsewhere have focused on the mechanisms of the oxidative stress caused
by EMF, the precise understanding of the processes involved remains to
be elucidated. Due to unclear results among the studies, the issue of
EMF exposure in the literature should be evaluated at the genomic level
on the reproductive system. Based on this requirement, a detail review
of recently published studies is necessary. The main objectives of this
study are to show differences between negative and positive effect of
EMF on the reproductive system of animal and human. Extensive review of
literature has been made based on well known data bases like Web of
Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus. This
paper reviews the current literature and is intended to contribute to a
better understanding of the genotoxic effects of EMF emitted from mobile
phones and wireless systems on the human reproductive system,
especially on fertility. The current literature reveals that mobile
phones can affect cellular functions via non-thermal effects. Although
the cellular targets of global system for mobile communications
(GSM)-modulated EMF are associated with the cell membrane, the subject
is still controversial. Studies regarding the genotoxic effects of EMF
have generally focused on DNA damage. Possible mechanisms are related to
ROS formation due to oxidative stress. EMF increases ROS production by
enhancing the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
oxidase in the cell membrane. Further detailed studies are needed to
elucidate DNA damage mechanisms and apoptotic pathways during oogenesis
and spermatogenesis in germ cells exposed to EMF.
Conclusion
This
paper reviews the current literature and is intended to contribute to a
better understanding of the genotoxic effects of EMF emitted from
mobile phones and wireless systems on the human reproductive system,
especially on fertility. The current literature reveals that mobile
phones can affect cellular functions via non-thermal effects (Diem et
al., 2005; Hanci et al., 2013 ; Odaci et al., 2016a). Although the
cellular targets of GSM-modulated EMF are associated with the cell
membrane, the subject is still controversial (Eberhardt et al., 2008).
Studies regarding the genotoxic effects of EMF have generally focused on
DNA damage (Mortelmans and Rupa, 2004; Young, 2002; Zeiger, 2004;
Panagopoulos, 2012 ; Turedi et al., 2016). Possible mechanisms are
related to ROS formation due to oxidative stress (Moustafa et al., 2004;
Hanukoglu et al., 2006). EMF increases ROS production by enhancing the
activity of NADH oxidase in the cell membrane (Friedman et al., 2007b).
In this context, EMF affected spermatozoa may have a high degree rate of
infertilization. It seems that previous genomic studies do not show
definitive evidence regarding EMF affected cells in the fertilization.
Although we evaluated broadly the genomic effects of cell phone exposure
on the reproductive system using both animal and human studies, one of
the weaknesses of this work is insufficient review of human studies.
This may come from limited number of EMF based human studies in the
literature. Further detailed studies are needed to elucidate DNA damage
mechanisms and apoptotic pathways during oogenesis and spermatogenesis
in germ cells that are exposed to EMF.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302639
Altun G, Deniz OG, Yurt KK, Davis D, Kaplan S. Effects of mobile phone exposure on metabolomics in the male and female reproductive systems. Environmental Research. Available online 5 June 2018.
Highlights
• Long-term exposure to EMF decreases sperm motility and fertilization.
• Effects of EMF emitted from mobile phones are related to protein synthesis.
• Oxidative stress based EMF exposure modulates nitric oxide level in the germ cells.
• Oxidative stress based EMF exposure inhibits antioxidant mechanisms in the germ cells.
Abstract
With
current advances in technology, a number of epidemiological and
experimental studies have reported a broad range of adverse effects of
electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health. Multiple cellular
mechanisms have been proposed as direct causes or contributors to these
biological effects. EMF-induced alterations in cellular levels can
activate voltage-gated calcium channels and lead to the formation of
free radicals, protein misfolding and DNA damage. Because rapidly
dividing germ cells go through meiosis and mitosis, they are more
sensitive to EMF in contrast to other slower-growing cell types. In this
review, possible mechanistic pathways of the effects of EMF exposure on
fertilization, oogenesis and spermatogenesis are discussed. In
addition, the present review also evaluates metabolomic effects of
GSM-modulated EMFs on the male and female reproductive systems in recent
human and animal studies. In this context, experimental and
epidemiological studies which examine the impact of mobile phone
radiation on the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis are examined
in line with current approaches.
Conclusion
EMF emitted
by mobile phones has a number of well-documented adverse metabolomic
effects on the male and female reproductive systems and can lead to
infertility by increasing ROS production and reducing GSH and other
antioxidants. The primary target of the EMF emitted by mobile phones may
be the cell membrane (Pall in press, this volume). This then results in
accelerated activity of membrane NADH oxidase and, consequently,
greater rates of ROS formation that cannot be easily conjugated or
detoxified. Although many studies have reported morphological and
functional deteriorations in testis and ovary following EMF exposures,
as well both structural and functional deficits in reproductive health,
the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. To assist in
further clarification of these processes and mechanisms, Table 1
summarizes key studies on the metabolomic effects of EMF on reproductive
systems. Future studies will benefit greatly from standardized exposure
protocols and evaluations of key metabolomic indicators.
--
Sepehrimanesh,
M. & Davis, D.L. Proteomic impacts of electromagnetic fields on the
male reproductive system. Comp Clin Pathol (2016).
doi:10.1007/s00580-016-2342-x. Epub ahead of print: Oct 13, 2016.
Abstract
The use of mobile phones and other wireless transmitting devices is
increasing dramatically in developing and developed countries, as is the
rate of infertility. A number of respected infertility clinics in
Australia, India, USA, and Iran are reporting that those who regularly
use mobile phones tend to have reduced sperm quantity and quality. Some
experimental studies have found that human sperm exposed to
electromagnetic fields (EMF), either simulated or from mobile phones,
developed biomarkers of impaired structure and function, as well as
reduced quantity. These encompass pathological, endocrine, and proteomic
changes. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living
organisms, and the proteome is the entire array of proteins—the ultimate
biomolecules in the pathways of DNA transcription to translation.
Proteomics is the art and science of studying all proteins in cells,
using different techniques. This paper reviews proteomic experimental
and clinical evidence that EMF acts as a male-mediated teratogen and
contributor to infertility.
Conclusions
As among the most rapidly proliferating human cells, spermatogenesis and
associated activities offer an important endpoint for evaluation. More
than 60 different compounds or industrial processes have been identified
as increasing defects in human sperm or testicular tissue and possibly
increasing the risk to offspring from male-mediated exposures. In this
study, we reviewed structural and functional proteomic changes related to
EMF exposure. Reported changes are categorized based on main affected
tissue and also the most important adverse effects. Overall, these
results demonstrate significant effects of radio frequency-modulated EMF
exposure on the proteome, including both structural and functional
impacts such as a decrease in the diameter and weight of the
seminiferous tubules and the mean height of the germinal epithelium
(Ozguner et al. 2005) and/or pathological and physiological changes in
key biochemical components of the testicular tissues (Luo et al. 2013).
These structural and functional changes may account for the pathological
impact of EMF on the male reproductive system reported in the
experimental work that we and others have conducted. While EMF is
currently being used for a number of therapeutic applications (REF), the
work we have reviewed here clearly indicates a range of harmful
effects, especially on genital systems.
http://bit.ly/2dTj1oT
--
Houston B, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis G, Aitken RJ. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function. Reproduction. 2016 Sep 6. pii: REP-16-0126.
Abstract
Mobile phone usage has become an integral part of our lives. However, the effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by these devices on biological systems and specifically the reproductive systems are currently under active debate. A fundamental hindrance to the current debate is that there is no clear mechanism of how such non-ionising radiation influences biological systems. Therefore, we explored the documented impacts of RF-EMR on the male reproductive system and considered any common observations that could provide insights on a potential mechanism.
Among a total of 27 studies investigating the effects of RF-EMR on the male reproductive system, negative consequences of exposure were reported in 21. Within these 21 studies, 11 of the 15 that investigated sperm motility reported significant declines, 7 of 7 that measured the production of reactive oxygen species documented elevated levels and 4 of 5 studies that probed for DNA damage highlighted increased damage, due to RF-EMR exposure. Associated with this, RF-EMR treatment reduced antioxidant levels in 6 of 6 studies that studied this phenomenon, while consequences of RF-EMR were successfully ameliorated with the supplementation of antioxidants in all 3 studies that carried out these experiments.
In light of this, we envisage a two-step mechanism whereby RF-EMR is able to induce mitochondrial dysfunction leading to elevated ROS production.
A continued focus on research which aims to shed light on the biological effects of RF-EMR will allow us to test and assess this proposed mechanism in a variety of cell types.
http://bit.ly/2cJJ2pE
Conclusion
To date, contradictory studies
surrounding the impacts of RF-EMR on biological systems maintain controversy
over this subject. Nevertheless, research into the biological responses
stimulated by RF-EMR is particularly important given our ever-increasing use of
mobile phone technology. While clinical studies are identifying possible
detrimental effects of RF-EMR, it is imperative that mechanistic studies are
conducted that elucidate the manner in which RF-EMR perturbs biological
function, thus supplying a rational cause. A focus on the male reproductive system may experience as consequences of the personal storage of mobile
devices, the unique vulnerability of the highly specialised sperm cell, and the
future health burden that may be created if conception proceeds with defective,
DNA-damaged spermatozoa. While this subject remains a topic of active debate,
this review has considered the growing body of evidence suggesting a possible
role for RF-EMR induced damage of the male germ line. In a majority of studies,
this damage has been characterized by loss of sperm motility and viability as
well as the induction of ROS generation and DNA damage. We have therefore given
consideration to the potential mechanisms through which RF-EMR may elicit these
effects on spermatozoa, which we utilized as a sensitive model system. We
propose a mechanistic model in which RF-EMR exposure leads to defective
mitochondrial function associated with elevated levels of ROS production and
culminates in a state of oxidative stress that would account the varying
phenotypes observed in response to RF-EMR exposure. With further complementary
data, this model will provide new impetus to the field and stimulate research
that will allow us to confidently assess the reproductive hazards of mobile
phone usage.
--
Adams
JA, Galloway TS, Mondal D, Esteves SC, Mathews F. Effect of mobile telephones
on sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International.
70:106-112.
September 2014.
Summary
Mobile
phones are owned by most of the adult population worldwide. Radio-frequency
radiation (RFR) from these devices could affect sperm development and function.
Around 14% of couples in high- and middle-income countries have difficulty
conceiving. Male infertility is involved approximately 40% of the time. Several countries have reported unexplained declines in semen quality.
Animal research has found that RFR can affect the
cell cycle of sperm, increase sperm cell death and produce histological changes
in the testes. Research on humans has found that prolonged mobile phone
use is associated with decreased motility, sperm concentration, morphology and
viability suggesting a likely impact on fertility.
The authors of this peer-reviewed study conducted a
systematic review of the research and a quantitative analysis to determine
whether exposure to mobile phone radiation affects human sperm quality.
Participants were from fertility clinics and research centers.
The study examined the sperm quality outcome measures most
frequently used to assess fertility in clinical settings: motility (the
ability to move properly through the female reproductive tract), viability (the ability to fertilize the egg), and concentration (the number of
sperm in a milliliter of ejaculate).
Ten studies were examined including 1,492 human sperm samples. Exposure to
mobile phones was found to be associated with a significant eight per cent average reduction
in sperm motility and a significant nine per cent average reduction in sperm viability. The effects on sperm concentration were more equivocal. The results
were consistent across experimental laboratory studies and correlational observational
studies.
The
authors concluded that the overall results suggest that mobile phone exposure
negatively affects sperm quality in humans. The clinical importance of these effects in this study may be limited to subfertile men and to men at
the lower-end of the normal spectrum.
Open access paper: http://bit.ly/cellphonespermdamage.
--
Liu K, Li Y, Zhang G, Liu J, Cao J, Ao L, Zhang S. Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Andrology. 2014 Jul;2(4):491-501. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
Abstract
Possible hazardous health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phone on the reproductive system have raised public concern in recent years. This systemic review and meta-analysis was prepared following standard procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and checklist. Relevant studies published up to May 2013 were identified from five major international and Chinese literature databases: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, the VIP database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library. Eighteen studies with 3947 men and 186 rats were included in the systemic review, of which 12 studies (four human studies, four in vitro studies and four animal studies) with 1533 men and 97 rats were used in the meta-analyses. Systemic review showed that results of most of the human studies and in vitro laboratory studies indicated mobile phone use or radiofrequency exposure had negative effects on the various semen parameters studied. However, meta-analysis indicated that mobile phone use had no adverse effects on semen parameters in human studies. In the in vitro studies, meta-analysis indicated that radiofrequency radiation had detrimental effect on sperm motility and viability in vitro [pooled mean difference (MDs) (95% CI): -4.11 (-8.08, -0.13), -3.82 (-7.00, -0.65) for sperm motility and viability respectively]. As for animal studies, radiofrequency exposure had harmful effects on sperm concentration and motility [pooled MDs (95% CI): -8.75 (-17.37, -0.12), -17.72 (-32.79, -2.65) for sperm concentration and motility respectively]. Evidence from current studies suggests potential harmful effects of mobile phone use on semen parameters. A further multicentred and standardized study is needed to assess the risk of mobile phone use on the reproductive system.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700791
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