Association
between parental occupational exposure to ELF magnetic fields and childhood
nervous system tumors risk: A meta-analysis
Su L, Zhao C, Jin Y, Lei Y, Lu L, Chen G. Association between parental
occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and childhood
nervous system tumors risk: A meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2018 Nov
15;642:1406-1414.
Highlights
• A meta-analysis identified 22 studies on parental occupational ELF-MF
exposure and risk of childhood nervous system tumors.
• Parental occupational ELF-MF exposure was associated with increased risk
of childhood CNS tumors but not neuroblastoma.
• Maternal but not paternal occupational ELF-MF exposure significantly
increased risk of childhood CNS tumors.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous epidemiological studies suggested
association between parental occupational exposure to extremely low frequency
magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and risk of childhood nervous system tumors, but the
results were inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of case-control and
cohort studies to re-evaluate this association.
METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and Web of
Science databases as well as by manual searching. Summary odds ratio (OR) with
95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled with a fixed-effects or random-effects
model.
RESULTS: A total of 22 eligible articles (21 case-control studies and 1
cohort study) were included for the quantitative analysis. The results showed
that parental occupational ELF-MF exposure was significantly associated with an
increased risk of childhood nervous system tumors (OR = 1.11, 95%
CI = 1.02-1.21), and this association remained in studies on central nervous
system (CNS) tumors (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02-1.27) but not neuroblastoma
(OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.92-1.14). Furthermore, maternal (OR = 1.14, 95%
CI = 1.05-1.23) but not paternal (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.98-1.13) occupational
ELF-MF exposure significantly increased risk of childhood nervous system
tumors. Increased risk of childhood CNS tumors was significant associated with
maternal (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.06-1.26) but not paternal (OR = 1.15, 95%
CI = 0.98-1.34) occupational ELF-MF exposure.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results provide limited evidence for the
association between maternal occupational exposure to ELF-MF and increased risk
of childhood CNS tumors, which should be explained with cautions. Future
studies are needed to further evaluate the association of paternal occupational
ELF-MF exposure with risk of childhood CNS tumors.
--
The human
skin as a sub-THz receiver - Does 5G pose a danger to it or not?
Betzalel
N, Ben Ishai P, Feldman Y. The human skin as a sub-THz receiver - Does 5G pose
a danger to it or not? Environ Res. 2018 May;163:208-216. doi:
10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.032.
Highlights
• The sweat duct is regarded as a helical antenna in the sub-THz band,
reflectance depends on perspiration.
• We outline the background for non-thermal effects based on the structure of
sweat ducts.
• We have introduced a realistic skin EM model and found the expected SAR for
the 5G standard.
Abstract
In the interaction of microwave radiation and human beings, the skin is
traditionally considered as just an absorbing sponge stratum filled with water.
In previous works, we showed that this view is flawed when we demonstrated that
the coiled portion of the sweat duct in upper skin layer is regarded as a
helical antenna in the sub-THz band. Experimentally we showed that the
reflectance of the human skin in the sub-THz region depends on the intensity of
perspiration, i.e. sweat duct's conductivity, and correlates with levels of
human stress (physical, mental and emotional). Later on, we detected circular
dichroism in the reflectance from the skin, a signature of the axial mode of a
helical antenna. The full ramifications of what these findings represent in the
human condition are still unclear. We also revealed correlation of
electrocardiography (ECG) parameters to the sub-THz reflection coefficient of
human skin. In a recent work, we developed a unique simulation tool of human
skin, taking into account the skin multi-layer structure together with the
helical segment of the sweat duct embedded in it. The presence of the sweat
duct led to a high specific absorption rate (SAR) of the skin in extremely high
frequency band. In this paper, we summarize the physical evidence for this
phenomenon and consider its implication for the future exploitation of the
electromagnetic spectrum by wireless communication. Starting from July 2016 the
US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted new rules for wireless
broadband operations above 24 GHz (5 G). This trend of exploitation is
predicted to expand to higher frequencies in the sub-THz region. One must
consider the implications of human immersion in the electromagnetic noise,
caused by devices working at the very same frequencies as those, to which the
sweat duct (as a helical antenna) is most attuned. We are raising a warning
flag against the unrestricted use of sub-THz technologies for communication,
before the possible consequences for public health are explored.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29459303
Excerpt
The need for high data transmission rates, coupled with advances in
semiconductor technology, is pushing the communications industry towards the
sub-THz frequency spectrum. While the promises of a glorious future,
resplendent with semi-infinite data streaming, may be attractive, there is a
price to pay for such luxury. We shall find our cities, workspace and homes
awash with 5 G base stations and we shall live though an unprecedented EM smog.
The benefits to our society of becoming so wired cannot ignore possible health
concerns, as yet unexplored. There is enough evidence to suggest that the
combination of the helical sweat duct and wavelengths approaching the
dimensions of skin layers could lead to non-thermal biological effects. Such
fears should be investigated and these concerns should also effect the
definition of standards for the application of 5G communications.
Prior study:
Betzalel N,
Feldman Y, Ishai PB. The Modeling of the Absorbance of Sub-THz Radiation by
Human Skin. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 7(5):521-528.
Sep 2017.
Abstract
In the near future, applications will come online that require data
transmission in ultrahigh rates of 100 Gbit per second and beyond. In fact, the
planning for new industry regulations for the exploitation of the sub-THz band
are well advanced under the auspices of IEEE 802.15 Terahertz Interest Group.
One aspect of this endeavor is to gauge the possible impact on human health by
the expected explosion in commercial use of this band. It is, therefore,
imperative to estimate the respective specific absorption rates of human
tissues. In the interaction of microwave radiation and human beings, the skin
is traditionally considered as just an absorbing sponge stratum filled with
water. This approach is justified when the impinging wavelength is greater than
the dimensions of the skin layer. However, in the sub-THz band this condition
is violated. In 2008, we demonstrated that the coiled portion of the sweat duct
in upper skin layer could be regarded as a helical antenna in the sub-THz band.
The full ramifications of what these findings represent in the human condition
are still very unclear, but it is obvious that the absorption of electromagnetic
energy is governed by the topology for the skin and its organelles, especially
the sweat duct.
Conclusion
The need for
high data transmission rates, coupled with advances in semiconductor
technology, is pushing the communications industry toward the sub-THz frequency
spectrum. While this is a relatively underutilized area of the EM spectrum, it
does come with a price. The affinity of atmospheric absorption in this band
means that many small short range and relatively powerful transmitters will be
required for decent coverage. The results of our study emphasize that rather
than gallop toward these solutions with abandon, the human health implications
must be considered first, as wavelengths approach the dimensions of skin-based
features. The results point to the dominant role of the sweat duct in EM skin
absorbance. We can conclude and say that if the new regime of WLAN
communication, the 5G standard, will happen in the next years, the concern
regarding biological influence on the human body should be considered.
--
Effects of
EMF exposure on the antioxidant defense system
Kıvrak EG, Yurt KK, Kaplan AA, Alkan I, Altun G. Effects of electromagnetic
fields exposure on the antioxidant defense system. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017
Oct-Dec;5(4):167-176.
Abstract
Technological devices have become essential components of daily life. However,
their deleterious effects on the body, particularly on the nervous system, are
well known. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have various chemical effects,
including causing deterioration in large molecules in cells and imbalance in
ionic equilibrium. Despite being essential for life, oxygen molecules can lead
to the generation of hazardous by-products, known as reactive oxygen species
(ROS), during biological reactions. These reactive oxygen species can damage
cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. Antioxidant defense
systems exist in order to keep free radical formation under control and to
prevent their harmful effects on the biological system. Free radical formation
can take place in various ways, including ultraviolet light, drugs, lipid
oxidation, immunological reactions, radiation, stress, smoking, alcohol and
biochemical redox reactions. Oxidative stress occurs if the antioxidant defense
system is unable to prevent the harmful effects of free radicals. Several
studies have reported that exposure to EMF results in oxidative stress in many
tissues of the body. Exposure to EMF is known to increase free radical
concentrations and traceability and can affect the radical couple
recombination. The purpose of this review was to highlight the impact of
oxidative stress on antioxidant systems.
--
Non-ionizing
EMF hazard in the 21th century
Koh WJ, Moochhala SM. Non-ionizing EMF hazard in the 21th century. 2018 IEEE
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 2018 IEEE
Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC/APEMC).
Abstract
With the fast
advancement in technologies and the heavy reliance on wireless devices, we are
exposed to ever increasing electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation from home to
office to public places. The two most widely referenced standards for
non-ionizing EMF radiation protection - IEEE C95.1 and ICNIRP - were last
updated in 2005 and 1998 respectively. A comparison of the two standards with
the Russian standard shows that the Russian maximum permissible exposure (MPE)
is 41 and 5.8 times lower in terms of electric field strength at 1MHz
respectively. Despite numerous tests showing potential hazards to humans from
radiation levels below the MPE levels stated in ICNIRP guidelines and C95.1,
ICNIRP and IEEE continue to ignore calls by scientists to review their MPE
levels. This paper addresses the current and future trends in communication and
wireless technologies and their impact on the EMF radiation level that the
general public will be exposed to. Studies on biological effects due to EMF
radiation carried out over the last 20+ years will also be discussed. Based on
the effects of these studies from radiation levels well below the MPE in C95.1
and ICNIRP guidelines, this paper recommends a review of the current safety
levels.
Conclusion
With the fast advancement in telecommunication and wireless technologies and
the heavy reliance on AC and DC power supplies, we will be constantly and
increasingly exposed to EMF everywhere we go, including where we sleep. Based
on the findings from numerous EM-Bio effect studies, it is evident that
non-thermal and low radiation level (below MPE levels specified in C95.1 and
ICNIRP guidelines) EMF could have significant effects on human body. it should
be mentioned here that very specific exposure conditions may trigger biological
response in one individual, but not in others. And some may take longer time
than others for the symptoms to appear. Any health safety standard must protect
not just those who are healthy but include those in poor health, the young and
the pregnant women.
WHO's decision to classify mobile phone radiation as possibly carcinogenic came
more than 20 years after mobile phones were introduced. Should we wait another
20 years for severe biological effects to show up and then regret that we did
not do something earlier? We hope IEEE and ICNIRP can seriously consider
potential effects from long term exposure of EMF radiation and review their MPE
levels as soon as possible. If the committees still think that the results are
inconclusive, then they may want to define a set of objective specific testing
protocols so scientists and researchers can work on it to produce clear and
definitive results.
--
Longitudinal associations between risk appraisal of base
stations for mobile phones, radio or television and non-specific symptoms
Martens AL, Slottje P, Smid T,
Kromhout H, Vermeulen RCH, Timmermans DRM. Longitudinal associations between
risk appraisal of base stations for mobile phones, radio or television and
non-specific symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 112:81-89. Sep 2018.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.07.008
Highlights
• We studied longitudinal associations
in a general population cohort.
• Risk
appraisal of base stations was associated with higher symptom scores.
• The results
indicate the presence of bidirectional longitudinal associations.
• Female sex,
younger age, higher education, were associated with high risk appraisal.
Abstract
Introduction: Studies found that higher risk appraisal of radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields is associated with reporting more non-specific symptoms
such as headache and back pain. There is limited data available on the
longitudinal nature of such associations and what aspects of risk appraisal and
characteristics of subjects are relevant.
Objective: To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between
risk appraisal measures and non-specific symptoms, and assess the role of subject
characteristics (sex, age, education, trait negative affect) in a general
population cohort.
Methods: This study was nested in the Dutch general population AMIGO cohort
that was established in 2011/2012, when participants were 31–65 years old. We
studied a sample of participants (n = 1720) who filled in two follow-up
questionnaires in 2013 and 2014, including questions about perceived exposure,
perceived risk, and health concerns as indicators of risk appraisal of base
stations, and non-specific symptoms.
Results: Perceived exposure, perceived risk, and health concerns, respectively,
were associated with higher symptom scores in cross-sectional and longitudinal
analyses. Only health concerns (not perceived exposure and perceived risk)
temporally preceded high symptom scores and vice versa. Female sex, younger
age, higher education, and higher trait negative affect were associated with
higher risk appraisal of mobile phone base stations.
Discussion: The findings in this study strengthen the evidence base for
cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between higher risk appraisal and
non-specific symptoms in the general population. However, the directionality of
potential causal relations in non-sensitive general population samples should
be examined further in future studies, providing information to the benefit of
risk communication strategies.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399918302058
--
Exposure
to GSM 900-MHz mobile radiation impaired inhibitory avoidance memory
consolidation in rat: Involvements of opioidergic and nitrergic systems
Ahmadi S, Alavi SS, Jadidi M, Ardjmand A. Exposure to GSM
900-MHz mobile radiation impaired inhibitory avoidance memory consolidation in
rat: Involvements of opioidergic and nitrergic systems. Brain Research.
1701:36-45. Dec 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.016.
Highlights
• Four
weeks of exposure to GSM radiation impaired IA memory performance.\
•
Post-training i.c.v. injections of naloxone recovered the impairment of IA
memory.
• Pre-test i.c.v. injections of L-NAME impaired the positive effect of naloxone
• Pre-test co-administration of L-arginine and L-NAME recovered the impairment.
• Opioid and NO systems are involved in the effects of GSM exposure on IA
memory.
Abstract
The use of mobile phones is increasing, and the main health concern is the
possible deleterious effects of radiation on brain functioning. The present
study aimed to examine the effects of exposure to a global system for mobile
communication (GSM) with mobile phones on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory
performance as well as the involvement of endogenous opioids and nitric oxide
(NO) in this task. Male Wistar rats, 10–12 weeks old, were used. The results
showed that four weeks of mobile phone exposure impaired IA memory performance
in rats. The results also revealed that post-training, but not pre-training, as
well as pre-test intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of naloxone (0.4,
4 and 40 ng/rat), dose-dependently recovered the impairment of IA memory
performance induced by GSM radiation. Additionally, the impairment of IA memory
performance was completely recovered in the exposed animals with post-training
treatment of naloxone (40 ng/rat) plus pre-test i.c.v. injections of L-arginine
(100 and 200 nmol/rat). However, pre-test i.c.v. injections of L-NAME (10 and
20 nmol/rat), impaired IA memory performance in the animals receiving
post-training naloxone (40 ng/rat). In the animals receiving post-training
naloxone treatment, the impairment of IA memory performance due to pre-test
i.c.v. injections of L-NAME was recovered by the pre-test co-administration of
L-arginine. It was concluded that the recovery from impairment of IA memory in
GSM-exposed animals with post-training naloxone treatment was the result of
blockade of the opioidergic system in early memory consolidation as well as
activation of the nitrergic system in the retrieval phase of memory.
--
Evaluating
temperature changes of brain tissue due to induced heating of cell phone waves
Forouharmajd
F, Pourabdian S, Hossein E. Evaluating temperature changes of brain tissue due
to induced heating of cell phone waves. Intl J Prev Med. 9:40. Apr 2018
Background:
Worries have recently been increased in the absorption of radiofrequency waves
and their destructing effects on human health by increasing use of cell phones
(mobile phones). This study performed to determine the thermal changes due to
mobile phone radio frequency waves in gray and white brain tissue. Methods:
This study is an empirical study, where the thermal changes of electromagnetic
waves resulted from cell phones (900 MHZ, specific absorption rate for head
1.18 w/kg) on the 15 brain tissue of a cow were analyzed in a compartment with
three different thickness of 2 mm, 12 mm, and 22 mm, for 15 min. The Lutron
thermometer (model: MT-917) with 0.01 degrees C precision was used for
measuring the tissue temperature. For each thickness was measured three times.
Data analysis is done by Lutron and MATLAB software packages. Results: In
confronting of the tissue with the cell phone, the temperature was increased by
0.53 degrees C in the 2 mm thickness that is the gray matter of the brain,
increased by 0.99 degrees C in the 12 mm thickness, and also increased by 0.92
degrees C in the 22 mm thickness. Brain temperature showed higher rates than
the base temperature after 15 min of confrontation with cell phone waves in all
the three thicknesses. Conclusions: Cell phone radiated radio frequency waves
were effective on increasing brain tissue temperature, and this temperature
increase has cumulative effect on the tissue, being higher, for some time after
the confrontation than the time with no confrontation.
--
Modeling
tissue heating from exposure to RF energy & relevance of tissue heating to
exposure limits
Foster, KR, Ziskin MC, Balzano Q; Bit-Babik G. Modeling Tissue Heating From
Exposure to Radiofrequency Energy and Relevance of Tissue Heating to Exposure
Limits: Heating Factor. Health Physics: 115(2):295-307. Aug 2018
Abstract
This
review/commentary addresses recent thermal and electromagnetic modeling studies
that use image-based anthropomorphic human models to establish the local
absorption of radiofrequency energy and the resulting increase in temperature
in the body. The frequency range of present interest is from 100 MHz through
the transition frequency (where the basic restrictions in exposure guidelines
change from specific absorption rate to incident power density, which occurs at
3–10 GHz depending on the guideline). Several detailed thermal modeling studies
are reviewed to compare a recently introduced dosimetric quantity, the heating
factor, across different exposure conditions as related to the peak temperature
rise in tissue that would be permitted by limits for local body exposure. The
present review suggests that the heating factor is a robust quantity that is
useful for normalizing exposures across different simulation models.
Limitations include lack of information about the location in the body where
peak absorption and peak temperature increases occur in each exposure scenario,
which are needed for careful assessment of potential hazards. To the limited
extent that comparisons are possible, the thermal model (which is based on
Pennes’ bioheat equation) agrees reasonably well with experimental data,
notwithstanding the lack of theoretical rigor of the model and uncertainties in
the model parameters. In particular, the blood flow parameter is both variable
with physiological condition and largely determines the steady state
temperature rise. We suggest an approach to define exposure limits above and
below the transition frequency (the frequency at which the basic restriction
changes from specific absorption rate to incident power density) to provide
consistent levels of protection against thermal hazards. More research is
needed to better validate the model and to improve thermal dosimetry in
general. While modeling studies have considered the effects of variation in
thickness of tissue layers, the effects of normal physiological variation in
tissue blood flow have been relatively unexplored.
Conclusion
Advances in computational dosimetry and thermal modeling, reviewed in this
paper, have filled in many details about the relation between psSAR and peak
increase in temperature. These studies show that the heating factor is a robust
measure of this relation. However, additional information is needed to assess
potential thermal hazards of RF exposure, including the location and magnitude
of the temperature increases in the body.
This present and two previous reviews in this series (Foster et al. 2016, 2017)
show that thermal models can be useful for revising and updating RF exposure
limits. While the theory that underlies the models, Pennes’ BHTE, is generally
reliable, it is not exact. Thermal models for RF heating of tissue require
additional experimental validation including effects of variability in tissue
blood perfusion, possible thermoregulatory responses of the body to RF heating,
and other factors. Finally, more experimental data are needed for thermal
hazards of RF energy at frequencies above the threshold. Apart from thermal
hazards, a comprehensive review of all reported biological effects of RF energy
above the transition frequency in the standards is also needed.
Q.B., K.R.F,
and M.Z. were supported in this project by Mobile and Wireless Forum, which did
not review and had no control over preparation of this manuscript. The authors
thank A. Hirata, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan, for providing results
used to prepare Fig. 3, and Dr. Vitas Anderson and Dr. C-K Chou for helpful
discussion of earlier drafts of this paper. The views and opinions expressed
herein are solely those of the authors and are not to be attributed to Motorola
Solutions or any of its operating companies.
--
900 MHz
GSM Cell Phone Radiation Alters Human MCF-7 Cells & Stem Cells
Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Hashemi-Beni B, Moradi A, Aliakbari M, Shahbazi-Gahrouei
S. Exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication 900 MHz Cellular Phone
Radiofrequency Alters Growth, Proliferation and Morphology of Michigan Cancer
Foundation-7 Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Prev Med. 2018 Jun
19;9:51.
Abstract
Background: Today, using cellular phone and its harmful effects in human life
is growing. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the global
system for mobile communication (GSM) 900 MHz cellular phone radiofrequency
waves on growth, morphology, and proliferation rate of mesenchymal stem cells
and Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF-7) cells within the specific distance and
intensity.
Methods: MCF-7 and human adipose-derived stem cells (HADSCs) were exposed to
GSM cellular phones 900 MHz frequency with intensity of 354.6 μW/cm2 during
different exposure times 6, 21, 51, and 101 min/day with an interval of 10 min
for each subsequent radiation exposure for 3 and 5 days at 10 and 20 cm
distances from antenna. 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
bromide assay and trypan blue test were used to determine the growth of cells
and cell viability, respectively. Statistical analyses were carried out using
three-way ANOVA. Differences were significant when P < 0.05.
Results: The proliferation rates of both MCF-7 and HADSCs cells in all exposure
groups were significantly lower than controls (P < 0.05). There was a
significant effect on the percentage of cell survival with increase the period
of time from 3 to 5 days for MCF-7 (P < 0.01) and HADSCs (P = 0.02),
respectively. Variations in distance had no significant effect on the percentage
of cell survival (P = 0.35) on MCF-7 (P = 0.02) and HADSCs (P = 0.09) cells,
respectively.
Conclusions: The results showed that radiation of GSM 900 MHz cellular phone
may be reduced cell viability and proliferation rates of both cells. It is
recommended to reduce exposure time, increase distance from antenna, and
reserve the use of cell phones for shorter conversations to prevent its
biological and harmful effects. Further studies with other intensities and
frequencies on different cells are recommended.
--
What is
adverse effect of Wireless Local Area Network, using 2.45 GHz, on the
reproductive system?
Bilgici B, Gun S, Avci B, Akar A, Engiz BK. What is adverse effect of Wireless
Local Area Network, using 2.45 GHz, on the reproductive system? Int J Radiat
Biol. 2018 Jul 20:1-25.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the inflammatory effect and testicular damage on rats
exposed to low level of electromagnetic fields (EMF) at 2.45 GHz microwave
radiation.
METHODS: Twenty two Wistar rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 was the
control group and not exposed to EMF. Group 2 was exposed to low level EMF
(average E-field 3.68± 0.36 V/m, whole body average SAR, 0.0233W/kg, in 10g
tissue) at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the
study, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-32 (IL-32),
C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in rat serum and IL-6, IL-10, IL-32 were
measured in rat testis tissue. Furthermore, testicular tissues were evaluated
histopathologically in terms of spermatogenesis and coagulation necrosis.
RESULTS: Serum IL-6 and CRP levels were found to be significantly
different in the study group compared to the control group (p < 0.05), but
no significant difference was found in serum IL-10, IL-32 levels and testis
tissue IL-6, IL-10, IL-32 levels compared to the control group (p > 0.05). On
the other hand, histopathological evaluation of testicular tissue revealed a
significant difference in necrosis and spermatogenesis when compared with the
control group (p < 0.05) Conclusions: It may be concluded that low level EMF
at 2.45 GHz increases inflammation and testicular damage and negative impact on
male reproductive system function.
Excerpt:
In this
study, Microwave system with monopole antenna (2004X-RF, Everest Co.,
Adapazari, Turkey) was used to produce the low level EMF at 2.45 GHz. Microwave
radiation generator can radiate at 2.45 GHz frequency, with a range of 0-1 Watt
output power, and produce continuous or pulsed (modulated at 217 Hz) radiation.
My note: This study did not test Wi-Fi.
--
DNA
electromagnetic properties and interactions - An investigation on intrinsic
bioelectromagnetism within DNA
Bukhari MH, Batool S, Raza Y, Bagasra O, Rizvi A, Shah A.DNA electromagnetic
properties and interactions - An investigation on intrinsic bioelectromagnetism
within DNA. Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine. Jul 19, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2018.1499032.
Abstract
The question
whether intrinsic bioelectromagnetism exists within DNA or not is an important
and so far unexplored area of biology. We carried out a study of isolated
genetic material, utilizing both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, to measure any
possible intrinsic electromagnetic effects or fields emanated within the
molecules. Studies were carried out with extremely sensitive ultra-low-noise
trans-impedance amplifiers and a high-precision data acquisition system to
record any possible faintest electromagnetic signals from the concentrated, as
well as diluted DNA, in vitro. Some experiments were performed to investigate
any possible electromagnetic effects of high-frequency (HF) RF fields on the
DNA under test. However, after extensive testing and careful measurements, we
failed to detect any possible intrinsic or induced electromagnetic activity
from the DNA as compared to simple water or empty chambers. We reached a
conclusion that there does not seem to be any measurable intrinsic electromagnetic
activity or fields present in the DNA material, whether in concentrated or
diluted form, and if there were, any such activity or fields would be extremely
minuscule to be detected with scientific precision by current human measurement
methods.
--
Exposure
to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer
Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment
Enrique A. Navarro-Camba EA , Segura-García J, Gomez-Perretta C. Exposure to 50
Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in
Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment. Sustainability 2018, 10(8), 2641; 27 July 2018. (This article belongs to the
Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves Pollution)
Abstract
Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFs) is almost
inevitable almost anywhere in the world. An ELF magnetic field (ELF-MF) of
around 1 mG = 0.1 μT is typically measured in any home of the world with a
certain degree of development and well-being. There is fear and concern about
exposure to electromagnetic fields from high- and medium-voltage wiring and
transformer stations, especially internal transformer stations (TSs), which in
Spain are commonly located inside residential buildings on the ground floor. It
is common for neighbors living near these stations to ask for stations to be
moved away from their homes, and to ask for information about exposure levels
and their effects. Municipality is the closest administration to the citizens
that must solve this situation, mediating between the citizens, the utility
companies and the national administration. In this case, the municipality of
Silla (València, Spain) wanted to know the levels of exposure in the dwellings
annexed to the TSs, to compare them with Spanish legislation and the
recommendations coming from epidemiological studies. This article presents the
first systematic campaign of ELF-MF measurements from TSs carried out in a
Spanish city. Many measurements were carried out in the rooms of the apartments
doing spatial averages of spatial grid measurements. Measurements are made in
the bed and bedrooms and a weighted average and an environmental impact
indicator were obtained for each location. We found that old TSs usually
provide the highest peak exposure levels. A notable result of this work is that
approximately one quarter of the population living above or next to a TS would
be exposed to a weighted MF level greater than 0.3 μT, and that about a 10% of
this population would not be able to relocate their bedroom or living room to
minimize the level of exposure.
Open access paper: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/8/2641
--
Measurement
and analysis of power-frequency magnetic fields in residences: Results from a
pilot study
Halgamuge MN,
McLean L. Measurement and analysis of power-frequency magnetic fields in
residences: Results from a pilot study. Measurement. 125:415-424. Sep 2018.
Highlights
• Exposure to
high magnetic fields in residential situations occurs in proximity to
appliances.
• Emissions from some appliances exceeded the general public exposure levels of
the ICNIRP limits.
• Taking precautions, such as reducing distance from sources can significantly
reduce exposures.
• Collected data can be useful as an additional data base for future
epidemiological studies.
Abstract
Aim Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) are emitted by
electrical household appliances, wiring, meter boxes, conductive plumbing,
power lines and transformers. Some of the studies investigating the link
between ELF-MFs and health problems have not adequately characterized the
magnetic field exposure of subjects, as they did not always measure residential
magnetic fields or measure in locations where residents are most exposed.
Considering this, there is a need for good quality assessments of residential
ELF-MFs in different geographical regions to collect general public exposure
data and to identify high sources of magnetic fields. Such studies have the
potential to add significant scientific knowledge about residential exposure
and appropriate precautions to reduce exposure, improve the quality of life and
substantially reduce health care costs.
Subject and methods In this work, we analyzed the ELF-MFs from 3163
datasets collected from 100 houses in Australia. Measurements were carried out
in different geographical locations and were assessed for compliance with the
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Guidelines. Then we compared our measurements with another twenty-three
peer-reviewed studies, published 1987–2015, reporting magnetic field
measurements in residences.
Results The observed average (geometric mean) magnetic field values were;
bed 0.85, bedroom 1.39 mG, baby cot 0.39 mG, children’s play area 0.47 mG, and
family room 0.30 mG. Our results show considerable variation in the fields to
which residents are typically exposed, particularly in beds (21.83%) and
bedrooms (33.33%) where the percentage of measurements greater than 4 mG was
considerable. Some emissions exceeded the general public exposure levels of the
ICNIRP Guidelines, with the potential for residents to be exposed above these
levels. However, away from electrical appliances, the average field in all
rooms was 0.30–1.39 mG. We show that simple precautions can be applied to
reduce exposure to ELF-MFs in residences and thereby minimize potential risks
to health and wellbeing.
Conclusion Our investigation provides a new data collection model for
future surveys, which could be conducted with larger samples to verify our
observations. Additionally, this data could be useful as a reference for
researchers and those members of the general public who do not have access to
the necessary measuring equipment.
Conclusion
Exposure to high magnetic fields in residential situations occurs in proximity
to appliances, especially microwave ovens, conductive water pipes, meter boxes,
and wiring, as well as external sources such as power lines, transformers and
substations. Emissions of some appliances exceeded the general public exposure
levels of the ICNIRP exposure guideline. However, there is no conclusive proof
that electromagnetic fields cause health problems. Taking precautions, such as
increasing distance from sources can significantly reduce exposures. In this
work, we analyzed the power frequency magnetic fields using 3163 datasets from
100 houses in Australia. Our work provides a model for future surveys,
especially for epidemiological studies. This work also will be useful to
householders to understand the typical magnetic field strength to which they
are exposed everyday. Future surveys could be conducted with larger samples, to
verify our observations and to correlate these exposures with symptoms
experienced by householders. Future studies could also consider measurements of
radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices in the home.
--
Millitesla
magnetic field effects on the photocycle of an animal cryptochrome
Sheppard DM,
Li J, Henbest KB, Neil SR, Maeda K, Storey J, Schleicher E, Biskup T, Rodriguez
R, Weber S, Hore PJ, Timmel CR, Mackenzie SR. Millitesla magnetic field effects
on the photocycle of an animal cryptochrome. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 8;7:42228. doi:
10.1038/srep42228.
Abstract
Drosophila have been used as model organisms to explore both the biophysical
mechanisms of animal magnetoreception and the possibility that weak,
low-frequency anthropogenic electromagnetic fields may have biological
consequences. In both cases, the presumed receptor is cryptochrome, a protein
thought to be responsible for magnetic compass sensing in migratory birds and a
variety of magnetic behavioural responses in insects. Here, we demonstrate that
photo-induced electron transfer reactions in Drosophila melanogaster
cryptochrome are indeed influenced by magnetic fields of a few millitesla. The
form of the protein containing flavin and tryptophan radicals shows kinetics
that differ markedly from those of closely related members of the
cryptochrome-photolyase family. These differences and the magnetic sensitivity
of Drosophila cryptochrome are interpreted in terms of the radical pair
mechanism and a photocycle involving the recently discovered fourth tryptophan
electron donor.
--
6-mT 0-120-Hz magnetic fields differentially affect cellular ATP levels
Wang D, Zhang L, Shao G, Yang S, Tao S, Fang K, Zhang X. 6-mT 0-120-Hz magnetic
fields differentially affect cellular ATP levels. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.
2018 Aug 3. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2868-3.
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an indispensable molecule that provides energy
for essentially all cellular processes, has been shown to be affected by some
magnetic fields (MFs). Although people are frequently exposed to various static
and power frequency MFs in their daily lives, the exact effects of these MFs of
different frequencies have not been systematically investigated. Here, we
tested 6-mT MFs with 0, 50, and 120 Hz for their effects on cellular ATP levels
in 11 different cell lines. We found that the 6-mT static magnetic field (SMF)
either does not affect or increase cellular ATP levels, while 6-mT 50-Hz MF
either does not affect or decrease cellular ATP levels. In contrast, 6-mT
120-Hz MF has variable effects. We examined the mitochondrial membrane
potential (MMP) as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in four different cell
lines, but did not find their direct correlation with ATP levels. Although none
of the ATP level changes induced by these three different frequencies of 6-mT
MFs are dramatic, these results may be used to explain some differential
cellular responses of various cell lines to different frequency MFs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30074140
Excerpt
In
conclusion, although the ATP level changes induced by 6-mT MFs are not
dramatic, the exact effects are cell type-, MF frequency-, and time-dependent.
These may help to explain some observed cellular phenomenon of low-frequency
MFs. Given the prevalence of power frequency and SMF exposure for human bodies,
such as the MFs generated by electric power lines, home appliance, and
household items, people should be aware of their potential effects on cellular
ATP, which is the foundation of many cellular processes.
Two important papers from the last research update
Thermal
and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An
international perspective
Belpomme D,
Hardell, L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal and non-thermal health
effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Jul 6;242(Pt A):643-658. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019.
Highlights
• Exposure to electromagnetic fields has increased dramatically.
• Electromagnetic fields at low and non-thermal intensities increase risk of
cancer in animals and humans.
• Some individuals are particularly sensitive and develop a syndrome of
electrohypersensitivity.
• There is an urgent need to recognize hazards associated with excessive
exposure to non-thermal levels of electromagnetic fields.
Abstract
Exposure to low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at low intensities
poses a significant health hazard that has not been adequately addressed by
national and international organizations such as the World Health Organization.
There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies
over long periods of time increases the risk of brain cancer both in humans and
animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen
species, gene expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and
genetic processes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on
male and female reproduction, almost certainly due to generation of reactive
oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures can result in
neurobehavioral decrements and that some individuals develop a syndrome of
"electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is
one of several syndromes commonly categorized as "idiopathic environmental
intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, new biochemical
indicators and imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms as
being only psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards set by most national and
international bodies are not protective of human health. This is a particular
concern in children, given the rapid expansion of use of wireless technologies,
the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the
hyperconductivity of their brain tissue, the greater penetration of
radiofrequency radiation relative to head size and their potential for a longer
lifetime exposure.
Final section
of the paper:
Public Health Implications of Human Exposure to EMFs
The incidence of brain cancer in children and adolescents has increased between
2000 and 2010 (Ostrom et al., 2015). Gliomas are increasing in the Netherlands
(Ho et al., 2014), glioblastomas are increasing in Australia (Dobes et al.,
2011) and England (Philips et al., 2018) and all brain cancers are increasing
in Spain (Etxeberrua et al., 2015) and Sweden (Hardell and Carlberg, 2017). The
latency period between initial exposure and clinical occurrence of brain cancer
is not known but is estimated to be long. While not all reports of brain cancer
rates show an increase, some do. The continually increasing exposure to EMFs
from all sources may contribute to these increases. The prevalence of EHS is
unknown, but various reports suggest that it is between 1 and 10% of the
population (Hallberg and Oberfeld, 2006; Huang et al., 2018). Male fertility
has been declining (Geoffroy-Siraudin et al., 2012; Levine et al., 2017). EMFs
increase the risk of each of these diseases and others. Alzheimer's disease is
increasing in many countries worldwide and its association with ELF-EMF occupational
exposure has been clearly demonstrated through several independent
epidemiological studies (Davanipour and Sobel, 2009; Sobel et al., 1996; Qiu et
al., 2004) and a meta-analysis of these studies (García et al., 2008). A recent
meta-analysis (Huss et al., 2018) has reported an increased risk of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis in workers occupationally exposure to ELF-EMFs.
Safety limits for RF exposure have been based (until today) on the thermal
effects of EMFs. But these standards do not protect people, particularly
children, from the deleterious health effects of non-thermal EMFs (Nazıroğlu et
al., 2013; Mahmoudabadi et al., 2015). Each of these diseases is associated
with decrements in health and quality of life. Brain cancer patients often die
is spite of some improvement in treatment, while EHS patients present with
increased levels of distress, inability to work, and progressive social
withdrawal. The ability for humans to reproduce is fundamental for the
maintenance of our species.
The scientific evidence for harm from EMFs is increasingly strong. We do not
advocate going back to the age before electricity or wireless communication,
but we deplore the present failure of public health international bodies to
recognize the scientific data showing the adverse effects of EMFs on human
health. It is encouraging that some governments are taking action. France has
removed WiFi from pre-schools and ordered Wi-Fi to be shut off in elementary
schools when not in use (http://www.telegraph.co.uk.news/2017/12/11/france-ipose-total-ban-mobile-phones-schools/). The State of California Department
of Public Health has issued a warning on use of mobile phones and offered
advice on how to reduce exposure (State of California, 2017). There are many
steps that are neither difficult nor expensive that can be taken to use modern
technology but in a manner that significally reduces threats to human health.
It is urgent that national and international bodies, particularly the WHO, take
this significant public health hazard seriously and make appropriate
recommendations for protective measures to reduce exposures. This is especially
urgently needed for children and adolescents. It is also important that all
parts of society, especially the medical community, educators, and the general
public, become informed about the hazards associated with exposure to EMFs and
of the steps that can be easily taken to reduce exposure and risk of associated
disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30025338
--
Cohort
study of adolescents' memory performance & brain dose of microwave
radiation from wireless EMF
Foerster M., Thielens A., Joseph W., Eeftens M., Röösli M. (2018) A prospective
cohort study of adolescents' memory performance and individual brain dose of
microwave radiation from wireless communication. Environmental Health
Perspectives. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/ehp2747
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The potential impact of microwave radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields (RF-EMF) emitted by wireless communication devices on neurocognitive
functions of adolescents is controversial. In a previous analysis, we found
changes in figural memory scores associated with a higher cumulative RF-EMF
brain dose in adolescents.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to follow-up our previous results using a new study population,
dose estimation, and approach to controlling for confounding from media usage
itself.
METHODS: RF-EMF brain dose for each participant was modeled. Multivariable
linear regression models were fitted on verbal and figural memory score changes
over 1 y and on estimated cumulative brain dose and RF-EMF related and
unrelated media usage (n=669–676). Because of the hemispheric lateralization of
memory, we conducted a laterality analysis for phone call ear preference. To
control for the confounding of media use behaviors, a stratified analysis for
different media usage groups was also conducted.
RESULTS: We found decreased figural memory scores in association with an
interquartile range (IQR) increase in estimated cumulative RF-EMF brain dose
scores: −0:22 (95% CI: −0:47, 0.03; IQR: 953 mJ=kg per day) in the whole
sample, −0:39 (95% CI: −0:67, −0:10; IQR: 953 mJ=kg per day) in right-side
users (n=532), and −0:26 (95% CI: −0:42, −0:10; IQR: 341 mJ=kg per day) when
recorded network operator data were used for RF-EMF dose estimation (n=274).
Media usage unrelated to RF-EMF did not show significant associations or
consistent patterns, with the exception of consistent (nonsignificant) positive
associations between data traffic duration and verbal memory.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings for a cohort of Swiss adolescents require
confirmation in other populations but suggest a potential adverse effect of of
RF-EMF brain dose on cognitive functions that involve brain regions mostly
exposed during mobile phone use. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2427
Conclusion
We found preliminary evidence suggesting that RF-EMF may affect brain functions
such as figural memory in regions that are most exposed during mobile phone
use. Our findings do not provide conclusive evidence of causal effects and
should be interpreted with caution until confirmed in other populations.
Associations with media use parameters with low RF-EMF exposures did not
provide clear or consistent support of effects of media use unrelated to RF-EMF
(with the possible exception of consistent positive associations between verbal
memory and data traffic duration). It is not yet clear which brain processes
could be potentially affected and what biophysical mechanism may play a role.
Potential long-term risk can be minimized by avoiding high brain-exposure
situations as occurs when using a mobile phone with maximum power close to the
ear because of, for example, bad network quality.
Original study from 2015:
Schoeni A.,
Roser K., Röösli M. (2015) Memory performance, wireless communication and
exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: a prospective cohort study
in adolescents. Environmental International. 85: 343-351.
Highlights
• This is a prospective cohort study with approx. one year of follow-up.
• Self-reported and operator recorded mobile phone use data were collected.
• The cumulative RF-EMF dose for the brain and for the whole body was
calculated.
• Associations were stronger for RF-EMF dose than for use of wireless devices.
• RF-EMF exposure might impair memory performance in adolescents.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate whether memory
performance in adolescents is affected by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
(RF-EMF) from wireless device use or by the wireless device use itself due to
non-radiation related factors in that context.
METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 439 adolescents.
Verbal and figural memory tasks at baseline and after one year were completed
using a standardized, computerized cognitive test battery. Use of wireless
devices was inquired by questionnaire and operator recorded mobile phone use
data was obtained for a subgroup of 234 adolescents. RF-EMF dose measures considering
various factors affecting RF-EMF exposure were computed for the brain and the
whole body. Data were analysed using a longitudinal approach, to investigate
whether cumulative exposure over one year was related to changes in memory
performance. All analyses were adjusted for relevant confounders.
RESULTS: The kappa coefficients between cumulative mobile phone call
duration and RF-EMF brain and whole body dose were 0.62 and 0.67, respectively
for the whole sample and 0.48 and 0.28, respectively for the sample with
operator data. In linear exposure-response models an interquartile increase in
cumulative operator recorded mobile phone call duration was associated with a
decrease in figural memory performance score by -0.15 (95% CI: -0.33, 0.03)
units. For cumulative RF-EMF brain and whole body dose corresponding decreases
in figural memory scores were -0.26 (95% CI: -0.42, -0.10) and -0.40 (95% CI:
-0.79, -0.01), respectively. No exposure-response associations were observed
for sending text messages and duration of gaming, which produces tiny RF-EMF
emissions.
CONCLUSIONS: A change in memory performance over one year was negatively
associated with cumulative duration of wireless phone use and more strongly
with RF-EMF dose. This may indicate that RF-EMF exposure affects memory
performance.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412015300659?via%3Dihub
