Scarato T. U.S. policy on wireless technologies and public health protection: regulatory gaps and proposed reforms. Front. Public Health, 18 December 2025. Volume 13. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1677583.
Abstract
The current U.S. regulatory framework governing non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation (RFR) used in all wireless technology is outdated and lacks adequate protection, oversight, and enforcement. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was given regulatory jurisdiction by the U.S. Congress in 1996 over RFR exposure standards setting even though FCC has no in-house expertise regarding health or environmental effects from RFR. FCC is a licensing/engineering entity that relies on other government agencies for guidance on ambient exposures and devices. However, all relevant civilian public health and environmental agencies have been defunded from non-ionizing radiation research activities and oversight. Thus, current regulations have remained unchanged since 1996. Human exposure limits are designed to protect against short-term high-intensity effects, not today's long-term chronic low-intensity exposures. Scientific evidence indicates that children's thinner skulls, unique physiology, and more conductive tissues result in significantly higher RFR absorption rates deeper into critical brain regions, which are still in development and thus more sensitive to environmental insults. However, current policies offer no safeguards for children/pregnancy or vulnerable populations. Growing research also indicates risks to wildlife, especially pollinators. In 2021, a U.S. federal court mandated that the FCC show proper review of growing scientific evidence, after a cursory FCC re-approval of limits in 2019, but FCC has yet to respond. This paper explores regulatory infrastructure deficiencies, including the absence of monitoring/oversight, premarket safety testing, post-market surveillance, emissions compliance/enforcement, occupational safety, and wildlife protection. Compliance tests for cell phones do not reflect real-world consumer use and can therefore camouflage exposures that exceed even FCC's outdated limits. Other countries enforce stricter limits, robust monitoring, transparency measures, and compliance programs with additional policies to protect children. Also discussed is the chronic revolving door between FCC leadership and the wireless industry, resulting in a state of regulatory capture. Policy recommendations for common-sense reforms are made for reinvigorating independent research, developing science-based safety limits, ensuring pre- and post-market surveillance, and improving oversight/enforcement, as well as implementing risk mitigation to reduce exposures to children, vulnerable groups, and wildlife.
Discussion and conclusion
What has emerged from this review is a profound failure of governance, with the U.S. as an exemplar of regulatory gaps. While wireless technologies are rapidly advancing to 5G and beyond, U.S. regulatory oversight has failed to keep pace. The current regulatory framework governing wireless technology in the U.S. is outdated, fragmented, and heavily influenced by industry. Assumptions that federal safety limits are current and science-based are inaccurate, as today's guidelines are based on decades-old research, obsolete/incomplete test methods, and a landscape marked by a near-total absence of civilian research, oversight, and enforcement activity (10). Given the ubiquity of wireless in modern workplaces, the lack of a comprehensive occupational RFR/EMF program, exposure research, and medical surveillance represents a serious gap. This issue should command newfound attention.
The existing research paralysis has led to significant regulatory deflection and abdication. Local and state officials defer to federal agencies. Federal agencies defer to one another. Yet, there has not been an evaluation of all the scientific evidence regarding the health effects of wireless technologies despite major technological changes and an ever-growing body of science. Agencies that policymakers expect to have studied the issue simply have not done so.
The result is that U.S. regulations exist without an up-to-date review. Exposure limits are based only on protecting short-term exposures, ignoring the realities of today's long-term cumulative exposure and complex modulations and signaling characteristics reported as important variables. Nothing has changed since 2002, when the EPA wrote that “…federal health and safety agencies have not yet developed policies concerning possible risk from long-term, non-thermal exposures” (321).
To rectify the current situation, government oversight must balance industry power. A strong regulatory framework must be built that rests on transparency and robust evidence-based evaluation, free of industry influence. Prevention is the cornerstone of public health, and the U.S. needs to move toward a risk mitigation approach.
Advancing regulatory reforms is not just a matter of good governance but an ethical imperative. The consequences of ignoring the growing science on non-thermal impacts could be severe, not only for irreversible health impacts, but also for economic impacts, worker productivity, educational outcomes, and environmental damage. The U.S. should take a leadership role in technology safety by putting children, vulnerable groups, and environmental protection at the center of our decision-making process.
Open access: https://www.frontiersin.org/
The main outcome of Plenary Session 1 was a better understanding of the Systems of RP for IR and NIR. Participants learned about:
- ICNIRP’s coverage and current areas of work;
- ICRP’s current plans toward the envisaged revision of the System of RP for IR;
- IRPA’s perspective of the RP professionals on the development of the Systems of RP for IR and NIR;
- WHO’s views of both Systems of RP and current activities of WHO with regards to IR and NIR; and
- NCRP’s role in the System of RP, including its role to analyze mechanisms of interaction of NIR with biological systems, including humans.
The session concluded with a fruitful panel discussion, where these five invited speakers had the opportunity to answer the audience’s questions. Emerging issues discussed during the Plenary Session include:
- No international framework for NIR radiation protection has yet been developed like that for IR;
- Rapidly evolving applications using new NIR technologies are emerging that produce a variety of exposure situations for the public, workers, and patients. Punctual regulations at international and national levels for certain applications, for parts of the photon energy spectrum, and only for certain populations are problematic; and
- The system of RP for IR is mature, multi-faceted, and currently being revised, while the system of RP for NIR could be further strengthened by considerations beyond science.
We identified 97 publications on the potential effects of RF-EMF on humans and various organisms and 13 reviews on potential ecological consequences and their effects on human health related to insects, birds, and plants. After automated extraction and cleaning, we compiled a table of 4215 unique instances that reported or hypothesized associations between RF-EMF and direct health effects and 232 unique instances on potential indirect effects (Table ST8)....
Figure 4 visualizes the extracted information representing hypothesized pathways for direct effects, specifically effects on population, species diversity, pollinators community/colony health, and general pollinators health, linked to ecological consequences due to ecosystem service disruptions. These were subsequently connected to indirect effects on humans.
Karapinar BO, Altuntas E, Gul T, Tokpinar A, Degermenci M, Bas O. Adverse Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on The Central Nervous System: A Review. ODU Med J. 2025;12(3):158-69.
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of technology in recent years, exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has become an integral part of daily life. Electromagnetic fields emitted by both natural and artificial sources have attracted increasing attention, particularly due to their potential biological effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Current literature suggests that EMF exposure may be associated with increased blood–brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, altered neurotransmitter levels, impaired learning and memory processes, neurodevelopmental alterations, and potential neurodegenerative outcomes. Furthermore, conflicting findings have been reported regarding the relationship between radiofrequency EMFs and extremely low-frequency EMFs and the development of brain tumors, and the World Health Organization has classified radiofrequency EMFs as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” It is further emphasized that critical developmental stages, such as childhood and the prenatal period, are particularly susceptible to EMF-related effects. While some findings indicate potential therapeutic applications of EMFs, the majority highlight adverse neurological outcomes. Given the widespread prevalence of EMF exposure in modern society, long-term, standardized, and multifaceted studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clarify their effects on the CNS.
Conclusion
In summary, accumulating evidence suggests that EMF exposure exerts a wide range of biological effects on the central nervous system (CNS). These include oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier disruption, altered neurotransmitter regulation, cognitive decline, and potential carcinogenicity. While some studies indicate possible neuroprotective or therapeutic roles particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders most findings highlight adverse consequences, especially in vulnerable populations such as children and during critical developmental stages.
Given the ubiquity of EMFs in modern environments and the inconsistencies across current findings, further standardized, long-term, and mechanistic studies are essential. Such investigations are vital for clarifying potential neurological risks and for guiding evidence-based public health policies and preventive strategies aimed at mitigating the possible hazards of EMF exposure.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with a growing impact worldwide, yet the role of environmental exposures such as geomagnetic activity (GMA) is unclear. In recent years, environmental factors such as air pollution, extreme temperatures, and natural disasters have been recognized as triggers for cardiovascular events, prompting interest in other environmental influences. Geomagnetic activity (GMA), defined as fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field driven by solar energy and charged particles, remains understudied due to challenges in its integration into epidemiologic research. This scoping review aimed to map the existing evidence on reported associations between geomagnetic activity and cardiovascular outcomes. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) identified 1,718 articles published between 1964 and 2023. After removal of 147 duplicates and screening against predefined eligibility criteria, 36 studies were included in the final review. These studies examined adult populations, measured geomagnetic activity or related space-weather exposures (geomagnetic storms, solar proton events, high-speed solar wind, cosmic ray intensity, and Schumann resonances), and reported cardiovascular outcomes such as myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or mortality.
The majority of studies (n = 28) reported significant correlations, while eight found no effect. The incidence of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome increased during geomagnetic storms, solar proton events, and high-speed solar wind, with greater susceptibility observed in individuals with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or prior cardiovascular disease. The risk of stroke increased with storm intensity, up to 52% during severe events, particularly among young adults. Low geomagnetic activity combined with high cosmic ray activity was consistently associated with increased myocardial infarction incidence and mortality, while more active solar conditions appeared protective.
Overall, evidence suggests that geomagnetic and cosmic variability may coincide with cardiovascular risk; however, findings remain inconsistent, and many studies rely on ecological designs with uncontrolled factors that limit interpretation. Given that evidence is still emerging, these observations remain preliminary. Standardized prospective studies are necessary to determine underlying mechanisms and assess whether space weather monitoring could benefit cardiovascular risk prediction and public health preparedness.
Open access: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.
Abstract
No abstract
Open access: https://ieeexplore.
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Measurement of Outdoor Micro-Environmental Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Levels in Daily Life Using a Portable Measurement Device
Our research project aims to clarify actual human exposure levels to radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) in daily life, as well as investigate risk communication methods using the RF-EMF exposure levels. In this project, we conducted to measure the micro-environmental RF-EMF exposure levels across surrounding different environments which are major railway station areas, shopping streets, residential areas, public parks in urban and suburban areas because of acquiring the detailed data supporting an understanding of the micro-environmental personal RF-EMF exposure levels in Japan. Additionally, in order to evaluate a measurement method using a portable measuring device, we conducted measurements by traversing a designated route way and back. The results showed that RF-EMF exposure levels in urban areas were significantly higher than those in suburban areas. Among the surrounding environments, the major railway station areas had the highest RF-EMF exposure levels, followed by the shopping streets, the residential areas, and the parks. Furthermore, the micro-environmental RF-EMF exposure levels by the way-and-back measurement showed no significant difference between them. The results of these measurements confirm that outdoor mobile measurements using a portable measurement device are effective for assessing micro-environmental RF-EMF exposure levels during daily activities.
Conclusion
In this study, the measurements were conducted while walking with a portable measurement device around major railway stations as well as in shopping streets, residential areas, and public parks in urban and suburban areas. The measurements were carried out by the authors themselves on predetermined routes of about 15–20 min on foot one way. RF-EMF levels in all environments were higher in urban areas as compared to the suburbs. In addition, the RF-EMF levels were the highest around major railway stations, followed by shopping streets, residential areas, and public parks. These results suggested a positive proportional relationship between RF-EMF levels and population density or floating population statistics. The results of this study, acquired by people carrying measurement devices, proved consistent with previous spot measurements and car-mounted measurements.
Although the influence of human body shielding [10, 12] is supposed to depend on the relative positions of the measurement device and radio wave source, there and back, the measurement of continuous micro-environmental exposures of individuals can be measured with the portable measurement device used in this study, at least in environments with little bias in the radio wave arrival direction. However, it should be noted that the data of this study include the effects of human body shielding and so forth. Moreover, the results of this study are limited, and further measurement and analysis are needed to explore RF-EMF levels in various indoor and outdoor micro-environments depending on the lifestyles.
We read with interest the recent exchange in Environment International concerning the systematic review by Mevissen et al. on radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and cancer in experimental animals, the critique by Karipidis et al., and the subsequent response by Mevissen et al. (Mevissen, 2025, Karipidis, 2025). This exchange reflects an important methodological discussion on how evidence from animal cancer bioassays should be analysed and interpreted for carcinogenic hazard identification, particularly with respect to evidence synthesis, statistical inference, and exposure relevance.
The potential carcinogenic and genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, particularly those emitted by mobile communication systems, have raised public health concerns. A previous study by the U.S. National Toxicology Program suggested increased incidences of gliomas and cardiac schwannomas in rats exposed to high levels of RF radiation. To evaluate these findings, an international collaborative study
was initiated between Japan and Korea.
Ahn YH, Imaida K, Kim YB, Han KH, Pack JK, Kim N, Jeon SB, Lee AK, Choi HD, Wang J, Kawabe M, Kim HS. An International Collaborative Animal Study of the Carcinogenicity of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation: Considerations for Preparation of a Global Project. Bioelectromagnetics. 2022 May;43(4):218-224. doi: 10.1002/bem.22407.
This study investigated the biological effects of GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field exposure on male reproductive function and evaluated the potential protective role of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: Control, RF, CoQ10, and RF + CoQ10. Animals were exposed to RF for 2 h/day over 30 days, while CoQ10 was administered intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg/day. Hormonal (testosterone, LH, FSH), biochemical (MDA, GSH, TAS, TOS), and histopathological assessments were performed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations estimated a whole-body SAR of 0.16995 W/kg and a testis-specific SAR of 0.02669 W/kg. RF exposure significantly reduced testosterone, LH, and FSH levels, increased MDA and TOS concentrations, and induced degenerative changes in testicular histology. CoQ10 treatment partially ameliorated these alterations by restoring testosterone and TAS levels and reducing tissue damage. These results indicate that even low-SAR GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz RF exposure may negatively impact male reproductive health, and CoQ10 supplementation may confer partial protective effects. Because the exposure consisted of a GSM-modulated waveform, the results cannot be extrapolated to FR1 5G NR signals used in real communication systems. Further studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and assess biological relevance under real-world exposure conditions.
Summary
• GSM‐modulated 3.5 GHz RF exposure induces hormonal suppression, oxidative stress, and testicular tissue damage in male rats, despite low SAR levels.
• Coenzyme Q10 supplementation partially restores testosterone levels, antioxidant balance, and histological integrity in RF‐exposed testicular tissue.
• This study provides one of the first integrative assessments of GSM‐modulated 3.5 GHz RF exposure on reproductive health, combining SAR simulation, biochemical, hormonal, and histopathological analyses.
Conclusions
This experimental study demonstrates that exposure to 3.5 GHz RF disrupts hormonal balance, induces oxidative stress, and causes microscopic histopathological damage in the testicular tissue of male rats. The biological effects observed, despite low SAR levels, indicate that RF may have meaningful impacts on the reproductive system. CoQ10 supplementation conferred partial protective effects, particularly in preserving testosterone levels, reducing oxidative burden, and maintaining seminiferous tubule integrity. These findings underscore the importance of developing personal protection strategies against electro-magnetic exposure and suggest that antioxidant agents such as CoQ10 may hold therapeutic potential in this context. Future clinical and translational research will be essential to further elucidate the biological consequences of electromagnetic field exposure and to inform effective public health strategies aimed at reducing associated risks. However, because the exposure waveform was GSM‐modulated, these results should not be interpreted as 5G NR–specific biological effects.
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated whether strictly non-thermal, GSM-like 3.5 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)-overlapping in frequency with bands used by 5 G networks but not employing a 5 G NR waveform-disrupt redox homeostasis and activate apoptotic signaling in peripheral sensory neurons.
Materials and methods: Primary mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures were exposed in a GTEM-based setup to pulsed 3.5 GHz RF-EMF (217 Hz, ∼12.5% duty) for 1-24 h at 37 °C with <0.1 °C temperature difference between groups. Dosimetry confirmed non-thermal exposure with localized peaks consistent with IEEE/IEC guidance. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial-apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3), and p75^NTR were quantified by blinded confocal analysis.
Results: RF-EMF caused a significant, time-dependent reduction in viability with robust ROS elevations; increased Bax and caspase-3; decreased Bcl-2; and cytochrome c release, with maximal effects at 12-24 h. p75^NTR upregulation indicated maladaptive neurotrophin signaling.
Conclusions: Under non-thermal conditions, 3.5 GHz RF-EMF perturbs redox balance and triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in DRG neurons, highlighting peripheral neuronal vulnerability to mid-band exposures. These findings provide a mechanistic link between RF exposure and oxidative/ apoptotic pathways and warrant in vivo studies assessing long-term and interventional outcomes.
Highlights
Non-thermal 3.5 GHz RF-EMF elevates ROS and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis in DRG neurons.
Precise dosimetry: SAR_total 171 mW/kg; 1-g 270 mW/kg; peak 1149 mW/kg with ΔT < 0.1 °C.
Molecular signature: Bax↑, caspase-3↑, cytochrome-c↑, Bcl-2↓, p75^NTR↑.
Relevance to mid-band exposures overlapping 3–4 GHz allocations (waveform ≠ full 5 G).
The biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) remain an unresolved scientific issue with important societal relevance, particularly in the context of the global deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies. The skin is continuously exposed to both RF-EMFs and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a well-established inducer of oxidative stress and DNA damage, making it a relevant model for assessing combined environmental exposures. In this study, we investigated whether post-exposure to 5G RF-EMFs (3.5 and 28 GHz) modulates ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced genotoxic stress in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and murine melanoma (B16) cells. Post-UV RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced DNA damage markers, including phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation (by approximately 30-50%) and comet tail moments (by 60-80%), and suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (by 56-93%). These effects were accompanied by selective attenuation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation (reduced by 55-85%). The magnitude of molecular protection was comparable to that observed with N-acetylcysteine treatment or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK. In contrast, RF-EMF exposure did not reverse UV-induced reductions in cell viability or alterations in cell cycle distribution, indicating that its protective effects are confined to early molecular stress-response pathways rather than downstream survival outcomes. Together, these findings demonstrate that 5G RF-EMFs can facilitate recovery from UVA-induced molecular damage via redox-sensitive and p38-dependent mechanisms, providing mechanistic insight into the interaction between modern telecommunication frequencies and UV-induced skin stress.
Souchelnytskyi S. Human cells response to electromagnetic waves of radio and microwave frequencies. Ukr Biochem J. 2025; 97(6): 5-22. doi: 10.15407/ubj97.06.005.
Human cells both generate and absorb electromagnetic waves (EMW), but information about sensing and responding to EMW at different Hz frequencies is still fragmentary. The reported impact of radio (RF) and microwave (MW) frequencies is variable, from harmful to human health to applications promising for novel diagnostics and treatment of diseases, e.g., cancer. The review highlights both recent achievements in elucidation of molecular mechanisms of RF and MW effects and a direction for their successful practical application in humans.
Open access: http://ukrbiochemjournal.org/
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Abstract
Methods: Data from a German (n = 2515), a Swedish (n = 3253) and a Finnish (n = 1467) population-based survey was used. Sentitivities were rated on ordinal scales in all samples.
Results: In the German sample, about 25 % of participants reported mild reactions to sounds, chemicals, and buildings, and about 10 % to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and wind turbines, with a similar pattern for strong reactions, but with proportions of 1-2 %. Data from the Nordic countries show consistent similarities between these two countries, with prevalences exceeding 34 % for mild reactions to chemicals and sounds and about 5 % to EMFs, with a similar pattern for strong reactions, but with proportions of 1-8 %. Prevalence of sensitivity to EMFs was higher, whereas prevalence of sensitivity to chemicals and sounds was lower in Germany. Classification criteria significantly impacted the reported prevalence rates.
Conclusion: Various environmental sensitivities affect a considerable proportion of the general populations of the three countries. To improve comparability, self-report assessment of sensitivities should be based on at least an ordinal scale instead of the widely used yes-or-no question.
Radiofrequency (RF) exposure has been extensively studied for potential health risks. Unlike ionizing radiation, RF fields primarily cause thermal health effects, the only established mechanism of biological harm. Regulatory bodies, including the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), set limits to prevent excessive heating. This review examines the relationship between RF exposure, heat generation, and physiological responses, with relevance to civilian and military safety.A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, regulatory reports, and experimental studies was conducted using PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar and Scopus. Emphasis was placed on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Cumulative Equivalent Minutes at 43 °C (CEM43). Studies on thermal effects and exposure scenarios were prioritized; speculative non-thermal mechanisms were excluded. Thermal effects depend on frequency, tissue composition, and environmental conditions. Whole-body SAR limits (≤4 W/kg) generally prevent core temperature increases, but localized heating remains a concern. CEM43 provides a temperature-based metric but is difficult to apply in transient exposures. Penetration depth across NATO frequency bands shows variability because of differences in tissue models and measurement methods. This variability is clinically relevant, as localized heating of the skin, eye, or superficial nerves may occur even when whole-body exposure is within limits. Current guidelines prevent systemic overheating but may not fully address localized risks. Combining SAR and CEM43 with refined penetration depth data could improve risk assessment. Future work should refine dose–response thresholds and methods for detecting and modeling localized heating, especially under military conditions where thermoregulation may be impaired.
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The study investigated risk perception and trust in authorities regarding RF-EMF from mobile communication, particularly 5G NR networks.
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Precautionary information did mostly not lead to higher risk perception or lower trust, but increased feeling of self-efficacy. Unexpectedly, adding conceptual information intended to explain the precautionary approach actually increased risk perception.
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Greek (compared to German) and female (compared to male) participants reported higher RF-EMF risk perception and lower trust in authorities.
Jawad O, Conil E, Sefsouf L, et al. Massive assessment of exposure to 5G electromagnetic fields in France: a 5-year synthesis.
Ann. Telecommun. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/
Background: Electrical devices around us are sources of electromagnetic fields (EMF). The EMR induces the formation of free radicals, leading to oxidative damage in various tissues, with the kidney being highly sensitive to oxidative damage.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the physiopathological effects of 2600 MHz EMF on the kidney tissue of rats and DNA damage in blood tissue. Quercetin (Qu) was administered as an antioxidant to reduce these effects.
Methods: Male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups, with each containing 8 rats. Group 1 (control group), Group 2 (sham group), Group 3 (EMF group), and Group 4 (EMF + Qu). From the animals sacrificed on the end of the 30th day, kidney tissues were taken for physiopathological examination. Additionally, blood samples were collected for DNA damage analysis by the Comet assay method.
Results: Histopathological examination of the kidney tissue revealed tubular dilatation damage at a low level in all groups. The immunohistochemical evaluation gave similar results in all groups. There was no significant change in malondialdehyde, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels. Additionally, in the EMF group, DNA damage was observed in the lymphocytes (P = .007, <.05).
Conclusion: It was rationalized that 2600 MHz EMF exposure did not cause any significant damage to the kidney tissue. However, it caused remarkable DNA damage in blood tissue.
Abstract: Cell phones operate by emitting radiofrequency radiation (RFR), a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Consequently, ongoing researches target to determine whether it poses potential risks to human health. One of these risks is related with brain and auditory system. This study aims to examine the impact of acute and chronic exposure to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation on mismatch negativity (MMN) in rats. In this study, we established 1-week (RFR1) and 10-week (RFR10) RFR groups from rats, which were subjected to 2100 MHz RFR exposure. Cage control groups (CC1, CC10) and sham groups (S1, S10) that were not subjected to RFR for equivalent durations were also established. Following auditory event-related potential (AERP) recordings, MMN waves were computed and analyzed. Additionally, brain samples were collected and biochemical and histological analyses were performed. The RFR1 group exhibited a reduction in AMPAR GluR2 subunit protein levels relative to the CC1 and S1 groups, although GFAP protein levels increased. Conversely, the opposite was observed in the chronic groups. Edema of astrocytic endfeet, mitochondrial damage, and lysosomal vesicles were identified in the RFR1 group. The MMN amplitude was found to be reduced in the RFR1 group relative to the CC1 group. The RFR1 group exhibited a reduction in delta and theta power relative to the S1/CC1 groups. Alpha coherence diminished in the RFR1 group relative to the S1 group, however it augmented in the RFR10 group compared to the S10 group. The assessment of event-related potentials indicated that 2100 MHz RFR led to a decrease in MMN amplitude, power spectrum, and coherence values in the RFR1 group relative to the S1 and CC1 groups, but an increase was observed in the RFR10 group compared to the S10 group. Consequently, in the acute period, 2100 MHz RFR may have adverse effects on auditory sensory memory.
A radiofrequency (RF) generator producing 2100 MHz RFR (2100 MHz UMTS Simulator; Everest Corp., Adapazari, Turkey) was utilized to simulate exposure to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). At 10 cm from the antenna, the electric-field strength over the rat's head was 35.2 V/m for 2100 MHz while the generator was in "signal on" mode. The mean whole-body SAR value and the SAR value in the brain were determined to be 128 mW/kg and 0.27 W/kg, respectively. SAR computations were executed via the Finite Difference Time Domain technique (LeBlanc & D&Post, 2000)....
Abstract
Background/Objective: Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless technologies has raised concerns about male reproductive health. We aimed to evaluate the protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a potent antioxidant, against testicular alterations induced by 2.45 GHz EMR.
Methods: Twenty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, EMR, ALA, and ALA+EMR. Animals in the EMR and ALA+EMR groups were exposed to EMR for 2 h/day for 1 month. Testicular tissues were examined histologically, stereologically, and immunohistochemically, while serum samples were analysed biochemically.
Results: EMR exposure caused marked structural damage, including disruption of seminiferous tubule architecture, increased collagen deposition, and expansion of tubular and interstitial volumes. These pathological changes were primarily prevented in the ALA+EMR group. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased IL-6 and TNF-α expression following EMR exposure, whereas ALA supplementation significantly reduced these inflammatory markers and restored AR, ZO-1, and ZO-2 expression. Biochemically, EMR reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH, GPx) and elevated MDA levels, indicating oxidative stress; these parameters were reversed by ALA treatment.
Conclusions: Collectively, our findings demonstrate that 2.45 GHz EMR induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and testicular injury, while ALA provides significant protection. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of ALA as a protective agent against EMR-related reproductive toxicity and infertility risk.
Telecommunication networks, including 5G New Radio (5G-NR), emit these fields and consequently expose many insects. To quantify the potential effect of RF-EMF exposure on insects, a study was designed examining the development of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a major vector of dengue and other pathogens, as model organism exposed to RF-EMFs at 3.6 GHz. A custom exposure setup, a reverberation chamber, was designed, built, and characterized. Numerical simulations made it possible to calculate doses received by the larvae during the exposure. Larvae were reared on two feeding regimes, differing in nutritional value, and exposed for 5 days. At an RF exposure level of 46.2 V/m and absorbed power of 1.2 [Formula: see text]W, a slower development occurred, especially for weakened larvae. At an RF exposure level of 182.6 V/m and 18.7 [Formula: see text]W absorbed power, dielectric heating changed development timing and adult size.
Excerpt
The two exposure levels resulted in different effects on the insect. For the lower exposure level, no difference in wing length was found. However, a slower development occurred after exposure for 5 days of larvae fed with diluted milk to weaken them. The stronger larvae fed with Tetramin seemed not affected by the low exposure and the nutritional diet led to a faster development. At the higher exposure level, dielectric heating was observed and wing length measurements indicated smaller adults as a result of the thermal effect. The effect on development duration at this exposure level was stronger than the effect on development duration that was observed at lower exposure levels and an accelerated development was detected. Mortality and wing length asymmetry were unaffected by RF-EMF exposure.
We consider it highly likely that aquatic immature invertebrates do not encounter these RF-EMF levels that might induce developmental effects in nature. On the other hand, our study does demonstrate that it is possible to induce delayed development and dielectric heating causing thermal effects with power absorptions that can occur in terrestrial and aerial insects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most extensive study of RF-EMF effects on insect development including dosimetry, exposure setup development and calibration, experimental biology, and statistical analysis. These results are very important because they can establish a basis for thresholds and a dose-response relationship for developmental effects of RF-EMF exposure in insects.
Open access: https://www.nature.
Approach: EPD/APD was evaluated for exposure from the antenna in proximity to human face models. Two high-resolution anatomical face models were used for comparison, which were extracted from anatomical whole-body models with refined resolution to ensure computational accuracy at 10 GHz and 30 GHz. The participants were encouraged to use consistent computational conditions as much as possible, such as the human model, antenna type and position, and frequency, without limitations on the averaging method of the EPD/APD, computational methods, and software for electromagnetic and thermal calculations.
Main results: Our results suggest that when appropriate averaging methods are applied, spatially averaged APD and temperature rise in realistic human face models are statistically correlated.
Significance: The analysis also revealed that the power absorption focality caused by antenna type had a more pronounced impact on variability than differences in the averaging method or anatomical modeling.
In previous intercomparison studies conducted under IEEE ICES TC95/SC6 WG6, the sAPD was computed using both planar and curved models, and deviations due to averaging methods were found to be relatively small compared with variations from exposure sources. In this study, a similar statistical analysis was conducted using data from eight groups based on two realistic human face models. Despite methodological differences, the overall deviation remained relatively small, and when appropriate averaging was applied, sAPD and ΔT showed a statistically significant correlation. The results further demonstrated that variability caused by antenna type was considerably larger than that due to anatomical model selection or averaging scheme. This highlights antenna configuration as the dominant factor influencing intercomparison outcomes. The findings from our intercomparison will help inform standard evaluation procedures and support the development of measurement equipment for compliance assessments in millimetre-wave bands. Furthermore, these results strengthen the scientific basis for international
exposure guidelines, particularly the application of reduction factors to ensure robust protection across populations.
The predominant source of human exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) occurs through the use of cell phone handsets. Previous toxicology studies on RFR, conducted in support of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) by researchers at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), found exposure-related effects on body temperature and DNA damage. The studies reported herein were conducted by NIEHS researchers in the Division of Translational Toxicology to better understand the biological mechanisms that produced tumor development and DNA damage in exposed rodents. These studies were not conducted as part of the NTP.
The goals of the current research were to design, construct, and use a small-scale RFR exposure system to conduct toxicological research in rats and mice. One of the primary specific objectives of this research was to test and use new, experimental methods to collect physiological data from animals in real time during RFR exposures, including assessment of body temperature and use of videos for clinical observations. Previously, such data collections were not feasible without cessation of RFR exposure.
A new RFR exposure system based on the technical parameters of the system used in the previous NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies was developed for small-scale investigative studies with fewer animals. The system was designed with enhanced capabilities and more flexibility, including the ability to generate additional radiofrequency (RF) signals with frequencies and modulations used in more current wireless communication technologies. After development and installation, the system was rigorously tested and independently verified before animal studies were conducted. Following completion of the mouse study, several system modifications were required before the rat studies could be conducted. These system modifications required significant technical expertise and sometimes took several months to resolve successfully.
A series of 5-day studies was conducted in male or female Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD®) rats or B6C3F1/N mice to evaluate the effect of exposure to the same Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)- or Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated RF signals used in the previous NTP studies. Video from the cameras in the exposure chambers demonstrated no visible response in either rats or mice at the first time the exposure system was activated, at subsequent system on/off transitions, or during the periods of exposure. Exposure to RFR for 5 days did not induce DNA damage in brain cells (frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum), or in liver, heart, or blood cells of rats and mice, as measured using the comet assay. These investigative studies of RFR exposure were technically challenging to conduct and, unfortunately, measurement by two different methods did not yield data useful for assessing body temperature during exposure.
Despite a number of difficulties (i.e., engineering requirements, system modifications, measurement of body temperature during exposure), this small-scale RFR exposure system presents a prototype for investigative toxicological studies by researchers interested in conducting experimental RFR studies in rodent models. High-quality studies to understand the effects of RFR exposure on biological responses are needed given the widespread human exposure to RFR associated with cell phone use. The aim of this report is to share knowledge and facilitate advancement in research methodologies for investigating the potential health effects of RFR.
This review paper focuses on how both direct current (DC) stimulation and alternating current (AC) stimulation affects the central nervous system's (CNS) cells and its potential as a neurotherapeutic. Furthermore, addressing the promise of combinatorial approaches that utilize other treatments alongside electrical stimulation (ES) and how ES has shaped clinical approaches as a new rehabilitation treatment.
Approach: Authors conducted this review to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical translation; 124 manuscripts were identified through Google Scholar for insights into ES effects on neurons and glia in both in vitro and in vivo models.
Main Results: The review summarizes findings from DC and AC stimulation paradigms applied to in vitro or in vivo preclinical models and summarizes the promise of ES when applied clinically. Generally, DC stimulation promotes axonal extension towards the cathode, while axons retract at the anode, limiting regeneration. AC stimulation alternates electrode polarity, enabling axonal extension in both directions. The intensity and duration of ES significantly affects the extent of neurite outgrowth. For astrocytes and microglia, ES-whether AC or DC-downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production and upregulates anti-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting A2 or M2 reactive states conducive to regeneration, respectively. Regarding oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), both DC and AC stimulation enhance OPC differentiation into oligodendrocytes, increasing myelin content and supporting axonal myelination. ES, when combined with stem cell treatments, drug delivery approaches, or with electroactive biomaterials, facilitate greater efficacy of these approaches. Clinically, short-single sessions of ES have shown long-term improvement. More specifically, preliminary efforts have been implemented to restore gait, hand tremors, and speech in spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's Disease, and stroke patients, respectively.
Significance: ES is an evolving neurotherapeutic strategy for CNS related disease or injuries. Understanding how ES modulates neurons and glia is critical for optimizing its application in the clinic.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to a 30 mT static magnetic field (SMF) on hematological parameters, spleen and tibia cellularity in 36-month-old and young rats. A total of 27 rats were divided into four groups (Young, Young SMF, Old, Old SMF) and two groups were exposed to SMF for 10 weeks. After exposure period, blood counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, an index of systemic inflammation), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR, a platelet-based inflammatory marker) and cellularity of immune-related organs were analyzed. SMF exposure reduced lymphocyte counts and increased NLR in both age groups, while PLR increased only in young rats. In 36-month-old rats, SMF significantly reduced platelet counts, whereas this effect was not observed in young animals. SMF exposure also enhanced tibial and splenic cellularity in both groups but exerted opposite effects on the proportions of lymphocytes and erythrocytes depending on age. These findings suggest age-dependent immune modulation by SMF. In young animals, SMF likely promoted a proinflammatory shift, reflected by elevated NLR and PLR. In contrast, in 36-month-old rats, SMF may act as a nonspecific physiological stressor, potentially triggering the General Adaptation Syndrome (three-stage stress response), leading to corticosterone-mediated immunosuppression and cell redistribution. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating age-dependent differential modulation of NLR and PLR by subchronic SMF exposure, linking proinflammatory shifts in youth with stress-related immunosuppression in aging. Overall, age appears to be a critical factor in determining the biological responses to SMF, underscoring the need for age-specific evaluation of SMF exposure.
This study examined how a 30 mT static magnetic field affects blood and immune cells in very old and young rats over 10 weeks. The old rats were about 36 months old, roughly equal to 80 human years. All animals were treated humanely following animal welfare rules. Blood, bone marrow and spleen samples were taken under deep anesthesia to avoid pain, and animals were euthanized humanely at the end. We measured blood cells and calculated two important markers: NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) and PLR (platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio). In 36-month-old rats, the magnetic field lowered platelets, which may reduce the risk of blood clots. It also reduced lymphocytes and increased NLR in both young and 36-month-old rats. PLR increased only in young rats, suggesting a higher clot risk and more inflammation in young animals compared to old ones. The magnetic field also increased bone marrow cellularity in old rats, which may improve blood flow and nourish bones better. Overall, the magnetic field impacts the immune system differently by age. In young rats, it causes more inflammation and possibly higher clot risk. In 36-month-old rats, it acts like mild stress, triggering hormones that reduce excessive immune activity, lowering inflammaging and clot risk. These findings show that age is very important when studying how magnetic fields affect living beings. Future research and medical uses of magnetic fields should consider the age of the person or animal involved.
Electric and Magnetic Field Technologies in Agriculture: Plant Responses, Experimental Limitations, and Future Directions
All living organisms on Earth are naturally exposed to planetary electromagnetic fields, which interact with biological processes in various ways. In agriculture, applications typically employ these fields separately through distinct technologies and methodologies. Electric and magnetic fields are inherently linked, as each can generate the other when the fields are dynamic. Despite growing research interest in both fields, no review has systematically described their effectiveness and mechanisms of plant growth and development. This Review provides a theoretical, technological, and practical comparison of electric and magnetic field effects on plant systems and proposes a model clarifying the mechanistic convergence of both fields. Four predominant mechanisms have been suggested: (a) changes in membrane permeability, (b) reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant response, (c) improvements in ion absorption and transport, and (d) DNA alterations and gene expression patterns. Applications of both fields can extend beyond simple seed treatment to various applications for real-world crop production.