I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2500 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.
To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published since 2024
(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (584 page pdf):
To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023
click on the following link (867 page pdf):
To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020
click on the following link (875 page pdf):
The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.
The WHO-Commissioned Systematic Reviews on Health Effects of Microwave and RF Radiation [Health Matters]
Lin JC. The WHO-Commissioned Systematic Reviews on Health Effects of Microwave and RF Radiation [Health Matters]. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 27(3): 14-17, March 2026, doi: 10.1109/MMM.2025.3637921.
No abstract
Excerpts
The peer-reviewed assessment concluded that the body of evidence reviewed is inadequate to either support or refute the safety of the ICNIRP exposure guidelines.
The unsubtle message, in attempts to prop up the ICNIRP position that cellular mobile phone RF radiation and radiation from other wireless communication devices does not pose a health risk, can hardly be mistaken.
The
scientific credibility of the World Health Organization
(WHO)-commissioned series of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses
(MAs) on the health effects of exposure to microwave and RF radiation is
challenged by the International Commission on the Biological Effects of
Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF) in a recent Environmental Health
journal article [1]. The article concluded that the SRs and MAs on the
health effects of RF exposure cannot be used as proof of safety of
cellular mobile phones and other wireless communication devices because
of the serious methodological faults and deficiencies in conducting the
reviews and MAs. This situation places WHO in an awkward position in
partnering with the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation
Protection (ICNIRP) in their attempts to reassure the public on the
effectiveness and safety of the ICNIRP RF exposure guidelines [26]. RF
and microwave radiation are ubiquitous in modern society. They enable
cellular mobile and wireless communication systems and devices to
transmit and receive texts, conversations, pictures, news, and
entertainment programs. RF-radiating devices and systems are found in
homes, offices, schools, playgrounds, theaters, stores, factory floors,
automobiles, public transport systems, sports arenas, stadiums,
recreational parks and facilities, and public spaces. They are located
indoors and outdoors, on persons, and practically everywhere....
The last article in the series of WHO-commissioned SRs reviewed the effects of RF exposure on cancer in experimental animals [16]. This SR was the only WHO-commissioned SR that did not include an MA; the authors deemed it inappropriate because of methodological differences among the studies, including differences in experimental parameters, exposure characteristics, and different biological models. It included all 52 reported studies with 20 chronic bioassays. The SR included all reported studies to minimize the risk of bias concerns. The certainty of the evidence for an increased risk in gliomas was judged as high. Also, in three chronic bioassays, statistically significant increases in malignant schwannomas were demonstrated as high in the heart of male rats. While this conclusion is in opposition to the interpretations of the ICNIRP, it is consistent with the findings of the National Institutes of Health National Toxicology Program [23], [24] and the Ramazzini Institute [25] and is in support of the earlier WHO [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)] conclusion [22]. Almost immediately after the earlier batch of WHO-commissioned SRs was published, evaluations of the quality of those SRs and MAs and the relevance of their conclusions on biological effects and human safety began to appear in scientific publications [17], [18], [19], [20]. The criticisms encountered by those WHO-commissioned SRs and MAs were serious and severe, including calls for retraction....
The recent ICBE-EMF article [1] critically evaluated the 12 WHO-commissioned SRs on the health effects of RF radiation and identified significant flaws and weaknesses that undermine the SRs’ conclusions regarding RF exposure safety. The ICBE-EMF article listed many examples that illustrate the failings in the WHO SRs’ selection of publications. The extensive involvement of present and past members of the ICNIRP raises serious concerns. All of the WHO-commissioned SRs had at least one ICNIRP member as authors, and some had several members. Across multiple SRs, there are issues in the inclusion and exclusion criteria that often led to the exclusion of relevant, well-conducted studies, while flawed studies were given disproportionate weight, thereby undermining the reliability of the evidence assessments.
Simply put, MAs are inappropriate for the WHO SRs. MAs are generally intended to combine quantitative results from multiple studies to estimate overall effects, but their usefulness depends on methodological consistency, low between-study heterogeneity, sufficient statistical power, and statistical independence of the effect sizes. However, as discussed in the ICBE-EMF article, those criteria were mostly unmet in the WHO SRs on RF health effects.
Almost all of the MAs included in the 11 WHO SRs had methodological weaknesses that compromised the interpretability of results because of the relatively few primary studies available for each MA and/or high between-study heterogeneity. High levels of heterogeneity across primary studies result in MAs that are unreliable and that risk producing biased pooled results because of the excessive influence of just one or two larger studies.
There are many aspects of both SRs and MAs that, despite the use of widely recommended tools, such as the OHAT Risk of Bias scale [27] and the GRADE scheme for assessing strength of evidence [28], involve inherently subjective decisions. Such subjectivity can lead to significant variation across the reviews, even when the same primary studies are being assessed. The potential for subjectivity requires clear-cut independence of the reviews’ coauthors from all influences that might lead to bias—conditions that were clearly not met in the WHO-commissioned SRs.
In summary, the ICBE-EMF evaluation of the SRs exposes major problems with at least 10 or 11 of them. In addition to the scientific quality of the less-than-balanced reviews, they appear to be biased with a strong conviction of nothing but heat to worry about with RF and microwave radiation, in apparent support of the ICNIRP guidelines [26].
The ICBE-EMF article showed that the MAs in the SRs suffered from relatively few primary studies available for each MA (some due to excessive subgrouping), exclusion of relevant studies, weaknesses in many of the included primary studies, high between-study heterogeneity, and/or the lack of a basis for analyzing complex processes, such as those involved in cognitive functions.
Simply put, the criticisms and challenges encountered by those WHO SRs, aside from the most recent one, are serious and severe, including calls for retraction. In addition to the scientific quality of the less-than-balanced reviews, the unsubtle message, in attempts to prop up the ICNIRP position that cellular mobile phone RF radiation and radiation from other wireless communication devices does not pose a health risk, can hardly be mistaken. The systematic reviews displayed unequivocal but misguided bias for the ICNIRP RF exposure guidelines for human safety, with faulty scientific analysis and justification.
In the words according to Microwave News [29], “WHO gets a ‘Failing’ grade on RF systematic reviews: faulted for bad analysis and ICNIRP bias.”
The last article in the series of WHO-commissioned SRs reviewed the effects of RF exposure on cancer in experimental animals [16]. This SR was the only WHO-commissioned SR that did not include an MA; the authors deemed it inappropriate because of methodological differences among the studies, including differences in experimental parameters, exposure characteristics, and different biological models. It included all 52 reported studies with 20 chronic bioassays. The SR included all reported studies to minimize the risk of bias concerns. The certainty of the evidence for an increased risk in gliomas was judged as high. Also, in three chronic bioassays, statistically significant increases in malignant schwannomas were demonstrated as high in the heart of male rats. While this conclusion is in opposition to the interpretations of the ICNIRP, it is consistent with the findings of the National Institutes of Health National Toxicology Program [23], [24] and the Ramazzini Institute [25] and is in support of the earlier WHO [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)] conclusion [22]. Almost immediately after the earlier batch of WHO-commissioned SRs was published, evaluations of the quality of those SRs and MAs and the relevance of their conclusions on biological effects and human safety began to appear in scientific publications [17], [18], [19], [20]. The criticisms encountered by those WHO-commissioned SRs and MAs were serious and severe, including calls for retraction....
The recent ICBE-EMF article [1] critically evaluated the 12 WHO-commissioned SRs on the health effects of RF radiation and identified significant flaws and weaknesses that undermine the SRs’ conclusions regarding RF exposure safety. The ICBE-EMF article listed many examples that illustrate the failings in the WHO SRs’ selection of publications. The extensive involvement of present and past members of the ICNIRP raises serious concerns. All of the WHO-commissioned SRs had at least one ICNIRP member as authors, and some had several members. Across multiple SRs, there are issues in the inclusion and exclusion criteria that often led to the exclusion of relevant, well-conducted studies, while flawed studies were given disproportionate weight, thereby undermining the reliability of the evidence assessments.
Simply put, MAs are inappropriate for the WHO SRs. MAs are generally intended to combine quantitative results from multiple studies to estimate overall effects, but their usefulness depends on methodological consistency, low between-study heterogeneity, sufficient statistical power, and statistical independence of the effect sizes. However, as discussed in the ICBE-EMF article, those criteria were mostly unmet in the WHO SRs on RF health effects.
Almost all of the MAs included in the 11 WHO SRs had methodological weaknesses that compromised the interpretability of results because of the relatively few primary studies available for each MA and/or high between-study heterogeneity. High levels of heterogeneity across primary studies result in MAs that are unreliable and that risk producing biased pooled results because of the excessive influence of just one or two larger studies.
There are many aspects of both SRs and MAs that, despite the use of widely recommended tools, such as the OHAT Risk of Bias scale [27] and the GRADE scheme for assessing strength of evidence [28], involve inherently subjective decisions. Such subjectivity can lead to significant variation across the reviews, even when the same primary studies are being assessed. The potential for subjectivity requires clear-cut independence of the reviews’ coauthors from all influences that might lead to bias—conditions that were clearly not met in the WHO-commissioned SRs.
In summary, the ICBE-EMF evaluation of the SRs exposes major problems with at least 10 or 11 of them. In addition to the scientific quality of the less-than-balanced reviews, they appear to be biased with a strong conviction of nothing but heat to worry about with RF and microwave radiation, in apparent support of the ICNIRP guidelines [26].
The ICBE-EMF article showed that the MAs in the SRs suffered from relatively few primary studies available for each MA (some due to excessive subgrouping), exclusion of relevant studies, weaknesses in many of the included primary studies, high between-study heterogeneity, and/or the lack of a basis for analyzing complex processes, such as those involved in cognitive functions.
Simply put, the criticisms and challenges encountered by those WHO SRs, aside from the most recent one, are serious and severe, including calls for retraction. In addition to the scientific quality of the less-than-balanced reviews, the unsubtle message, in attempts to prop up the ICNIRP position that cellular mobile phone RF radiation and radiation from other wireless communication devices does not pose a health risk, can hardly be mistaken. The systematic reviews displayed unequivocal but misguided bias for the ICNIRP RF exposure guidelines for human safety, with faulty scientific analysis and justification.
In the words according to Microwave News [29], “WHO gets a ‘Failing’ grade on RF systematic reviews: faulted for bad analysis and ICNIRP bias.”
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The need to rethink the everyday electromagnetic environment
Isaac A. Jamieson. Chapter 10 - The need to rethink the everyday electromagnetic environment. (Ed.) Jan Martel. Recent Advances in Bioelectromagnetism and Subtle Energies. Academic Press. 2026. Pages 335-368. doi: 10.1016/B978-
Abstract
The potential biological effects of everyday electromagnetic environments, and the electromagnetic pollution that can often be present within them, present a critical yet dramatically under-considered risk factor in public health, technological innovation, and everyday life. Even low-intensity EMF exposures, below current regulatory limits, can have biological effects. While cancer and electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) receive the most attention with regard to these, a broader range of health issues that substantially contribute to economic burdens has also been linked with EMF exposures. It is proposed that individuals, businesses and industries can substantially benefit from proactively addressing EMF risks. Encouragingly, not all EMF exposures are harmful. This provides opportunities to optimize electromagnetic environments and technologies to better support health, wellness and productivity. Bioelectromagnetic design, in particular, offers the potential for innovation, creating environments that are safer, more inclusive, and aligned with emerging guidelines that prioritize health and well-being. By applying the precautionary principle and embracing proactive biologically informed innovation, industries can better future-proof their operations and play a meaningful role in shaping healthier, more sustainable everyday environments.
Conclusion
A huge opportunity exists to rethink the everyday electromagnetic environments and technologies most people are exposed to and create more bio-friendly versions of them. Doing so can help reduce risk, drive innovation, and grow the wellness economy. This is especially true for wellness real estate, the fastest-growing sector of the global wellness industry.
With regard to EMF exposure standards and guidelines, even relatively low intensity exposures below permitted exposure levels can have biological effects. While the greatest degree of publicity related to exposures is given to cancer risk and EHS being associated with environmental exposures, numerous other health conditions are indicated as being negatively affected and create high levels of financial burden. Such evidence provides strong reason to create healthier electromagnetic environments and technologies.
Another reason for addressing such issues is that many regulations and guidelines related to EMF exposures are getting stricter, so proactively addressing this trend can help future-proof industries. This type of approach can further open-up opportunities for innovation for those observing market trends and who seek to create “multiple layers of benefit” solutions.
The insurance industry’s perspective on EMF risks provides further evidence of why developing solutions is of paramount importance. The need to effectively address this issue is further highlighted from the documentation of the wide range of health effects associated with EMF exposures, and the costs that these can create to national economies.
Those findings provide strong evidence for the need to apply the precautionary principle with regard to electromagnetic pollution and the need to see how such issues can be better addressed. In particular, it is suggested that proactive precautionary approaches can be adopted by members of the wireless and tech industries enabling them to reframe themselves as future-compliant and future-oriented, which will increase their attractiveness to investors and help them make greater inroads into the global wellness economy through creating more bioelectromagnetically friendly technologies. The health industry also stands to be able to expand its mission through helping develop more bioelectromagnetically friendly environments.
Such approaches will allow EHS accessibility requirements, which a growing body of authorities are taking ever more seriously, to be more easily addressed while creating extra value and reducing risk to other members of society who may also be negatively affected by electromagnetic pollution.
Calls for more bio-friendly environmental exposures are likely to increase as consumer education on these issues increases. The trend for building certification initiatives that reward proactive measures that positively impact health and wellbeing is in line with this and can already be coupled with existing initiatives to improve environmental conditions and incorporate new innovations as they arise through multidisciplinary interventions.
Fortuitously, not all exposures to electromagnetic phenomena are harmful, and some types of artificially created EMF exposures (when used correctly) benefit both health and productivity. There are, in addition, technological breakthroughs that allow increased technical efficiency while reducing exposures to electromagnetic pollution. This is particularly heartening and suggests that in addition to the low EMF tactic often advocated to address electromagnetic pollution issues a more proactive approach can be taken to help biologically optimize the bioelectromagnetic characteristics of environments, sometimes beyond what nature itself can even achieve. Bioelectromagnetic design can drive innovation, reduce risk, and take the design and operation of technologies and environments to a whole new level, creating potential “Win/Win” solutions for all stakeholders that are kind to people, planet, and profit.
A huge opportunity exists to rethink the everyday electromagnetic environments and technologies most people are exposed to and create more bio-friendly versions of them. Doing so can help reduce risk, drive innovation, and grow the wellness economy. This is especially true for wellness real estate, the fastest-growing sector of the global wellness industry.
With regard to EMF exposure standards and guidelines, even relatively low intensity exposures below permitted exposure levels can have biological effects. While the greatest degree of publicity related to exposures is given to cancer risk and EHS being associated with environmental exposures, numerous other health conditions are indicated as being negatively affected and create high levels of financial burden. Such evidence provides strong reason to create healthier electromagnetic environments and technologies.
Another reason for addressing such issues is that many regulations and guidelines related to EMF exposures are getting stricter, so proactively addressing this trend can help future-proof industries. This type of approach can further open-up opportunities for innovation for those observing market trends and who seek to create “multiple layers of benefit” solutions.
The insurance industry’s perspective on EMF risks provides further evidence of why developing solutions is of paramount importance. The need to effectively address this issue is further highlighted from the documentation of the wide range of health effects associated with EMF exposures, and the costs that these can create to national economies.
Those findings provide strong evidence for the need to apply the precautionary principle with regard to electromagnetic pollution and the need to see how such issues can be better addressed. In particular, it is suggested that proactive precautionary approaches can be adopted by members of the wireless and tech industries enabling them to reframe themselves as future-compliant and future-oriented, which will increase their attractiveness to investors and help them make greater inroads into the global wellness economy through creating more bioelectromagnetically friendly technologies. The health industry also stands to be able to expand its mission through helping develop more bioelectromagnetically friendly environments.
Such approaches will allow EHS accessibility requirements, which a growing body of authorities are taking ever more seriously, to be more easily addressed while creating extra value and reducing risk to other members of society who may also be negatively affected by electromagnetic pollution.
Calls for more bio-friendly environmental exposures are likely to increase as consumer education on these issues increases. The trend for building certification initiatives that reward proactive measures that positively impact health and wellbeing is in line with this and can already be coupled with existing initiatives to improve environmental conditions and incorporate new innovations as they arise through multidisciplinary interventions.
Fortuitously, not all exposures to electromagnetic phenomena are harmful, and some types of artificially created EMF exposures (when used correctly) benefit both health and productivity. There are, in addition, technological breakthroughs that allow increased technical efficiency while reducing exposures to electromagnetic pollution. This is particularly heartening and suggests that in addition to the low EMF tactic often advocated to address electromagnetic pollution issues a more proactive approach can be taken to help biologically optimize the bioelectromagnetic characteristics of environments, sometimes beyond what nature itself can even achieve. Bioelectromagnetic design can drive innovation, reduce risk, and take the design and operation of technologies and environments to a whole new level, creating potential “Win/Win” solutions for all stakeholders that are kind to people, planet, and profit.
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Prevalence of
self-reported sensitivities to various environmental factors in Germany,
Sweden, and Finland based on multiple classification criteria
Köteles F, Witthöft M, Bräscher AK, Bailer J, Nordin S. Prevalence of
self-reported sensitivities to various environmental factors in Germany,
Sweden, and Finland based on multiple classification criteria. J
Psychosom Res. 2026 Feb;201:112495. doi:
10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.
Abstract
Objective: Our knowledge on the prevalence of self-reported sensitivities to environmental factors is poor. The lack of accepted criteria/assessment makes findings of different studies difficult to compare; the way of assessment might play a role in the reported prevalence rates. The present study aimed to report the prevalence rates of five environmental sensitivities for the German general population, to compare three of them with Swedish and Finnish data, and to demonstrate the impact of strictness of criterion on the results.
Methods: Data from a German (n = 2515), a Swedish (n = 3253) and a Finnish (n = 1467) population-based survey was used. Sensitivities were rated on ordinal scales in all samples.
Results: In the German sample, about 25 % of participants reported mild reactions to sounds, chemicals, and buildings, and about 10 % to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and wind turbines, with a similar pattern for strong reactions, but with proportions of 1-2 %. Data from the Nordic countries show consistent similarities between these two countries, with prevalences exceeding 34 % for mild reactions to chemicals and sounds and about 5 % to EMFs, with a similar pattern for strong reactions, but with proportions of 1-8 %. Prevalence of sensitivity to EMFs was higher, whereas prevalence of sensitivity to chemicals and sounds was lower in Germany. Classification criteria significantly impacted the reported prevalence rates.
Conclusion: Various environmental sensitivities affect a considerable proportion of the general populations of the three countries. To improve comparability, self-report assessment of sensitivities should be based on at least an ordinal scale instead of the widely used yes-or-no question.
Excerpt
The current study has both strengths and limitations. It represents the most comprehensive epidemiological assessment of environmental sensitivities in Europe, including samples being population-based and of large sizes that enhance representativeness to the general populations in these countries. Another strength is the study of five major types of environmental sensitivity, providing broad understanding, and enabling direct comparison between them. Yet another strength is the use of two, rather than typically one, level of strictness of criterion for assessment of prevalence of sensitivities. However, an obvious limitation is the different questions and response alternatives used for the German vs Swedish/Finnish samples; most importantly, symptoms are explicitly mentioned in the German survey, whereas the Swedish/Finnish questions referred to sensitivity. This calls for caution when comparing results from the German and Nordic countries. Another limitation is the relatively low response rate that may result in selection bias, and thus impacting on representativeness. Furthermore, the sampling method used for the Swedish and Finnish samples was the same, but different from that of the German sample, making comparison between these countries more difficult. Also, the different time points for assessment in the included countries might also limit the comparability. Finally, sensitivity was assessed via self-reports thus does not necessarily reflect confirmed environmental health effects.
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Electromagnetic Exposure Assessment of 5G Mobile Phones: SAR and Thermal Distribution in a Multi-Layer Human Head Model
My
note: Another "5G" study that uses a continuous wave signal at 3.5 GHz which did not use 5G modulation. To its credit, this paper reports this "limitation" in its limitations section (see below)
Chen D, Zhang B. Electromagnetic Exposure Assessment of 5G Mobile
Phones: SAR and Thermal Distribution in a Multi-Layer Human Head Model. Sensors. 2026; 26(5):1468. doi: 10.3390/s26051468.
Abstract
The rapid deployment of 5G technology has raised public concern
regarding the potential health effects of electromagnetic radiation from
mobile devices. This study systematically evaluates the specific
absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distribution in a multi-layer
spherical head model exposed to near-field radiation from a 5G mobile
phone antenna. A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) covering the 3.5 GHz
band was integrated into a smartphone model, and simulations were
performed in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.3 under input powers of 21 dBm and 24
dBm at varying antenna–head distances. The results show that the peak
SAR in the brain layer remained at 0.034 W/kg and 0.065 W/kg for the two
power levels, both well below the International Commission on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) safety limit of 2 W/kg. The
highest SAR occurred in the scalp layer, decreasing gradually through
the skull and brain tissues. After 30 min of exposure, the maximum brain
temperature reached only 37.223 °C, far lower than the thermal damage
threshold. Increasing the antenna–head distance from 5 mm to 30 mm
reduced SAR by up to 50.2%, while temperature variations remained
negligible (≤0.18%). These findings demonstrate that under typical usage
conditions, 5G mobile phone radiation complies with international
safety standards and poses no significant thermal risk, thereby
contributing to a deeper understanding of bio-electromagnetic
interactions and supporting ongoing wireless-communication safety
assessments.
Limitations and Considerations for Realistic Exposure Assessment
The
exposure metrics presented in this work are derived under the
assumption of a continuous-wave source, which serves as a standardized
and reproducible benchmark. It is important to contextualize these
findings within the framework of actual 5G New Radio (NR) transmissions.
Commercial 5G systems employ complex modulated waveforms, primarily
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), characterized by a
high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and a non-constant envelope.
This results in significant temporal variations in the instantaneous
radiated power. While the time-averaged SAR is expected to correlate
with results from a CW analysis of equivalent average power, the
transient peak field strengths associated with OFDM symbols could
influence localized, short-term energy deposition patterns and related
transient thermal responses in tissue. These dynamics represent an
additional layer of complexity beyond the scope of the present
steady-state model. Therefore, future investigations aiming for the
highest fidelity in exposure assessment should incorporate detailed
temporal models of specific 5G NR modulation schemes, resource
allocation patterns, and traffic bursts to evaluate their potential
effects on peak spatial and temporal exposure metrics.
Conclusions
This study
designed a smartphone-integrated antenna model capable of operating
across multiple communication bands, including GSM-850/900, DCS-1800,
PCS-1900, UMTS-2000, WiMAX-2300, LTE-2300/2500, and the
5G-representative frequency of 3.5 GHz. The specific absorption rate
(SAR) distributions in the scalp, skull, and brain layers of a human
head model were systematically evaluated under near-field exposure at
3500 MHz with input powers of 21 dBm and 24 dBm, at a separation
distance of 5 mm. The results indicate that the SAR in the brain layer
at 24 dBm was approximately twice that at 21 dBm. In both cases, the
highest SAR occurred in the scalp layer, yet all values remained well
below the ICNIRP safety limit of 2 W/kg. Moreover, the maximum SAR
observed in the brain layer corresponded to the peak surface temperature
in the same region; however, this temperature increase remained within a
physiologically negligible range and poses no risk of thermal injury.
Further
analysis revealed that after 10 min of exposure, the temperature rise
in the scalp layer became lower than that in the brain layer. Following
30 min of radiation, the temperature variation across the head model
progressively stabilized, showing only minimal changes compared to the
10-min mark. In terms of distance dependence, when the antenna–head
distance increased from 5 mm to 10 mm (in 1 mm steps), the decrease in
SAR across all tissue layers was relatively gradual. A more pronounced
reduction up to 50.2% was observed when the distance was extended from
10 mm to 30 mm (in 5 mm steps). In contrast, the corresponding
temperature changes across tissues were markedly less sensitive to
distance, with a maximum decrease of only 0.18% over the same range.
In
conclusion, this study employs a canonical multi-layer spherical head
model to perform a systematic, parametric analysis of electromagnetic
exposure from a 5G mobile phone antenna at 3.5 GHz. The results provide
clear quantitative trends regarding the dependence of SAR and
temperature rise on key variables such as input power and
antenna-to-head distance. It is important to interpret these findings as
illustrative of fundamental biophysical interactions under controlled
conditions, rather While the simplified geometry of our head model
dictates that the absolute SAR and temperature values are
scenario-specific, the key relationships and patterns we identify are
robust and physically meaningful. These patterns offer crucial insights
for safety-by-design principles in antenna development and help
contextualize the rationale behind standardized compliance testing.
Moving forward, extending this parametric approach to diverse anatomical
models and higher 5G frequency bands will be essential for building a
comprehensive, evidence-based understanding of human exposure in
next-generation wireless networks.
Furthermore,
the evolution toward advanced antenna systems, such as those employing
beamforming and massive MIMO, opens a promising frontier for proactive
exposure control. In the future, our work will explore the paradigm of
“Exposure-Aware Beamforming.” This would involve developing intelligent
algorithms that leverage real-time sensor or channel data to infer
device-body orientation and dynamically steer beams away from the user,
thereby integrating safety as an active optimization goal within the
communication system itself.
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/
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SAR and Temperature Rise in Human Tissues Under 5G Electromagnetic Wave Exposure: A Numerical Study
Amit Verma A, Kumar V, Singh AR. SAR and Temperature Rise in Human Tissues Under 5G Electromagnetic Wave Exposure: A Numerical Study. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics. 64(3). 2026. doi: 10.56042/ijpap.v64i3.22289.
Abstract
--Amit Verma A, Kumar V, Singh AR. SAR and Temperature Rise in Human Tissues Under 5G Electromagnetic Wave Exposure: A Numerical Study. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics. 64(3). 2026. doi: 10.56042/ijpap.v64i3.22289.
Abstract
The rollout of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks is driving the pervasive exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields, in the range (28–60 GHz), to a new scale. These are faster in carrying out data, but possible thermogenic effects on human tissue have raised concerns. This study aims to investigate the numerical modelling of channel-specific absorption rate and associated temperature increase in the human organs for 5G exposure based on Maxwell’s equations. Simulations were performed at different frequencies (28, 38, and 60 GHz) and exposure durations (6 and 20 min) in the visual part (skin and subcutaneous fat) and in/on the structures of the human head (eyes, brain, skull, ear canal, thyroid, wrist, chest). Results suggest that the SAR increases with frequency and has a maximum value in superficial tissues, whereas the temperature rise is strongly associated with both SAR and exposure time. The most sensitive tissues are the cornea, ear canal, which show temperature increases larger than 3 °C at 60 GHz for long exposure, even if SAR values stay under internationally accepted safety levels. The results indicate that 5G EMW Waves at frequencies are of negligible risk to deep tissues despite a small elevation in temperature due to resonant absorption within the skin, with localized heating of the skin surface becoming of concern given ultra-close proximity exposure of long duration to devices operating at or near 5 G frequencies. The research highlights the need to incorporate thermal safety evaluations into existing exposure standards and proposes more looking into the long-term biological impacts of prolonged exposure to 5G.
Open access: https://or.niscpr.res.
When biology meets polarity: Toward a unified framework for
sex-dependent responses to magnetic polarity in living systems
Nelson I. When biology meets polarity: Toward a unified framework for
sex-dependent responses to magnetic polarity in living systems.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2026 Jan 31:1-15. doi:
10.1080/15368378.2026.2621660.
The human body emits a bioelectromagnetic field primarily generated by the electrical activity of the heart, with additional contributions from the brain, muscles, and peripheral nerves. These endogenous fields are not isolated and can be modulated by external electromagnetic and magnetic influences. Current evidence suggests that the main mechanisms underlying such interactions include modulation of ion channels, radical pair dynamics, and ion cyclotron resonance. Several studies report sex-specific differences in responses to magnetic exposure. The main factors implicated in these differences include heart orientation and position, heart mass, tissue conductivity, hormonal modulation, autonomic balance, and cortical field organization. Beyond sex, consistent findings demonstrate that biological effects depend not only on field intensity and frequency but also on polarity (north/south), and direction (vector angle). These parameters are often overlooked or unreported in published works. Some observations even suggest a direct relationship between polarity and sex, with divergent physiological and behavioral outcomes. Recognizing these interactions is crucial to refining models of magnetoreception, resolving inconsistencies, and advancing therapeutic applications of electromagnetic fields. This review integrates evidence from magnetobiology and sex-based physiology to propose that hormonal and structural dimorphism may modulate biological responses to magnetic field. Potential mechanisms involving ion-channel modulation, magnetite orientation, and radical-pair dynamics are outlined and experimental paradigms to test these interactions are proposed. Together, these insights establish a framework for studying sex-dependent magnetic sensitivity in living systems.
Plain language summary
Our bodies naturally produce a bioelectromagnetic field. The heart is the strongest source, but other organs and tissues also contribute. These fields can be influenced by external magnetic or electromagnetic forces, such as those produced by magnets or induction coils. The way living systems respond to these fields depends on many factors. Those are not just signal amplitude and frequency, but also polarity (north/south), and direction (vector angle). There is also evidence that responses may vary according to sex. In fact, multiple studies show that magnetic and electromagnetic exposure can affect sleep, stress responses, and hormone levels differently in males and females. Similar effects have been observed in animals, plants, and even cell cultures. It is supposed that differences in heart size and position, body composition, hormone levels, and nervous system activity can all influence the way the body generates and interacts with electromagnetic fields. Some findings even suggest that magnetic polarity may interact with biological sex in a dependent manner, for instance, one polarity may stimulate men while inhibiting women, and vice versa. These insights help explain why studies on magnetic exposure sometimes report inconsistent results. Ignoring sex differences or magnetic field characterizing variables can lead to confusion and slow progress in this field. By considering these factors, researchers may improve our understanding how magnetic fields interact with living organisms. Notably, this knowledge could open the door to new and more effective medical treatments using magnetic and electromagnetic fields.
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Effects of exposure to nearby mobile phone
base stations and mobile phone usage on human blood parameters
Laldinpuii, Sailo L, Weller S, Varte CL, Tochhawng L, Bandara P,
McCredden JE, Zothansiama. Effects of exposure to nearby mobile phone
base stations and mobile phone usage on human blood parameters.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2026 Feb 6:1-20. doi:
10.1080/15368378.2026.2623473.
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of RF-EMF (900 and 1800 MHz) emissions from mobile phone base stations (MPBS) as well as from mobile phone usage on the hematological parameters and stress markers of exposed individuals. Members of MPBS highly exposed (N = 50) and a reference group (N = 51) were tested using a complete blood count and two stress markers, amylase and cortisol. Different effects were found for different blood parameters, based on various combinations of exposure type, demographics, and lifestyle behaviors. Subsequent stepwise regression analysis revealed that exposure from MPBS contributed significantly to TLC, while various combinations of gender, age and power density contributed significantly to differential and absolute basophil counts and absolute monocyte counts. MPBS exposures contributed to absolute monocytes similar to smoking. Furthermore, hours of daily mobile phone exposure together with age contributed significantly to absolute and differential basophil counts and absolute lymphocyte counts. Of concern, almost a quarter of those with high MPBS exposures had basophil counts above the clinical reference limits, while over half of those with heavy daily mobile phone use (4 to 6 hours) had lymphocyte counts above the limits, and most were under 30 years old. While smoking and age contributed to amylase levels, no exposure variables contributed to amylase or cortisol levels. Altogether, there is an indication that RF-EMF from mobile phones and MPBS together with age and gender can differentially impact leucocytes, indicating biological stress and potentially affecting health. These results suggest the necessity for increasing awareness regarding adverse effects of RF-EMF exposures.
Plain language summaryThis study aimed to test whether people who live closer to mobile phone towers (MPBS) and those with greater mobile phones' use show any changes in their red and white blood cells, or to their stress hormones. Two groups of volunteers were recruited, a reference group of those living more than 300 m away, and a highly exposed group, living less than 60 m away from the closest MPBS. Blood samples were taken from both groups and analyzed. The strength of the radiofrequency signal from the MPBS in participants’ homes was measured, and mobile phone use, lifestyle factors, and demographics that could affect the blood parameters were also recorded. Results showed that different white blood cells were affected by different combinations of gender, age, smoking, many hours of daily mobile phone use and high exposures from MPBS. Concerning effects on lymphocytes were found in a large group of residents under 30 years old with high daily mobile phone use (4 to 6 hours). These results indicate human biological systems are under stress from both mobile phone use and local mobile phone tower exposures, leading to potential health effects. Placement and signal strength from MPBS, and guidance regarding daily mobile phone use need to be informed by these results.
Excerpts
The study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Aizawl city (23.8789° N and 92.8976° E). Ten mobile phone base stations erected in densely populated areas of the city and operating in two frequency ranges of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz were measured....
Around each mobile base station, a minimum of two people were sampled. Participants were recruited via door knocking of all houses around the towers, mostly in the evenings during both weekdays and weekends....
The highly exposed group comprised 50 individuals over 18 years in good health and living within a 60-meter radius of a MPBS. Similarly, the reference group consisted of 51 individuals in good health who resided at least 300 meters away from any MPBS, matched to the highly exposed group in terms of gender and age. Participants were selected so as to ensure that the majority of their exposure came consistently from the local MPBS and not from work exposures, in the following ways. Participants who were included in the highly exposed group as well as about half of the reference group were those who stayed at home during the day due to being home-makers or unemployed. Furthermore, participants who were included in the reference group (i.e. living more than 300 m from the MPBS) were screened to ensure that they were not being highly exposed at work (i.e., that any MPBS near to their workplace was also more than 300 m away). Selection also ensured that there were no electric transformers, high voltage electrical power lines, radio transmitters, or television transmitters within 500 m of any of the participant’s homes, so as to minimize any effects from these potentially confounding factors. summarizes the characteristics of the ten MPBS....
Measurements for radio-frequency power density emitted by the base
stations were taken in 50 houses, in the living room of each
participant. A HF-60105V4 spectrum analyzer (Germany) was used for all
RF measurements. Measurements were taken by a trained physicist
competent in the use of the spectrum analyzer, who determined the
average power density for the frequencies that were present (which was
necessary because there is no official Indian government register for
the region that describes tower placement and frequencies). Frequencies
of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz were determined to be present in most
residences, due to several towers being close by. The maximum recorded
power density was 7.22 mW/m2 (1.65 V/m) near base station number 5 (see ). The safety limits for public exposure from mobile phone base stations are set to 0.45 W/m2 (450 mW/m2; 13 V/m) for 900 MHz and 0.90 W/m2 (900 mW/m2;
18.4 V/m) for 1800 MHz frequency as prescribed by the Department of
Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications, Government of India, New
Delhi guidelines (DoT Citation2013). The distance from each residence to the nearby MPBS was determined using a digital laser tape measure (Bosch, GLM)....
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A Decision Support System for
Managing Health Symptoms of Living Near Mobile Phone Base Stations
Parsaei H, Faraz M, Mortazavi SMJ. A Decision Support System for
Managing Health Symptoms of Living Near Mobile Phone Base Stations. J
Biomed Phys Eng. 2026 Feb 1;16(1):47-56. doi:
10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2310-1667.
Background: The rapid increase in the number of Mobile Phone Base Stations (MPBS) has raised global concerns about the potential adverse health effects of exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF). The application of machine learning techniques can enable healthcare professionals and policymakers to proactively address concerns surrounding RF-EMF exposure near MPBS.
Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the potential of machine learning models for the prediction of health symptoms associated with RF-EMF exposure in individuals residing near MPBS.
Material and methods: This analytical study utilized Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, incorporating 11 predictors related to participants' living conditions. A total of 699 adults participated in the study, and model performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and the Area Under Curve (AUC).
Results: The SVM-based model demonstrated strong performance, with accuracies of 85.3%, 82%, 84%, 82.4%, and 65.1% for headache, sleep disturbance, dizziness, vertigo, and fatigue, respectively. The corresponding AUC values were 0.99, 0.98, 0.920, 0.89, and 0.81. Compared to the RF model and a previously developed model, the SVM-based model exhibited higher sensitivity, particularly for fatigue, with sensitivities of 70.0%, 83.4%, 85.3%, 73.0%, and 69.0% for these five health symptoms. Particularly for predicting fatigue, sensitivity and AUC were significantly improved (70% vs. 8% and 11.1% for SVM, Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN), and RF, respectively, and 0.81 vs. 0.62 and 0.64, for SVM, MLPNN, and RF, respectively).
Conclusion: Machine learning methods, specifically SVM, hold promise in effectively managing health symptoms in individuals residing near or planning to settle in the vicinity of MPBS.
Conclusion
The current study highlights that addressing the impact of microwave radiation on the human nervous system, and cognitive functions necessitates the consideration of multiple factors, such as environmental exposure to mobile phone base stations and individual health conditions. By harnessing the power of AI, healthcare providers can better understand and predict the health risks associated with EMF exposure, leading to delivering targeted interventions and supporting affected individuals. In this study, an SVM classifier was successfully implemented to predict five subjective health symptoms, surpassing the performance of a previously developed MLPNN-based model. The findings of this research underscore the potential of AI-based models in assisting healthcare professionals, including physicians, in effectively managing symptoms associated with EMF exposure in individuals living near mobile phone base stations. Future work should include additional variables, statistical analyses, and longer follow-up periods.
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The Possibility of Concentrating Microwave Radiation at Certain Points of the Endothelium of Blood Vessels
Sachkov
IN. The Possibility of Concentrating Microwave Radiation at Certain
Points of the Endothelium of Blood Vessels. Am J Biomed Sci & Res.
2026 30(1). doi: 10.34297/AJBSR.2026.30.003884.
Abstract
Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to show that the connective tissue forming the inner surfaces of blood vessels can be a concentrator of an electric field.
Material and Methods: Previously, when studying the effects of electromagnetic fields and radiation on the human body, only thermal processes were taken into account. In this case, the calculated SAR method and the experimental method of tissue equivalent phantom dummies were used, as a rule. Also, their implementation assumed, as a rule, that the absorbing medium is single-phase. This did not take into account the effects asso- ciated with the fact that biological tissue is a mixture of components whose dielectric permittivity differs tenfold, and the particle sizes of the phase components, as a rule, do not exceed one millimeter. The article presents the results of using a computer model that makes it possible to analyze the uneven distribution of the electric field in blood vessels. Computational experiments were performed using the author’s computer program based on the finite element method.
The structure of the tissue containing blood capillaries was imitated by matrix systems containing cylindrical inclusions, the sections of which were characterized by round and rectangular shapes. Computer experiments have been carried out to calculate patterns of spatial distributions of electric field strength. The values of the dielectric constant of the matrix and inclusions, the relative sizes and relative positions of the inclusions varied. The processes were considered stationary and axisymmetric.
Results: It was found that blood vessels can focus the external electric field of microwave radiation on some points of their internal surfaces. The de- gree of concentration is characterized by the parameter k = E/E0, which is equal to the ratio of local tension to the average for the tissue. A significant anisotropy of the concentration effect was found. If the microwave radiation is directed perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical vessel, the field strengths inside the capillary and in the surrounding tissue are close to each other, there is no concentration effect. If the external field is directed perpendicular to the capillary axis, there is a significant (tens of times) concentration of tension in the connective tissue surrounding the vessel. It was found that the most significant concentration (k>40) occurs in the areas of vascular branching.
Conclusion: 1). The obtained results can be used in the analysis of the results of the pathological effects of electromagnetic waves on the human body. 2). Attention is drawn to the fact that the endothelium, which performs a number of important physiological functions, falls into the area of concentration of electric field strength. It is suggested that the effect of an electric field on the endothelium can create both carcinogenic and physio- logical effects due to physico-chemical processes initiated by an electric field characterized by high intensity values. 3) It must be borne in mind that the electrical component of the electromagnetic wave fluctuates in time and direction. Therefore, the action under discussion is carried out locally,
Material and Methods: Previously, when studying the effects of electromagnetic fields and radiation on the human body, only thermal processes were taken into account. In this case, the calculated SAR method and the experimental method of tissue equivalent phantom dummies were used, as a rule. Also, their implementation assumed, as a rule, that the absorbing medium is single-phase. This did not take into account the effects asso- ciated with the fact that biological tissue is a mixture of components whose dielectric permittivity differs tenfold, and the particle sizes of the phase components, as a rule, do not exceed one millimeter. The article presents the results of using a computer model that makes it possible to analyze the uneven distribution of the electric field in blood vessels. Computational experiments were performed using the author’s computer program based on the finite element method.
The structure of the tissue containing blood capillaries was imitated by matrix systems containing cylindrical inclusions, the sections of which were characterized by round and rectangular shapes. Computer experiments have been carried out to calculate patterns of spatial distributions of electric field strength. The values of the dielectric constant of the matrix and inclusions, the relative sizes and relative positions of the inclusions varied. The processes were considered stationary and axisymmetric.
Results: It was found that blood vessels can focus the external electric field of microwave radiation on some points of their internal surfaces. The de- gree of concentration is characterized by the parameter k = E/E0, which is equal to the ratio of local tension to the average for the tissue. A significant anisotropy of the concentration effect was found. If the microwave radiation is directed perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical vessel, the field strengths inside the capillary and in the surrounding tissue are close to each other, there is no concentration effect. If the external field is directed perpendicular to the capillary axis, there is a significant (tens of times) concentration of tension in the connective tissue surrounding the vessel. It was found that the most significant concentration (k>40) occurs in the areas of vascular branching.
Conclusion: 1). The obtained results can be used in the analysis of the results of the pathological effects of electromagnetic waves on the human body. 2). Attention is drawn to the fact that the endothelium, which performs a number of important physiological functions, falls into the area of concentration of electric field strength. It is suggested that the effect of an electric field on the endothelium can create both carcinogenic and physio- logical effects due to physico-chemical processes initiated by an electric field characterized by high intensity values. 3) It must be borne in mind that the electrical component of the electromagnetic wave fluctuates in time and direction. Therefore, the action under discussion is carried out locally,
Open access: https://biomedgrid.
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Effect of
high-frequency radiofrequency (6 GHz) electromagnetic radiation on
oxidative stress and kidney morphology
Emre M, Karamazi Y, Emre T, Varan NE, Toyran T, Yücebilgiç G. Effect of
high-frequency radiofrequency (6 GHz) electromagnetic radiation on
oxidative stress and kidney morphology. Toxicol Ind Health. 2026 Feb
17:7482337261422845. doi: 10.1177/07482337261422845.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-frequency (6 GHz) radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure on oxidative stress markers and kidney morphology. Our study was designed with 3 groups, each containing 10 animals. These groups were: control, sham, and RF-EMR exposed group. No treatment was applied to the control group; the sham group was housed in the same room under the same conditions and for equal periods of time, except that the generator was turned off. The RF-EMR exposed group was exposed to 6 GHz RF-EMR emitted from the signal generator for 4 hours per day for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, intracardiac blood was collected from animals and plasma oxidant (MDA), antioxidant (SOD, CAT and GSH) and cortisol markers were analyzed. After, the rats in all groups were sacrificed and kidney tissues were removed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining methods were applied histopathologically. Blood-plasma GSH, CAT, SOD and MDA levels (excluding cortisol) were lower in the RF-EMR exposed group compared to the control and sham groups (p < .001). No significant difference was observed in plasma levels GSH, CAT, SOD, MDA and cortisol activities between control and sham groups. In addition, we reported that the histological characteristics of kidney tissue were affected by RF-EMR. The results of our study indicated that 6 GHz RF-EMR can function as an environmental stress factor and can modulate oxidative stress in blood plasma and cause morphological changes in kidney tissue.
Highlights• Histopathological
and biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of
high-frequency (6 GHz) RF-EMR exposure on oxidative stress markers and
kidney morphology in rats.
• Blood-plasma
GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA levels were lower in the RF-EMR exposed group
compared with the control and sham groups. No significant difference was
observed in plasma GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA activities between control
and sham groups. A partial but not significant increase in cortisol
levels was observed in the RF-EMR exposed group compared to the control
and sham groups. In addition, we found that the histological
characteristics of kidney tissue were affected by RF-EMR.
• According
to our findings, 6 GHz RF-EMR can function as an environmental stress
factor and can modulate oxidative stress in blood plasma and cause
morphological changes in kidney tissue.
Excerpts
We used a fixed-output frequency RF signal generator operating at 6 GHz
to apply RF-EMR (Set Electronic, Co. model:FR6GX-2W, Sakarya, Turkey).
The radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted power could be adjusted from 0
to 2 Watts. The modulation was in Continuous Wave (CW) format, and the
specific model we used was FR6GX-2W....
The rats in the experimental group were continuously exposed to the
far-field range of an antenna at 6 GHz with an electric field of
6.3 V/m, a magnetic field of 16.3 mA/m, and an RFR power density of
11.80 µW/cm2. The antenna-rat distance in the vertical
position was 30 cm. Due to movement, the antenna-rat distance varied
between 7 and 10 cm during exposure. The exposure apparatus was heated
by running it for 20 minutes to equilibrate the RF generator before RF
exposure. The RF-EMR-exposed group was exposed to 6 GHz RF-EMR emitted
from the signal generator for 4 hours per day for 6 weeks....
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Effects of industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band frequency
2.45 GHz on membrane integrity and oxidative stress of human skin
bacteria
Tomar AK, Jha N, Priyadarshini E, Gautam R, Nirala JP, Rajamani P. Effects of industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band frequency 2.45 GHz on membrane integrity and oxidative stress of human skin bacteria. Int J Radiat Biol. 2026 Feb 26:1-15. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2026.2636305.
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on oxidative stress and membrane integrity of human skin bacteria.
Materials and methods: Cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, and Enterobacter cloacae were exposed to 2.45 GHz RFR. Oxidative stress was assessed by quantifying hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (O2•-) radicals and total intracellular ROS (DCFH2-DA assay). Lipid peroxidation (MDA levels) and protein carbonyl content were measured as oxidative damage markers. Membrane integrity was examined by SEM and TEM imaging and by evaluating protein and carbohydrate leakage. All experiments were performed with at least three independent biological replicates.
Results: RFR-exposed bacteria exhibited a marked increase in ROS generation compared to sham and control groups. Total intracellular ROS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals were significantly elevated (∼ 2 fold), indicating strong oxidative stress induction. This biochemical stress correlated with structural alterations: SEM and TEM revealed disrupted cell membranes and cytoplasmic disorganization. Functionally, exposed bacteria showed enhanced membrane permeability, evidenced by substantial leakage of proteins and carbohydrates into the extracellular environment. Furthermore, oxidative damage was confirmed biochemically, with significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA >1.5 fold) levels reflecting lipid peroxidation, and increased protein carbonyl (>2 fold) content indicating oxidative modification of proteins. These effects were consistent across all three bacterial species, although E. cloacae demonstrated more pronounced damages. Collectively, these findings highlight a clear link between RFR-induced ROS overproduction, oxidative macromolecular damage, and compromised cellular integrity.
Conclusions: Exposure to 2.45 GHz RFR induces oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and macromolecular leakage in skin-associated bacteria, suggesting possible risks to skin microbiome stability under high-RFR environments.
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Electric Field Emissions from Laptop Computers: A Quantitative Study of User Exposure During Charging and Non-Charging Operations
Udekwe CN, Akin-Ponnle AE, Arosoye H, Ponnle AA. Electric Field Emissions from Laptop Computers: A Quantitative Study of User Exposure During Charging and Non-Charging Operations. 2025 IEEE International Microwave and Antenna Symposium (IMAS), Nairobi, Kenya, 2025, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/IMAS66694.2025.
Abstract
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Correction: Loughran et al. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis
Loughran SP, Verrender A, Dalecki A, Burdon CA, Tagami K, Park J, Taylor NAS, Croft RJ. Correction: Loughran et al. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1505. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2026; 23(2):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/
No abstract
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-
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Correction: Loughran et al. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis
Loughran SP, Verrender A, Dalecki A, Burdon CA, Tagami K, Park J, Taylor NAS, Croft RJ. Correction: Loughran et al. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1505. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2026; 23(2):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/
No abstract
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-
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Long-term residential magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative
disease mortality: An 18-year nationwide cohort study in Switzerland
My note: Due
to measurement error, this study likely
underestimates the risk of long term magnetic field exposure on
deaths due to neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, the study
seriously underestimates the incidence of Alzheimer's disease as this disease is significantly underreported on death certificates. Only
about one-third to one-half of actual Alzheimer's cases are recorded as
the underlying cause of death. Thus, for every death officially
attributed to Alzheimer's, there are likely 2 to 3 deaths where the
disease was the true underlying cause but was omitted from the death
certificate.
Sandoval-Diez N, Loizeau N, Huss A, Röösli M, Vienneau D. Long-term residential magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative disease mortality: An 18-year nationwide cohort study in Switzerland. Environment International. Volume 208, 2026.doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110145.
Abstract
Background Epidemiological evidence on the association between extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) exposure and neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) remains inconsistent. Few population-based studies using exposure from high-voltage power lines (HVPL) have found mixed findings, and none have yet considered exposure from railway lines.
Methods We followed 3,555,064 adults from the Swiss National Cohort (2001–2018), contributing 55.4 million person-years. Long-term ELF-MF exposure from HVPL (50 Hz) and railway lines (16.7 Hz) was modelled using validated proximity models and updated over four intervals (2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015, 2016–2018). Long-term ELF-MF exposure was calculated as a time-weighted average exposure over 10-year windows preceding each interval. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), other types of dementia (OTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), adjusting for sociodemographic and environmental co-exposures.
Results During follow-up, 146,655 NDD deaths occurred. Less than 1% of the population was exposed to long-term ELF-MF ≥ 0.3 µT [3 milligauss] from HVPL and 2.4% from railway lines. HVPL exposure was positively associated with mortality from AD (HR per 1 µT increase in exposure = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.23–1.92) and OTD (HR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.13–1.52). Associations for railway exposure were weaker and attenuated after adjusting for environmental co-exposures. No associations were observed for ALS, PD, or MS.
Conclusions Long-term ELF-MF exposure was associated with higher dementia mortality risk in the general population, but not with ALS, PD, or MS. Causal inference remains limited by the absence of established biological mechanisms.
Highlights
• Exposure to high voltage power lines was associated to dementia mortality.
• If causal, 1.01% of Alzheimer’s disease cases could be attributed to HVPL exposure.
• Associations for railway ELF-MF with dementia mortality were less consistent.
• Other neurodegenerative diseases were not related to ELF-MF exposure.
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The combined
effect of cadmium and 50 Hz magnetic fields exposure at occupational
levels on DNA damage in human fetal lung fibroblasts
Wei X, Zhao H, Zhang J, Sun C. The combined
effect of cadmium and 50 Hz magnetic fields exposure at occupational
levels on DNA damage in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Ecotoxicol Environ
Saf. 2026 Feb 10;311:119861. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119861.
Abstract
In occupational environments with a high risk of cadmium (Cd) exposure,
such as electroplating plants, workers are concurrently exposed to power
frequency magnetic fields (MFs). However, health implications of
combined exposure to these agents remain poorly understood. In this
study, we examined both short-term (24 h) and long-term (4 weeks)
exposure to Cd at an occupational exposure relative concentration (100
nM) and 0.4 mT, 50 Hz MFs on DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell viability
in human fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38). We found that co-exposure to Cd
and 50 Hz MFs have no significant impact on these endpoints.
Additionally, we evaluated short-term exposure to high-dose Cd (10 μM)
combined with 50 Hz MFs, as well as long-term exposure to 50 Hz MFs in
cells pre-treated with 10 μM Cd for 24 h. Consistently, no significant
effects of combined exposure were observed. In conclusion, at
occupational relevant exposure levels, co-exposure to Cd and 50 Hz MFs
does not appear to induce synergistic adverse effect on DNA integrity,
apoptotic activity, or cell viability in WI-38 cells.
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Quality of life and physical activity levels of
musculoskeletal disorders in workers exposed to high and low frequency
magnetic fields: A comparative study
Çankaya M, Cingöz HT. Quality of life and physical activity levels of
musculoskeletal disorders in workers exposed to high and low frequency
magnetic fields: A comparative study. Work. 2026 Feb
9:10519815251414411. doi: 10.1177/10519815251414411.
Abstract
Background The increased use of electronic devices and technological
advances has led to greater exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in
various occupational environments.
Objectives The study's objective was to
assess the effect of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) on
the quality of life and physical activity levels of individuals exposed
to high-frequency magnetic fields.
Methods The mean age of one hundred and
twenty EMF exposed workers was 37.44 ± 9.16 years. The following were
assessed: musculoskeletal symptoms in the last 12 months (using the
Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire Version (ENMQ) and the
Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), working posture
(Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS), physical activity level
(International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-Sf), and
quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale
(WHOQOL-Bref).
Results The highest prevalence rate of ENMQ in the last 12
months was 77.5% (n = 31) in the low back region and 50% (n = 20) in the
shoulder region in those exposed to high-grade magnetic fields. The
mean scores of WHOQOL-Bref were given for those exposed to high and low
magnetic fields and those not exposed to magnetic fields (M ± SD: 63.51 ±
8.35; 73.27 ± 9.37; 76.43 ± 8.43, respectively).
Conclusion The
prevalence of WMSD in workers was found to be highest in the low back,
shoulder, and hand region in HF-MF workers. LF-MF group, the highest
concentration was found to be highest in the neck region. Prevalence
rates have been reported for different body sites, with the highest
prevalence rates observed in the group exposed to HF-MF. Quality of life
was found to be lower in the group exposed to HF-MF.
Conclusions
Prevalence of WMSD in EMF
workers was found to be highest in the lumbar and shoulder regions in
HF-MF workers, and in the neck region in the LF-MF group. The quality of
life of the HF-MF group was lower than that of each of the other
groups. In addition, there was a relationship between the prevalence of
MSD in the last 12 months, and quality of life in the knee region in the
HF-MF group and in the neck region in the LF-MF group. It was
determined that the physical activity results of the HF-MF group were
higher than the other groups. In addition, it was found that there was
no significant relationship between the prevalence of MSD in the last 12
months and physical activity level among the three groups. Workers
exposed to HF-MF have higher rates of WMSD than other groups. WMSD can
be reduced by improving working conditions and reducing activities that
require bending during the day. It can also be prevented by reducing
exposure to HF-MF. There are very few studies on exposure to high
magnetic fields in literature. In addition, although the negative
aspects of exposure to high magnetic fields are known, there is not
enough information about the specific effects. New research could focus
on this issue.
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Non-thermal
acceleration of DNA base pairing by sub-terahertz irradiation
Yamamoto J, Tokunaga Y, Takeuchi K, Imashimizu M. Non-thermal
acceleration of DNA base pairing by sub-terahertz irradiation. J Chem
Phys. 2026 Feb 14;164(6):065102. doi: 10.1063/5.0298033.
Abstract
We report a non-thermal mechanism by which sub-terahertz (sub-THz) radiation accelerates DNA base pairing in aqueous environments. By using a randomized 40-mer DNA pool as a model system, we investigated the effects of 0.1 THz continuous-wave irradiation on rehydration-coupled structural reorganization. UV absorption spectroscopy revealed a selective enhancement of the G:C base pairing-associated spectral component under this irradiation, in contrast to conductive heating, which suppressed this component. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy using a base-pair-sensitive dye further demonstrated that 0.1 THz irradiation increased the population of base-paired DNA molecules, while heating induced the opposite effect. These findings indicate that sub-THz waves promote nucleobase-specific hydrogen bonding, potentially by altering non-specific base-stacking interactions, in a manner inconsistent with thermal activation. This study provides mechanistic insight into the physical basis of sub-THz radiation-mediated modulation of nucleic acid structure and dynamics, with implications for the noninvasive manipulation of biomolecular processes.
Conclusions
This work demonstrates that sub-THz irradiation can non-thermally accelerate specific DNA bp formation in aqueous solution under non-equilibrium hydration conditions. Our findings suggest a promising strategy for the gentle modulation of DNA base-pairing-mediated molecular processes under physiological conditions.
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Electromagnetic fields from submarine power cables: A 35 Year synthesis of effects on aquatic biota
James
E, Ghodsi M, Alex T. Ford AT. Electromagnetic fields from submarine
power cables: A 35 Year synthesis of effects on aquatic biota. Marine
Environmental Research. Volume 216, 2026. doi:
10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.
Abstract
Submarine
power cables (SPCs) associated with offshore renewable energy
developments emit electromagnetic fields (EMFs) that can influence
aquatic biota. Although research on this topic has increased, a
comprehensive, systematic synthesis of observed effects across taxa and
life stages, and biological contexts has been lacking. Following PRISMA
2020 guidelines (PROSPERO ID: 1138188), we systematically reviewed
peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 1990 and 2024. Of
1637 records screened, 67 eligible field and laboratory studies were
included. Significant behavioural and physiological responses to EMF
exposure were reported in 66% of studies, with early life stages
(embryos, larvae, juveniles) and magnetosensitive taxa, particularly
fishes and crustaceans being most frequently affected. Effects occurred
even at environmentally relevant intensities (<250 μT). Laboratory
experiments more frequently detected effects than field studies, which
were generally fewer, shorter in duration, and methodologically
heterogeneous. Sensitivity heatmaps identified developmental stages and
freshwater species as particularly sensitive, with notable taxonomic
disparities. EMFs from SPCs can elicit ecologically relevant responses
in aquatic biota, particularly during sensitive developmental windows
and in magnetically responsive taxa. Emerging evidence further indicates
that sex specific responses represent an important and previously under
recognised dimension of EMF sensitivity. However, major uncertainties
persist regarding chronic, population and ecosystem level impacts.
Future research should prioritise standardisation of exposure
characterisation and reporting, routine inclusion of sex and life stage
as biological variables and coordinated laboratory to field validation.
Integrating EMF considerations into marine spatial planning,
environmental regulation, and biodiversity conservation frameworks will
be essential to support proportionate ecological risk assessment and
management of offshore renewable energy infrastructure.
Excerpt
One of the most important patterns is the disproportionate sensitivity of early developmental stages across taxa. Heatmap analysis of laboratory data (Fig. 4) revealed that embryos and larvae of fish, crustaceans, polychaetes, and echinoderms exhibited consistently higher rates of EMF related effects compared with juveniles and adults. For example, 93% of early-stage fish studies reported significant impacts, compared with 73% of juveniles and 53% of adults. Crustaceans showed a similar pattern, with 100% sensitivity in early stages but only 41% in adults. By contrast, molluscs and other invertebrates showed comparatively low responsiveness, particularly at adult stages.
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Electric Field Reduction in Overhead Transmission Lines Right-of-Way Using Sine Cosine Optimization Algorithm
Guerrero
LFI, Barrera MAR, Giral-Ramírez DA, Olaya HFI. Electric Field Reduction
in Overhead Transmission Lines Right-of-Way Using Sine Cosine
Optimization Algorithm. Results in Engineering, 2026. doi:
10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109588.
Abstract
Abstract
Population
growth and the expansion of electrical infrastructure have intensified
concerns regarding exposure to low-frequency electric fields, due to
their potential effects on human health, including cardiac disorders and
childhood leukemia—as well as on the environment. Considering the
existing scientific uncertainty, this paper proposes a strategy to
reduce the electric field generated by overhead transmission lines using
the Sine–Cosine Algorithm (SCA). The methodology comprises five stages:
(i) system configuration, (ii) geometric definition, (iii) SCA
adaptation, (iv) validation strategies, and (v) mathematical formulation
of the electric field. Two case studies are analyzed: single- and
double-circuit configurations in right-of-way areas. The performance of
the SCA is benchmarked against the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and
Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) algorithms, as well as the phase-sequence
permutation technique. The results demonstrate that SCA-based
optimization achieves a significant reduction in electric field
intensity relative to the original configurations, exhibiting
competitive and consistent performance compared with the other evaluated
techniques. This proposal therefore constitutes a technically viable
tool for mitigating impacts in right-of-way areas, in accordance with
the precautionary principle.
Highlight
- Reducing the electric field generated by overhead transmission lines is challenging, given that prolonged exposure can affect both humans and the environment.
- The implementation of SCA to minimize the electric field produced by overhead transmission lines stands out for its optimization efficiency and its ability to generate stable and consistent solutions.
- The precautionary principle is particularly relevant when dealing with electric fields generated by overhead transmission lines. Requires acting prudently: conducting studies, establishing controls, and adopting measures to mitigate potential risks.
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The sun-earth-health connection: a short
review of potential mechanisms and implications
Maghrabi AH, Maghrabi MA. The sun-earth-health connection: a short
review of potential mechanisms and implications. Int J Biometeorol. 2026
Feb 14;70(2):61. doi: 10.1007/s00484-026-03134-3.
Abstract
Heliobiology explores the influence of solar and geomagnetic activity on
human health. This short review synthesises evidence linking solar
flares, coronal mass ejections, and geomagnetic storms to cardiovascular
events, autonomic dysregulation, circadian disruption, and possible
neurological effects. Proposed mechanisms include melatonin suppression,
cryptochrome magnetoreception, and voltage-gated calcium-channel
modulation. Recent studies further support associations between
geomagnetic disturbances and endothelial activation, systemic
inflammation, and elevated cardiovascular mortality. The most
reproducible effects involve acute cardiovascular and autonomic
responses during major geomagnetic storms, whereas neurological,
psychological, and infectious-disease associations remain preliminary.
For clinicians, geomagnetic disturbances represent a novel environmental
risk factor for vulnerable patients; for space scientists, they have
direct implications for astronaut safety. Causal pathways are not yet
established. Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to refine
predictive models and develop mitigation strategies for both terrestrial
and extraterrestrial populations.
Excerpt
In summary, while temporal correlations are consistent across multiple outcomes and geographic regions, the absence of large, prospective, individual-level studies with rigorous confounding control means that most reported associations currently reflect correlation rather than proven causation. Future research must prioritise standardised, satellite-derived exposure metrics and multi-centre prospective designs to advance the evidence base beyond Level 3–4.
Future directions and conclusions
This review consolidates evidence that solar activity and geomagnetic disturbances influence human health across cardiovascular, autonomic, circadian, neurological, psychological, and immunological domains. The most reproducible associations involve acute cardiovascular events and autonomic dysregulation during major geomagnetic storms, whereas neurological, psychological, and infectious-disease links remain preliminary. By integrating heliobiology, solar-terrestrial physics, and clinical research, the work establishes space weather as an under-recognised environmental determinant of health with direct relevance for public health policy, clinical practice, and human spaceflight.
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A hybrid compass mechanism combining radical pairs and
magnetite crystals
Hore PJ. A hybrid compass mechanism combining radical pairs and
magnetite crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026 Feb
24;123(8):e2524093123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2524093123.
Abstract
That night-migratory songbirds have a magnetic compass sense is
undisputed. The nature of the sensor, however, is far from certain. The
two leading hypotheses are organic radical pairs in cryptochrome
flavoproteins and crystals of inorganic magnetic minerals such as
magnetite. Here, we propose a magnetoreception mechanism that combines
radical pair chemistry with magnetite nanoparticles. Instead of directly
detecting the tiny dependence of a radical pair reaction on the
direction of the Earth's (~50 μT) magnetic field, this hybrid sensor
uses a magnetic particle to amplify the Earth's field. Directional
information is thereby encoded in the response of nearby radical pairs
to the intensity of a much stronger (~5 mT) magnetic field. The result
is a magnetoreceptor with potentially 10 to 100-fold greater sensitivity
than afforded by radical pairs alone.
Open access: https://pubmed.ncbi.
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[Determination of exposure to electromagnetic fields from electric mobility]
[Determination of exposure to electromagnetic fields from electric mobility]
Schmid G, Hirtl R, Schneeweiß P, Kainz J, Kubocz M, Drießen S, Vogt M, Kalb L, Silvestro M. Bestimmung von Expositionen gegenüber elektromagnetischen Feldern der Elektromobilität: Vorhaben 3620S82473. Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS). 2025. Ressortforschungsberichte zum Strahlenschutz, BfS-RESFOR-252/25: 1-142 {In German)
Abstract
This report summarizes the results of extensive systematic measurements and numerical calculations with respect to the exposure of persons to magnetic fields during the charging of passenger vehicles with electric drive systems. Both areas inside and outside the vehicles, in the immediate vicinity of the vehicles and of the charging infrastructure were considered.
After a comprehensive literature review and the optimization and development of suitable measurement methods, systematic measurements were carried out at a selection of charging points and purely electrically powered passenger vehicles (BEV). The selection of vehicles and charging points was made in such a way that the current technologies and charging processes are recorded as representatively as possible. Regarding conductive (cable-based) charging, all common charging modes were tested, i.e. AC charging at 230 V (mode 2), AC charging at 400 V (mode 3 at 11 kW wallbox and 22 kW charging station), as well as DC charging at two different fast-charging stations (mode 4 at 300 kW and 350 kW stations). When selecting the vehicle, care was taken to ensure that the range of possible charging capacities of modern BEV was as wide as possible. Due to its lack of widespread use, inductive (wireless) charging could only be examined at a pilot installation for charging taxi vehicles.
Measurements during conductive charging were carried out for different vehicle-to-charging- point combinations and different battery charge states (< 10 % and > 95 %) were considered for both conductive and inductive charging. For situations in which the measurement results led to exposure values above the reference values recommended by ICNIRP in 1998 and 2010, additional numerical calculations with anatomical body models were carried out and the results were compared with the respective basic restrictions.
The measurement and calculation results showed that for the investigated charging technologies in typical exposure scenarios corresponding to common behavior, no exceedances of basic restrictions for the general public according to the ICNIRP 1998 and 2010 recommendations are to be expected. This finding is also consistent with the literature available to date.
However, local exceedances of reference values for the general public are possible with both, conductive and inductive charging in normally accessible areas. In the case of conductive charging, these local exceedances of reference values were caused by transient processes with comparatively high peak values of magnetic flux density in the initiation phase of the charging process. During the stationary conductive charging process, no exceedances of the reference values were detected in the usual occupied area. The utilization of the reference values is typically in the lower single-digit percentage range and below. Particularly with DC charging, the utilization of the reference values typically remains well below 1 %. Only directly at the charging cable or at the charging plug, magnetic flux densities during AC charging were observed that were slightly above the reference values, even during stationary charging, but not during DC charging.
Based on the current ICNIRP evaluation paradigm, DC charging turned out to be less relevant in terms of radiation protection (lower exposure indices) than AC charging.
In the case of the inductive charging system investigated, the maximum magnetic field immissions inside and in the immediate vicinity outside the vehicle are determined by the stationary charging process, no relevant transients when switching the 85 kHz energy transmission on and off could be observed. Only at the driver's seat of the examined vehicle transients in the initial phase were observed, which, evaluated according to the ICNIRP recommendations, led to somewhat larger exposure indices in the foot area than the immissions during stationary charging. In the typically occupied area inside the examined vehicle, the measured magnetic field immissions locally reached the mid-double-digit percentage range of the reference level for the general public according to ICNIRP 1998.
Outside the vehicle, along the vehicle perimeter at street level, local exceedances of 5 to 6 times the reference level for the general public according to ICNIRP 1998 occurred but quickly decreased with increasing height above street level, thus no exceedances from approx. 50 cm above street level could be observed.
When comparing conductive and inductive charging systems from a radiation protection point of view, the measurements and calculations carried out indicate that conductive AC charging is more relevant from a radiation protection point of view with regard to short-term exposure peaks and inductive charging with regard to long-term average exposure.
With regard to the exposure of persons with electronic implants, the measurements carried out for the charging systems examined also do not provide any indications of electromagnetic interference with the implants.
After a comprehensive literature review and the optimization and development of suitable measurement methods, systematic measurements were carried out at a selection of charging points and purely electrically powered passenger vehicles (BEV). The selection of vehicles and charging points was made in such a way that the current technologies and charging processes are recorded as representatively as possible. Regarding conductive (cable-based) charging, all common charging modes were tested, i.e. AC charging at 230 V (mode 2), AC charging at 400 V (mode 3 at 11 kW wallbox and 22 kW charging station), as well as DC charging at two different fast-charging stations (mode 4 at 300 kW and 350 kW stations). When selecting the vehicle, care was taken to ensure that the range of possible charging capacities of modern BEV was as wide as possible. Due to its lack of widespread use, inductive (wireless) charging could only be examined at a pilot installation for charging taxi vehicles.
Measurements during conductive charging were carried out for different vehicle-to-charging- point combinations and different battery charge states (< 10 % and > 95 %) were considered for both conductive and inductive charging. For situations in which the measurement results led to exposure values above the reference values recommended by ICNIRP in 1998 and 2010, additional numerical calculations with anatomical body models were carried out and the results were compared with the respective basic restrictions.
The measurement and calculation results showed that for the investigated charging technologies in typical exposure scenarios corresponding to common behavior, no exceedances of basic restrictions for the general public according to the ICNIRP 1998 and 2010 recommendations are to be expected. This finding is also consistent with the literature available to date.
However, local exceedances of reference values for the general public are possible with both, conductive and inductive charging in normally accessible areas. In the case of conductive charging, these local exceedances of reference values were caused by transient processes with comparatively high peak values of magnetic flux density in the initiation phase of the charging process. During the stationary conductive charging process, no exceedances of the reference values were detected in the usual occupied area. The utilization of the reference values is typically in the lower single-digit percentage range and below. Particularly with DC charging, the utilization of the reference values typically remains well below 1 %. Only directly at the charging cable or at the charging plug, magnetic flux densities during AC charging were observed that were slightly above the reference values, even during stationary charging, but not during DC charging.
Based on the current ICNIRP evaluation paradigm, DC charging turned out to be less relevant in terms of radiation protection (lower exposure indices) than AC charging.
In the case of the inductive charging system investigated, the maximum magnetic field immissions inside and in the immediate vicinity outside the vehicle are determined by the stationary charging process, no relevant transients when switching the 85 kHz energy transmission on and off could be observed. Only at the driver's seat of the examined vehicle transients in the initial phase were observed, which, evaluated according to the ICNIRP recommendations, led to somewhat larger exposure indices in the foot area than the immissions during stationary charging. In the typically occupied area inside the examined vehicle, the measured magnetic field immissions locally reached the mid-double-digit percentage range of the reference level for the general public according to ICNIRP 1998.
Outside the vehicle, along the vehicle perimeter at street level, local exceedances of 5 to 6 times the reference level for the general public according to ICNIRP 1998 occurred but quickly decreased with increasing height above street level, thus no exceedances from approx. 50 cm above street level could be observed.
When comparing conductive and inductive charging systems from a radiation protection point of view, the measurements and calculations carried out indicate that conductive AC charging is more relevant from a radiation protection point of view with regard to short-term exposure peaks and inductive charging with regard to long-term average exposure.
With regard to the exposure of persons with electronic implants, the measurements carried out for the charging systems examined also do not provide any indications of electromagnetic interference with the implants.
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U.S. policy on wireless technologies and public health protection: regulatory gaps and proposed reforms
Scarato T. U.S. policy on wireless technologies and public health protection: regulatory gaps and proposed reforms. Front. Public Health, 18 December 2025. Volume 13. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1677583.
Abstract
The current U.S. regulatory framework governing non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation (RFR) used in all wireless technology is outdated and lacks adequate protection, oversight, and enforcement. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was given regulatory jurisdiction by the U.S. Congress in 1996 over RFR exposure standards setting even though FCC has no in-house expertise regarding health or environmental effects from RFR. FCC is a licensing/engineering entity that relies on other government agencies for guidance on ambient exposures and devices. However, all relevant civilian public health and environmental agencies have been defunded from non-ionizing radiation research activities and oversight. Thus, current regulations have remained unchanged since 1996. Human exposure limits are designed to protect against short-term high-intensity effects, not today's long-term chronic low-intensity exposures. Scientific evidence indicates that children's thinner skulls, unique physiology, and more conductive tissues result in significantly higher RFR absorption rates deeper into critical brain regions, which are still in development and thus more sensitive to environmental insults. However, current policies offer no safeguards for children/pregnancy or vulnerable populations. Growing research also indicates risks to wildlife, especially pollinators. In 2021, a U.S. federal court mandated that the FCC show proper review of growing scientific evidence, after a cursory FCC re-approval of limits in 2019, but FCC has yet to respond. This paper explores regulatory infrastructure deficiencies, including the absence of monitoring/oversight, premarket safety testing, post-market surveillance, emissions compliance/enforcement, occupational safety, and wildlife protection. Compliance tests for cell phones do not reflect real-world consumer use and can therefore camouflage exposures that exceed even FCC's outdated limits. Other countries enforce stricter limits, robust monitoring, transparency measures, and compliance programs with additional policies to protect children. Also discussed is the chronic revolving door between FCC leadership and the wireless industry, resulting in a state of regulatory capture. Policy recommendations for common-sense reforms are made for reinvigorating independent research, developing science-based safety limits, ensuring pre- and post-market surveillance, and improving oversight/enforcement, as well as implementing risk mitigation to reduce exposures to children, vulnerable groups, and wildlife.
Discussion and conclusion
What has emerged from this review is a profound failure of governance, with the U.S. as an exemplar of regulatory gaps. While wireless technologies are rapidly advancing to 5G and beyond, U.S. regulatory oversight has failed to keep pace. The current regulatory framework governing wireless technology in the U.S. is outdated, fragmented, and heavily influenced by industry. Assumptions that federal safety limits are current and science-based are inaccurate, as today's guidelines are based on decades-old research, obsolete/incomplete test methods, and a landscape marked by a near-total absence of civilian research, oversight, and enforcement activity (10). Given the ubiquity of wireless in modern workplaces, the lack of a comprehensive occupational RFR/EMF program, exposure research, and medical surveillance represents a serious gap. This issue should command newfound attention.
The existing research paralysis has led to significant regulatory deflection and abdication. Local and state officials defer to federal agencies. Federal agencies defer to one another. Yet, there has not been an evaluation of all the scientific evidence regarding the health effects of wireless technologies despite major technological changes and an ever-growing body of science. Agencies that policymakers expect to have studied the issue simply have not done so.
The result is that U.S. regulations exist without an up-to-date review. Exposure limits are based only on protecting short-term exposures, ignoring the realities of today's long-term cumulative exposure and complex modulations and signaling characteristics reported as important variables. Nothing has changed since 2002, when the EPA wrote that “…federal health and safety agencies have not yet developed policies concerning possible risk from long-term, non-thermal exposures” (321).
To rectify the current situation, government oversight must balance industry power. A strong regulatory framework must be built that rests on transparency and robust evidence-based evaluation, free of industry influence. Prevention is the cornerstone of public health, and the U.S. needs to move toward a risk mitigation approach.
Advancing regulatory reforms is not just a matter of good governance but an ethical imperative. The consequences of ignoring the growing science on non-thermal impacts could be severe, not only for irreversible health impacts, but also for economic impacts, worker productivity, educational outcomes, and environmental damage. The U.S. should take a leadership role in technology safety by putting children, vulnerable groups, and environmental protection at the center of our decision-making process.
Open access: https://www.frontiersin.org/