Sunday, December 1, 2024

Overview of Contents




"Health Hazards of Wireless Technologies: What do we know now?" Joel Moskowitz, Collaborative on Health & Environment webinar / video & slides, Sep. 2024)

"Radiofrequency Radiation and Your Health: Is 5G Harmful?" (Joel Moskowitz, Federal Mobility Group webinar / video & slides, 2023)

"Health Effects of Cellphone & Cell Tower Radiation: Implications for 5G" (Joel Moskowitz, UC Center for Occupational & Environmental Health webinar / video & slides, 2021)



"Cellphone radiation is harmful, but few want to believe it" (Joel Moskowitz, UC Berkeley News, 2021)


Wireless Radiation TV News Coverage (300+ TV news videos)

Mobile Phone Health Effects

Key Cell Phone Radiation Research Studies
The UK Million Women Study of Cell Phone Use and Brain Tumor Risk

Other Health Risks



Cell Phone and Wireless Radiation


Wireless Radiation Research, Guidelines & Regulatory Policies

American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Pediatrics: Protect Children from Cell Phone & Wireless Radiation

American Cancer Society
American Cancer Society: Cell Phone Radiation Risk

Berkeley Model Cell Phone Ordinance
Berkeley Cell Phone "Right to Know" Ordinance

California Public Health Department
Cell Phone Safety Guidance from the California Public Health Department
California's Cell Phone Safety Guidance: Media Coverage

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
New York Times’ Exposé of CDC’s Retraction of Warnings about Cell Phone Radiation

Federal Communications Commission

Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Cell Phone Industry Product Liability Lawsuit

International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF)

Friday, November 22, 2024

International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO) Position on Radiofrequency Radiation

Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2025–2029 

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields including wireless mobile radiation (pp. 171-173)

Current IARC/WHO classification

Radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation (including from wireless mobile telephones) has been previously classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) in IARC Monographs Volume 102 in 2011 (IARC, 2013a), based on limited evidence in humans for glioma and acoustic neuroma. RF-EMF was given a priority rating of high by the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 (IARC, 2019a), on the basis of new cancer bioassay evidence in two independent studies (described below).

WHO is undertaking a health risk assessment of RF-EMF for a variety of outcomes, including cancer. This will be published as a monograph in the Environmental Health Criteria series and is based on several, currently ongoing, systematic reviews commissioned by WHO (Lagorio et al., 2021; Mevissen et al., 2022).

Exposure characterization

In IARC Monographs Volume 102, RF-EMF radiation was defined as radiation in the frequency range 30 kHz to 300 GHz (IARC, 2013a). Exposure occurs in the general population and in occupational settings, with sources including mobile phones, wireless network, television, radio, 5G technologies, Bluetooth, microwaves, cooking hobs, industrial heating of materials, radar, anti-theft devices, and MRI (IARC, 2013a). Exposure to mobile phones is ubiquitous, considering that nearly 95% of the population in high-income countries and 49% in low-income countries own a mobile phone (International Telecommunications Union, 2022). Source-exposure matrices for the general population and workers are available (Vila et al., 2016; van Wel et al., 2021).

Cancer in humans


The 2019 Advisory Group report (IARC, 2019a) indicated that results from epidemiological studies published after IARC Monographs Volume 102 were mixed (Benson et al., 2013; Hardell et al., 2013; Coureau et al., 2014; IARC, 2019a; Röösli et al., 2019). Since the 2019 Advisory Group report (IARC, 2019a), results from the MOBI-Kids study, an international study of brain cancer and the use of EMF technology by children and adolescents (Castaño-Vinyals et al., 2022), the update of the UK Million Women Study (Schüz et al., 2022), and the European Cohort Study of Mobile Phone Use and Health (COSMOS) (Feychting et al., 2024) were published. No increased risk of neuroepithelial brain tumour was found in the MOBI-Kids study (Castaño-Vinyals et al., 2022). In the Million Women Study update, the increased risk for acoustic neuroma reported previously (10+ years use versus never, RR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.07–5.64) (Benson et al., 2013) was attenuated (10+ years use versus never, RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.89–1.96), and no increased risk was found for other cancer subtypes (glioma, glioblastoma, pituitary, eye tumour); however, the exposure assessment was crude. The previous analysis (Benson et al., 2013) reported Ptrend = 0.03 for acoustic neuroma by duration of use, but such an analysis was not reported in the updated publication (Schüz et al., 2022). COSMOS followed 264 574 participants for a median of 7.12 years (recruitment, 2007–2012, in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK). For 100 regression-calibrated cumulative hours of calls (country-specific regression-calibrated estimates based on data collected from operators were applied to the self-reported measurements), HRs were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.98–1.02) for glioma, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.96–1.06) for meningioma, and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.99–1.06) for acoustic neuroma (Feychting et al., 2024).

Mobile phone use was associated with increases in overall cancer and NMSC, urinary cancer (in men only), prostate cancer, and vulva cancer, but not brain cancer, in the UK Biobank cohort (Zhang et al., 2024). There was also a significant trend by length of use for NMSC and prostate cancer (Zhang et al., 2024) Concern exists over exposure misclassification, as mobile phone use was captured only at baseline. These findings are not consistent with those of a Danish nationwide cohort study (Schüz et al., 2006).

In IARC Monographs Volume 102 (IARC, 2013a), selection bias and recall bias from case–control studies were noted as being of major concern. Bias analysis available at the time of that evaluation showed that the J-shaped response curve observed in the Interphone study, the largest case–control study on mobile phone use contributing to the evidence published in IARC Monographs Volume 102 (IARC, 2013a), could have been explained by selection bias, leading to underrepresentation of unexposed controls (Vrijheid et al., 2009a). A recent bias analysis using Monte Carlo simulations showed that the J-shaped relation observed in the Interphone study was compatible with a scenario of greater systematic (> 10%) and random error in cases compared with controls, in the absence of any effect (Bouaoun et al., 2024). Validation studies within the Interphone study showed that there was little differential exposure misclassification between cases and controls; however, in heavy users, overestimation was greater in cases than in controls (Vrijheid et al., 2009b).

Cancer in experimental animals

The 2019 Advisory Group report (IARC, 2019a) noted the availability of new data from the large US NTP study that show clear evidence of an increased incidence of malignant schwannoma in the heart (and possibly some evidence of malignant glioma in the brain) in male rats exposed to radiofrequency radiation at frequencies used by mobile phones; however, no clear increased risk was seen in female rats. Some equivocal evidence was observed of increased evidence of malignant glioma in the brain, malignant schwannoma in the heart, and pheochromocytoma in the adrenal medulla (NTP, 2018a, b). An increased risk of schwannoma of the heart observed in male rats exposed to the highest dose was found in an experimental study conducted at the Ramazzini Institute (Falcioni et al., 2018). International studies, aimed to verify the NTP studies, are ongoing in Japan and the Republic of Korea and are expected in 2024 (Ahn et al., 2022). Currently, a systematic review of the effects of RF-EMF on cancer laboratory animals is ongoing as part of a WHO risk assessment project (Mevissen et al., 2022).

Mechanistic evidence

As noted in the 2019 Advisory Group report (IARC, 2019a): “The previous IARC evaluation concluded that there was weak evidence that radiofrequency radiation was genotoxic but that there was no evidence for mutagenicity (IARC, 2013a).” Since then, there have been many new publications on the genotoxicity of RF-EMF radiation, including studies in exposed humans. The formation of micronuclei on buccal mucosal cells was shown in several studies on mobile phone-emitted radiation (Rashmi et al., 2020; Revanth et al., 2020). Other studies found no evidence of micronucleus formation (de Oliveira et al., 2017) or no conclusive evidence for induction of DNA damage or for alterations of the DNA repair capacity in human cells exposed to several frequencies of RF-EMF radiation (Schuermann et al., 2020). In other studies, no effects of RF-EMF exposure on oxidant or antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, or mutations in the TP53 gene were revealed, regardless of the frequency (Khalil et al., 2014; Gulati et al., 2020). The authors of a meta-analysis to investigate whether RF-EMF emitted by mobile phones have genotoxic or cytotoxic effects on the oral epithelium concluded that the evidence for genotoxic effects was weak (Dos Santos et al., 2020). In experimental systems, there is a large body of literature on investigations of the genotoxicity of RF-EMF (Meltz, 2003). A study showed that rat gliomas appear to share some genetic alterations with IDH1 wildtype human gliomas, and rat cardiac schwannomas also harbour mutations in some of the queried cancer genes (Brooks et al., 2024). An independent systematic review of the genotoxicity of RF-EMF in in vitro mammalian models is ongoing (Romeo et al., 2021).

In addition, evidence associated with other KCs is available. For example, chronic exposure to RF-EMF emitted from mobile phones may induce oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in rats (Singh et al., 2020). Currently, a systematic review of the effects of RF-EMF on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro is ongoing as part of the WHO risk assessment project (Henschenmacher et al., 2022). Several studies have investigated the immunotoxicity of RF-EMF (Yadav et al., 2022). Mobile phone radiofrequency radiation was found to be associated with thyroid gland insufficiency and alterations in serum thyroid hormone levels in exposed humans and in rodents, with a possible disruption in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (Alkayyali et al., 2021).

Summary

Since the last evaluation, there have been several new high-quality studies. Overall, the human cancer evidence is mixed. There is new evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Since the previous evaluation, there is new mechanistic evidence related to the KCs, especially genotoxicity in experimental systems and in exposed humans. However, several of the genotoxicity studies in exposed humans provided inconsistent results. Thus, the mechanistic available evidence currently available may be inconclusive.

Overall, the new evidence regarding cancer in humans and in experimental animals could support a re-evaluation, although a change in the current classification of the carcinogenicity of RF-EMF is uncertain. The Advisory Group therefore considered an IARC Monographs evaluation of RF-EMF to be warranted but suggests an evaluation in the latter half of the next 5 years, to await the results of ongoing cancer bioassays, which may provide additional mechanistic evidence.

Recommendation: High priority (and ready for evaluation within 5 years)

Open access report:

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In March, 2019, the Advisory Group for the IARC recommended that the IARC review the research on RFR to determine if it is a carcinogenic hazard (i.e. Group 2A or Group 1). The advisory group recommended that this review be conducted within the next five years and called it a "high priority."

Following are excerpts from the IARC report:

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024. IARC, World Health Organization, 2019. https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IARCMonographs-AGReport-Priorities_2020-2024.pdf.


Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024

Introduction (pp. 1-2)

"An IARC Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 met in Lyon, France, on 25–27 March 2019. IARC periodically convenes such Advisory Groups to ensure that the Monographs evaluations reflect the current state of scientific evidence relevant to carcinogenicity.

Before the meeting, IARC solicited nominations of agents via the website of the IARC Monographs programme and the IARC RSS news feed, and through direct contact with the IARC Governing Council and members of the IARC Scientific Council, WHO headquarters and regional offices, and previous participants in the Monographs programme. Nominations were also developed by IARC personnel, including the recommended priorities remaining from a similar Advisory Group meeting convened in 2014 (Straif et al., 2014), and the priorities nominated by the Advisory Group.

The list of Advisory Group members and all other meeting participants is provided in Annex 1 (see https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/AGP-ListofParticipants.pdf ) ...."

"Priority was assigned on the basis of (i) evidence of human exposure and (ii) the extent of the available evidence for evaluating carcinogenicity (i.e. the availability of relevant evidence on cancer in humans, cancer in experimental animals, and mechanisms of carcinogenesis to support a new or updated evaluation according to the Preamble to the IARC Monographs). Any of the three evidence streams could alone support prioritization of agents with no previous evaluation. For previously evaluated agents, the Advisory Group considered the basis of the previous classification as well as the potential impact of the newly available evidence during integration across streams (see Table 4 in the Preamble to the IARC Monographs). Agents without evidence of human exposure or evidence for evaluating carcinogenicity were not recommended for further consideration."

....

"Non-ionizing radiation (radiofrequency) and extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (pp. 148-149)

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) were evaluated by the IARC Monographs as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) (IARC, 2013e), on the basis of limited evidence of an increased risk of glioma. Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) were evaluated as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) (IARC, 2002), on the basis of limited evidence of an increased risk of childhood leukaemia.

Exposure Data

Human exposures to RF-EMF can occur from use of personal devices (e.g. cell phones, cordless phones, and Bluetooth) and from environmental sources such as cell phone base stations, broadcast antennas, and medical applications. More than 5 billion people now have access to cell phone devices, and the technology is constantly evolving. Use has also expanded rapidly in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 75% of adults now report owning a cell phone; in high-income countries, the proportion is 96% (Pew Research Center, 2018).

Cancer in Humans

Since the previous IARC Monographs evaluation, several new epidemiological studies have been published on the association between RF-EMF and cancer, although the evidence remains mixed. In the Million Women Study cohort, there was no evidence of increased risk of glioma or meningioma, even among long-term users. There was an increased risk of acoustic neuromas with long-term use and a significant dose–response relationship (Benson et al., 2013). Updated follow-up in the Danish nationwide subscribers study did not find increased risks of glioma, meningioma, or vestibular schwannoma, even among those with subscriptions of 10 years or longer (Frei et al., 2011; Schüz et al., 2011). New reports from case–control studies that assessed long-term use also found mixed results; for example, increased risks of glioma and acoustic neuroma were reported by Hardell & Carlberg (2015) and Hardell et al. (2013), but no evidence of increased risks for these tumours were reported by Yoon et al. (2015) and Pettersson et al. (2014). Röösli et al. (2019) recently reviewed these new data. Several large-scale studies are still in progress and should report results within the next few years. Mobi-Kids is a multicentre case–control study of brain tumours in those aged 10–24 years. Cohort Study of Mobile Phone Use and Health (COSMOS) is a new European cohort of adult cell phone users. There will also be updated results from the Million Women Study.

Cancer in Experimental Animals

New data in experimental animals for exposure to RF-EMF have been published since the previous IARC Monographs evaluation. The large study by the United States National Toxicology Program found an increased risk of malignant schwannomas of the heart in male rats with high exposure to radiofrequency radiation at frequencies used by cell phones, as well as possible increased risks of certain types of tumours in the brain and adrenal glands, but no increased risks in mice or female rats (NTP, 2018a, b). Another study in experimental animals also found an increase in schwannomas of the heart in highly exposed male rats and a possible increase in gliomas in female rats (Falcioni et al., 2018).

 Mechanistic Evidence

The previous IARC evaluation concluded that there was weak evidence that radiofrequency radiation was genotoxic but that there was no evidence for mutagenicity (IARC, 2013e). Although there have been many new publications from a wide variety of experiments, uncertainty remains about the mechanisms, and there are few systematic reviews of the new data (Kocaman et al., 2018).

Although a future evaluation could be broadened to consider exposure to all non-ionizing radiation (including ELF-MF), ELF-MF were evaluated by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), and the Advisory Group did not recommend an update, because of a lack of new informative epidemiological findings, no toxicological evidence, and little supporting mechanistic evidence.

References

The following key references were also identified: Coureau et al. (2014); Carlberg & Hardell (2015); Pedersen et al. (2017).

Recommendation for non-ionizing radiation (radiofrequency): High priority (and ready for evaluation within 5 years)

Recommendation for extremely low-frequency magnetic fields: No evaluation "

References cited in this section of the report:

Benson VS, Pirie K, Schüz J, Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J; Million Women Study Collaborators (2013). Mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers: prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 42(3):792–802. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt072 PMID:23657200

Carlberg M, Hardell L (2015). Pooled analysis of Swedish case-control studies during 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 on meningioma risk associated with the use of mobile and cordless phones. Oncol Rep. 33(6):3093–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3930 PMID:25963528

Coureau G, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Fabbro-Peray P, Gruber A, Leffondre K, et al. (2014). Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 71(7):514–22. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101754 PMID:24816517

Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, Lauriola M, De Angelis L, Gnudi F, et al. (2018). Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental

Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-JessenM, Schüz J (2011). Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. BMJ. 343:d6387. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6387 PMID:22016439

Hardell L, Carlberg M (2015). Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997-2003 and 2007-2009. Pathophysiology. 22(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.10.001 PMID:25466607

IARC (2013e). Non-ionizing radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 102:1–460. Available from: http://publications.iarc.fr/126 PMID:24772662

Kocaman A, Altun G, Kaplan AA, Deniz ÖG, Yurt KK, Kaplan S (2018). Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Environ Res. 163:71–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.034 PMID:29427953

NTP (2018a). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in B6C3F1/N mice exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (1900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 596. Research Triangle Park (NC), USA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available from: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr596_508.pdf.

NTP (2018b). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at a frequency (900MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cellphones. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 595. Research Triangle Park (NC), USA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available from: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/ntp-temp/tr595_508.pdf.

Pedersen C, Poulsen AH, Rod NH, Frei P, Hansen J, Grell K, et al. (2017). Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and risk for central nervous system disease: an update of a Danish cohort study among utility workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 90(7):619–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1224-0 PMID:28429106

Pettersson D, Mathiesen T, Prochazka M, Bergenheim T, Florentzson R, Harder H, et al. (2014). Long-term mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk. Epidemiology. 25(2):233–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000058 PMID:24434752

Pew Research Center (2018). Social media use continues to rise in developing countries, but plateaus across developed ones. Available from: https://www.pewglobal.org/2018/06/19/social-media-use-continues-to-rise-in-developing-countries-but-plateaus-across-developed-ones/

Schüz J, Steding-JessenM, Hansen S, Stangerup SE, Cayé-Thomasen P, Poulsen AH, et al. (2011). Long-term mobile phone use and the risk of vestibular schwannoma: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 174(4):416–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr112 PMID:21712479

Straif K, Loomis D, Guyton K, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. (2014). Future priorities for the IARC Monographs. Lancet Oncol. 15(7):683–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70168-8

Yoon S, Choi J-W, Lee E, An H, Choi HD, KimN (2015). Mobile phone use and risk of glioma: a case-control study in Korea for 2002-2007. Environ Health Toxicol. 30:e2015015. https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.e2015015 PMID:26726040

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In May, 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization, classified radio frequency radiation (RFR) as "possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use." "The conclusion means that there could be some risk, and therefore we need to keep a close watch for a link between cell phones and cancer risk."

A working group of 31 scientists from 14 nations made this determination after reviewing hundreds of studies that examined the potential carcinogenic hazard of long-term exposure to RFR. They examined exposure data, studies of cancer in humans, studies of cancer in experimental animals, and mechanistic and other relevant data. 

" 'Given the potential consequences for public health of this classification and findings,' said IARC Director Christopher Wild, 'it is important that additional research be conducted into the long‐term, heavy use of mobile phones. Pending the availability of such information, it is important to take pragmatic measures to reduce exposure such as hands‐free devices or texting.' "


IARC (2011). "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans." Press Release No. 208. IARC, WHO. https://www.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf

IARC (2013e). Non-ionizing radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 102:1–460. Available from: http://publications.iarc.fr/126 PMID:24772662

For a summary of this 2013 monograph see:

Wednesday, November 20, 2024

Recent Research on Wireless Radiation and Electromagnetic Fields

I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2000 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.

To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published in 2024 
(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (217 page pdf):

To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023 
click on the following link (867 page pdf):

To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020 
click on the following link (875 page pdf):

The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.

 


Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment

My Note: The journal Environmental Health published a systematic review and meta-analytic study on cell phone use and brain tumor risk by Moon et al. (2024). The study found significantly elevated risks for three types of brain tumors when examining tumors on the side of the head where cell phones were held and for heavy, long-term cell phone use.

Six other systematic reviews and meta-analyses of case-control studies published in peer-reviewed journals since 2016 have also also found significant associations between heavy, long-term cellphone use and brain tumor risk (Wang & Guo, 2016; Bortkiewicz et al., 2017; Carlberg & Hardell, 2017; Prasad et al., 2017, Yang et al., 2017; Choi et al., 2020).

These seven peer-reviewed meta-analytic studies contradict the conclusion of the recent WHO systematic review conducted by Karipidis et al. (2024) that there is no evidence cell phone use causes brain cancer. To learn about serious problems with the WHO systematic reviews on the health effects of radiofrequency radiation see:

References

Wang & Guo (2016). Meta-analysis of association between mobile phone use and glioma risk. J Cancer Research Therapy http://bit.ly/2o1dVcn

Bortkiewicz et al (2017). Mobile phone use and risk of intracranial tumors and salivary gland tumors - A meta-analysis. Int J Occ Med Envir Healthhttp://bit.ly/2nVJC5d

Carlberg & Hardell (2017). Evaluation of mobile phone and cordless phone use and glioma risk using the Bradford Hill viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation. Biomed Res Inthttp://bit.ly/2WwBX1K

Prasad et al (2017). Mobile phone use and risk of brain tumours: a systematic review of association between study quality, source of funding, and research outcomes. Neurol Scihttp://bit.ly/2Xxp83P

Yang et al (2017). Mobile phone use and glioma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One. https://bit.ly/3U0kafd

Choi, Moskowitz, et al (2020). Cellular phone use and risk of tumors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Envir Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218079.

Moon et al. (2020). Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment. Environ Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01117-8.

Karipidis et al. (2020). The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: A systematic review of human observational studies - Part I: Most researched outcomes. Environ Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108983

Moon J, Kwon J, Mun Y. Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment. Environ Health 23, 82 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01117-8.

Abstract

Introduction

The authors conducted meta-analyses regarding the association between cellular and mobile phone use and brain tumor development by applying various radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure subcategories. With changing patterns of mobile phone use and rapidly developing Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technology (such as Bluetooth), this study will provide insight into the importance of more precise exposure subcategories for RF-EMR.

Methods

The medical librarian searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library until 16 December 2020.

Results

In these meta-analyses, 19 case-control studies and five cohort studies were included. Ipsilateral users reported a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.40 (95% CI 1.21–1.62) compared to non-regular users. Users with years of use over 10 years reported a pooled OR of 1.27 (95% CI 1.08–1.48). When stratified by each type of brain tumor, only meningioma (OR 1.20 (95% CI 1.04–1.39)), glioma (OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.16–1.82)), and malignant brain tumors (OR 1.93 (95% CI 1.55–2.39)) showed an increased OR with statistical significance for ipsilateral users. For users with years of use over 10 years, only glioma (OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.01–1.71)) showed an increased OR with statistical significance. When 11 studies with an OR with cumulative hours of use over 896 h were synthesized, the pooled OR was 1.59 (95% CI 1.25–2.02). When stratified by each type of brain tumor, glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma reported the pooled OR of 1.66 (95% CI 1.13–2.44), 1.29 (95% CI 1.08–1.54), and 1.84 (95% CI 0.78–4.37), respectively. For each individual study that considered cumulative hours of use, the highest OR for glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma was 2.89 (1.41–5.93) (both side use, > 896 h), 2.57 (1.02–6.44) (both side use, > 896 h), and 3.53 (1.59–7.82) (ipsilateral use, > 1640 h), respectively. For five cohort studies, the pooled risk ratios (RRs) for all CNS tumors, glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma, were statistically equivocal, respectively. However, the point estimates for acoustic neuroma showed a rather increased pooled RR for ever-use (1.26) and over 10 years of use (1.61) compared to never-use, respectively.

Excerpts

“In consideration of these rapidly changing mobile phone technologies, the currently used proxies for RF-EMR exposure assessment are crude and insufficient to clarify the relationship between RF-EMR exposure from cell phones and brain tumor incidence.... The usual exposure measures, such as the years of mobile phone use, the cumulative duration of calls, and the number of calls per week, are rough indicators of mobile phone use.... the authors conducted a series of meta-analyses and subgroup analyses using various exposure measuring categories, from crude to more precise ones. In consideration of crude exposure classifications used in previous meta-analyses, this study will give insight into the importance of more precise exposure subcategories in investigating this topic."

"... the authors analyzed the risk of bias regarding selection and recall bias for the amount of cell phone use and misclassification and recall bias for ipsilateral/contralateral use. A major reason was that typical risk of bias rating tools such as the National Toxicology Program Office of Health Assessment and Translation Risk of Bias rating tool (NTP OHAT RoB rating tool, Supplementary material B) were not appropriate for assessing individual studies regarding this topic." [Note: The WHO systematic reviews relied on this rating tool.]

"With the conversion from 2G cellular phones through 3G and 4G mobile phones to current 5G mobile phones, transmission of large data became possible. With the introduction of 3G technology, all aspects of our society and daily lives have changed drastically. Currently, we are using mobile phones nearly continuously and putting mobile phones near our bodies even when we are not using them. For example, if people use their mobile phone for morning-alarming purposes, they might put their mobile phone near the bed, sometimes even beside their head, all night. These changed patterns of mobile phone use could increase exposure to RF-EMR from cellular and mobile phones. Therefore, precise exposure assessment for RF-EMR from mobile phones would become more complex in future studies."

"The results of cumulative meta-analyses according to precision indicated that the pooled OR was biased downwards with the addition of studies with lower precision. This indicates that the results of studies with a lower precision should be interpreted cautiously."

"Because brain tumors require a latency period to develop [29], an accurate assessment of brain tumor risk associated with RF-EMR exposure requires a long observation span. However, each included study did not consider a sufficient latency period in their study design. This could have led to a possible underestimation of brain tumor risk. Future studies with long observation spans might resolve this problem.”

"In this meta-analysis, as the applied exposure subcategories became more concrete, the pooled ORs showed more increased values with statistical significance. Even though the meta-analysis of cohort studies showed statistically equivocal pooled effect estimates, (i) as the number of included studies increases and (ii) as the applied exposure subcategory becomes more concrete, the pooled RRs could show a different aspect in future studies. Furthermore, changing patterns of mobile phone use and increasing use of earphones or headphones with WPAN technology should be sufficiently considered in future studies. Relatively short observation spans for brain tumor incidence and age of starting exposure and brain tumor diagnosis should also be considered in future studies. Previous studies that adjusted for selection and recall bias for the amount of cellphone use and misclassification and recall bias for ipsilateral/contralateral use showed possible underestimations of previous risk estimates. Future studies should try to adjust for these biases in their study design."



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Electromagnetic fields of cellular communication as risk factors able to produce negative effects on the central nervous system of children and adolescents (review)

Khorseva NI, Grigoriev PE. Electromagnetic fields of cellular communication as risk factors able to produce negative effects on the central nervous system of children and adolescents (review). Part 1. Modeling. Parameters of electroencephalography and sensorimotor reactions. Health Risk Analysis, 2024, no. 2, pp. 162–169. doi: 10.21668/health.risk/2024.2.15.eng.

Abstract

It is quite relevant to investigate possible outcomes of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) since contemporary children and adolescents have become active users of the most advanced technologies. They are especially susceptible to electromagnetic factors; therefore, it is necessary to have a proper insight into outcomes of such exposures for the body.

The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the main targets under exposure to RF EMF. In most cases, users hold mobile phones close to their heads thereby directly exposing their brains to RF EMF.

As the analysis of literature data has shown, there are few studies in this area; however, proposed options for assessing the impact of RF EMF on children and adolescents are very diverse.

This part of the review focuses on various types of modeling. These are not only phantom, voxel models or the finite difference method but also new approaches such as distribution matrices, Monte Carlo simulations and an integrated radio frequency model based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and other methods.

The review provides the results obtained by investigating encephalography under exposure to RF EMF created by mobile communication devices. They are rather contradictory; however, changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain are detected in most cases, in particular, a decrease in the alpha rhyme.

Since the characteristics of sensorimotor reactions quite clearly reflect the power relations in the cerebral cortex, we analyzed changes in the parameters of simple auditory-motor and visual-motor reactions in children and adolescents who were mobile communication users. In addition, the review covers the results of changes in working capacity, fatigue, the duration of an individual minute and the reproduction of a given rhythm.

Assessing the risk of negative effects produced by electromagnetic fields of cellular communication on the central nervous system of children and adolescents (review). Part 2. Indicators of cognitive processes

Khorseva NI, Grigoriev PE. Assessing the risk of negative effects produced by electromagnetic fields of cellular communication on the central nervous system of children and adolescents (review). Part 2. Indicators of cognitive processes. Health Risk Analysis, 2024, no. 3, pp. 146–154. doi: 10.21668/health.risk/2024.3.15.eng

Abstract:

This paper continues the authors’ review that dwells on modeling radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) and results obtained by measuring electroencephalography indicators, sensorimotor reactions, fatigue, work capacity, duration of an individual minute and the reproduction of a given rhythm in children and adolescents.

Health risk assessment is always based on data obtained by either laboratory tests or epidemiological studies. This paper analyses publications that describe effects of RF EMF exposure, including Wi-Fi, on cognitive processes in children and adolescents as well as methodical approaches to investigating this exposure. However, there are few such studies; in particular, effects produced by Wi-Fi exposure on cognitive indicators of adolescents aged 14–17 years, were found only in two publications.

Literature analysis has established that research findings do not always give an unambiguous estimation of RF EMF effects. The review covers the reasons for ambiguous interpretation of research results: a variable range of test-systems used for investigating indicators of cognitive processes; simultaneous analysis of single exposures including descriptions of ‘effect of improvement’ in indicators; changes in cognitive indicators registered for a group of children and adolescents in a wide age range.

Nevertheless, most results give evidence of negative changes in attention and memory of children and adolescents. Given that, longitudinal studies are becoming especially relevant since they estimate changes in various indicators in dynamics, including those induced by changes in mobile phone use. The review highlights the relevance of comprehensive investigations with their focus on health outcomes of RF EMF exposure intrinsic to 5G technologies considering their global implementation.

Open access paper: https://journal.fcrisk.ru/eng/2024/3/15

Russian version: https://journal.fcrisk.ru/sites/journal.fcrisk.ru/files/upload/article/787/health-risk-analysis-2024-3-15.pdf

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Autonomous nervous system responses to environmental-level exposure to 5G's first deployed band (3.5 GHz) in healthy human volunteers

Jamal L, Michelant L, Delanaud S, Hugueville L, Mazet P, Lévêque P, Baz T, Bach V, Selmaoui B. Autonomous nervous system responses to environmental-level exposure to 5G's first deployed band (3.5 GHz) in healthy human volunteers. Exp Physiol. 2024 Oct 15. doi: 10.1113/EP092083.

Abstract

Following the global progressive deployment of 5G networks, considerable attention has focused on assessing their potential impact on human health. This study aims to investigate autonomous nervous system changes by exploring skin temperature and electrodermal activity (EDA) among 44 healthy young individuals of both sexes during and after exposure to 3.5 GHz antenna-emitted signals, with an electrical field intensity ranging from 1 to 2 V/m. The study employed a randomized, cross-over design with triple-blinding, encompassing both 'real' and 'sham' exposure sessions, separated by a maximum interval of 1 week. Each session comprised baseline, exposure and postexposure phases, resulting in the acquisition of seven runs. Each run initiated with a 150 s segment of EDA recordings stimulated by 10 repeated beeps. Subsequently, the collected data underwent continuous decomposition analysis, generating specific indicators assessed alongside standard metrics such as trough-to-peak measurements, global skin conductance and maximum positive peak deflection. Additionally, non-invasive, real-time skin temperature measurements were conducted to evaluate specific anatomical points (hand, head and neck). The study suggests that exposure to 3.5 GHz signals may potentially affect head and neck temperature, indicating a slight increase in this parameter. Furthermore, there was a minimal modulation of certain electrodermal metrics after the exposure, suggesting a potentially faster physiological response to auditory stimulation. However, while the results are significant, they remain within the normal physiological range and could be a consequence of an uncontrolled variable. Given the preliminary nature of this pilot study, further research is needed to confirm the effects of 5G exposure.


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Does radiofrequency radiation impact sleep? A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study

Bijlsma N, Conduit R, Kennedy G, Cohen M. Does radiofrequency radiation impact sleep? A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. Front Public Health. 2024 Oct 29;12:1481537. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1481537.

Abstract

The most common source of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) exposures during sleep includes digital devices, yet there are no studies investigating the impact of multi-night exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted from a baby monitor on sleep under real-world conditions in healthy adults. Given the rise in the number of people reporting to be sensitive to man-made electromagnetic fields, the ubiquitous use of Wi-Fi enabled digital devices and the lack of real-world data, we investigated the effect of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency exposure during sleep on subjective sleep quality, and objective sleep measures, heart rate variability and actigraphy in healthy adults. This pilot study was a 4-week randomised, double-blind, crossover trial of 12 healthy adults. After a one-week run-in period, participants were randomised to exposure from either an active or inactive (sham) baby monitor for 7 nights and then crossed over to the alternate intervention after a one-week washout period. Subjective and objective assessments of sleep included the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS-20), electroencephalography (EEG), actigraphy and heart rate variability (HRV) derived from electrocardiogram. Sleep quality was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) and clinically meaningful during RF-EMF exposure compared to sham-exposure as indicated by the PIRS-20 scores. Furthermore, at higher frequencies (gamma, beta and theta bands), EEG power density significantly increased during the Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences in HRV or actigraphy were detected. Our findings suggest that exposure to a 2.45 GHz radiofrequency device (baby monitor) may impact sleep in some people under real-world conditions; however, further large-scale real-world investigations with specified dosimetry are required to confirm these findings.

Open access paper: 

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A review on the consequences of molecular & genomic alterations following exposure to EMF: Remodeling of neuronal network & cognitive changes

Abtin S, Seyedaghamiri F, Aalidaeijavadi Z, Farrokhi AM, Moshrefi F, Ziveh T, Zibaii MI, Aliakbarian H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Haghparast A. A review on the consequences of molecular and genomic alterations following exposure to electromagnetic fields: Remodeling of neuronal network and cognitive changes. Brain Research Bulletin, Volume 217, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111090.

Abstract

 The use of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is essential in daily life. Since 1970, concerns have grown about potential health hazards from EMF. Exposure to EMF can stimulate nerves and affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological and cognitive changes. However, current research results are often vague and contradictory. These effects include changes in memory and learning through changes in neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, synapses and hippocampal neuritis, and changes in metabolism and neurotransmitter levels. Prenatal exposure to EMFs has negative effects on memory and learning, as well as changes in hippocampal neuron density and histomorphology of hippocampus. EMF exposure also affects the structure and function of glial cells, affecting gate dynamics, ion conduction, membrane concentration, and protein expression. EMF exposure affects gene expression and may change epigenetic regulation through effects on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA biogenesis, and potentially leading to biological changes. Therefore, exposure to EMFs possibly leads to changes in cellular and molecular mechanisms in central nervous system and alter cognitive function.


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Impact of non-ionising radiation of male fertility: a systematic review

Motchidlover L, Sari-Minodier I, Sunyach C, Metzler-Guillemain C, Perrin J. Impact of non-ionising radiation of male fertility: a systematic review. French Journal of Urology. 35(1), 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.fjurol.2024.102800.

Abstract

Exposure to non-ionizing radiation has become inevitable because people cannot escape sources of electromagnetic fields, such as Wi-Fi or cell phones. Among the mechanisms mentioned, the energy emitted by this non-ionizing radiation could cause heating which would have harmful effects on semen quality. The objective of our study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature concerning the impact of exposure to non-ionizing radiation from mobile phones (or other sources) on sperm parameters. We selected 12 studies: the majority of in vivo studies in humans and in vitro studies in animals report a significant impact on sperm count, mobility and vitality. Mobility and vitality seem to be the parameters most regularly impacted by exposure to non-ionizing radiation. Additional studies are necessary to complete this study in order to deepen knowledge with new generations of mobile phones which can raise health concerns.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950393024002675


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Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Enhances Melanin Synthesis by Activating the P53 Signaling Pathway in Mel-Ab Melanocytes

Kim JH, Kang D-J, Seok JY, Kim M-H, Kim D-S, Jeon S-B, Choi H-D, Moon JI, Kim N, Kim HR. Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Enhances Melanin Synthesis by Activating the P53 Signaling Pathway in Mel-Ab Melanocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(22):12457. doi: 10.3390/ijms252212457

Abstract

The skin is the largest body organ that can be physiologically affected by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). We investigated the effect of RF-EMFs on melanogenesis; Mel-Ab melanocytes were exposed to 1760 MHz radiation with a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg for 4 h/day over 4 days. Exposure to the RF-EMF led to skin pigmentation, with a significant increase in melanin production in Mel-Ab melanocytes. The phosphorylation level of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which regulate the expression of tyrosinase, were significantly increased in Mel-Ab after RF-EMF exposure. Interestingly, the expression of tyrosinase was significantly increased, but tyrosinase activity was unchanged in the RF-EMF-exposed Mel-Ab cells. Additionally, the expression of p53 and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which regulate MITF expression, was significantly increased. These results suggest that the RF-EMF induces melanogenesis by increasing phospho-CREB and MITF activity. Importantly, when Mel-Ab cells were incubated at 38 °C, the melanin production and the levels of tyrosinase significantly decreased, indicating that the increase in melanin synthesis by RF-EMF exposure is not due to a thermal effect. In conclusion, RF-EMF exposure induces melanogenesis in Mel-Ab cells through the increased expression of tyrosinase via the activation of MITF or the phosphorylation of CREB, which are initiated by the activation of p53 and MC1R.

Conclusion: In summary, we have shown that 1760 MHz RF-EMF exposure (SAR of 4.0 W/kg for 4 h/d over 4 d) could induce hyperpigmentation by activating the melanin synthesis pathway in Mel-Ab melanocytes, suggesting that skin pigmentation could be affected by RF-EMF exposure in a way that is distinct from simple thermal effects.


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Genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on mammalian cells in vitro: A systematic review with narrative synthesis

My note: This is not one the ten systematic reviews commissioned by the WHO. Nonetheless, this review of in vitro studies dismisses most evidence of adverse effects from RF-EMF.

"Genotoxicity, a key characteristic of human carcinogens (Smith et al. 2016), is one of the most investigated outcomes in experimental studies on the effects of RF-EMF (SCHEER 2023). However, none of the ten systematic reviews commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the framework of an updated RF-EMF hazard and risk assessment, deals with this topic (Verbeek et al. 2021)."

Romeo S, Sannino A, Scarfì MR, Lagorio S, Zeni O. Genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on mammalian cells in vitro: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. Environment International, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109104.

Abstract

Background: Over the last decades, great concern has been raised about possible adverse effects to human health due to exposures to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF, 100 kHz – 300 GHz) emitted by wireless communication technologies. In 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified RF-EMF as possibly carcinogenic to humans, highlighting that the evidence was weak and far from conclusive. Updated systematic reviews of the scientific literature on this topic are lacking, especially for mechanistic studies.

Objectives: To perform a systematic review of the scientific literature on genotoxic effects induced by RF-EMF in in vitro experimental models. The overall aim is to assess the confidence and level of evidence of the induced effects in mammalian cell cultures.

Methods: Full details regarding the eligibility criteria, information sources, and methods developed to assess risk of bias in the included study, are reported in our published protocol (Romeo et al. 2021). The databases NCBI PubMed, Web of Science, and EMF-Portal were used as information sources (last searched on 31st December 2022). In developing the systematic review, we followed the guidelines provided by the National Toxicology Program-Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP-OHAT), adapted to the evaluation of in vitro studies. A narrative synthesis of the body of evidence was performed by tabulating data classified according to meaningful groups (endpoints) and sub-groups (exposure parameters). This report, abstract included, conforms to the PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.

Results: Out of 7750 unique records identified, 159 articles were eligible for inclusion. From the extracted data, we identified 1111 experiments (defined as independent specific combinations of diverse biological and electromagnetic parameters). The large majority (80%) of experiments reviewed did not show statistically significant genotoxic effects of RF-EMF exposures, and most “positive” studies were rated as of moderate to low quality, with negative ratings in the key bias domains. A qualitative evidence appraisal was conducted at the endpoint level, and then integrated across endpoints.

Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of the scientific literature on genotoxic effects in mammalian cell cultures in relation to RF-EMF exposure, which confirms and strengthens conclusions from previous syntheses of this specific topic thanks to the use of transparently reported methods, pre-defined inclusion criteria, and formal assessment of susceptibility to bias. Limitations of the evidence included were the frequent reporting of findings in graphical display only, and the large heterogeneity of experimental data, which precluded a meta-analysis.

Conclusions: In the assessment restricted to studies reporting a significant effect of the exposure on the outcome, we reached an overall assessment of “low” confidence in the level of evidence that RF-EMF induce genotoxic effects in mammalian cells However, 80% of experiments reviewed showed no effect of RF exposure on the large majority of endpoints, especially the irreversible ones, independently of the exposure features, level, and duration (moderate evidence of no effect). Therefore, we conclude that the analysis of the papers included in this review, although only qualitative, suggests that RF exposure does not increase the occurrence of genotoxic effects in vitro.

Framework and funding: This systematic review addresses one of the evidence streams considered in a larger systematic review of the scientific literature on the potential carcinogenicity of RF-EMF, performed by scientists from several Italian public research agencies. The project is supported by the Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL) in the framework of the CRA with the Istituto Superiore di Sanità “BRiC 2018/06 – Scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of electromagnetic fields”.

Excerpt

Conclusions
The main conclusion of our systematic analysis is that the certainty of evidence for genotoxic effects of RF-EMF in mammalian cell cultures is weak. No genotoxic effects of RF exposure were observed in most experiments, especially those concerning irreversible endpoints, independently of the exposure features, level, and duration (moderate evidence of no effect). In the whole, we conclude that the analysis of the papers included in this review, although only qualitative, suggests that RF exposure does not increase the occurrence of genotoxic effects in vitro, also considering that the absence of significant effects prevails among the studies classified in tier-1 and tier-2 categories, whereas for the tier-3 studies the trend is reversed, highlighting how methodological quality affects the studies outcome (Simko et al. 2016).

This systematic review may provide support to panels of experts involved in policy making regarding safety of exposure to RF-EMF.

Furthermore, it is possible to state that, although the number of publications on this topic has considerably increased in recent years, this has not translated into an improvement of the experimental quality. Only a small number of the reviewed studies qualified for inclusion in the tier 1 category, while most of them, including those of moderate quality, still present considerable criticalities in key experimental features (use of sham samples, adequate dosimetry, exposure to a uniformly distributed electromagnetic field, appropriateness of biological methods, presence of positive control and outcome analysis blind to the exposure). It is evident that methodological quality is demanded for future research into this field, which will aim at producing sufficiently similar and unbiased data to be aggregated in meaningful categories.


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The role of digital device use on the risk of migraine: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study

He Z, Qiu F, Yang J, Zhao M. The role of digital device use on the risk of migraine: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol. 2024 Oct 30;15:1462414. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1462414.

Abstract

Background: The pervasive integration of digital devices into daily life has raised concerns about their potential health impacts. This study aimed to explore the causal relationships between digital device use and the risk of migraine using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods: Genetic data on digital device use and migraines were sourced from large-scale genome-wide association studies conducted by the UK Biobank, the FinnGen study, and the International Headache Genetics Consortium. Univariable MR (UVMR), meta-analysis, and multivariable MR (MVMR) approaches were conducted to explore and verify the causal effects of digital device use (including mobile phone use, computer use, playing computer games, and watching television) on migraine risk. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept test, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, MR Radial, MR Steiger, and leave-one-out methods.

Results: UVMR analyses revealed that genetically predicted mobile phone use was significantly associated with an increased risk of overall migraine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.39, p = 9.78e-5) and migraine without aura (MO) (OR = 2.25, p = 0.024). Additionally, there were significant positive associations between genetically predicted television watching and the risk of overall migraine (OR = 1.63, p = 2.12e-5) and MO (OR = 2.10, p = 4.98e-5). These results were further supported by the meta-analysis and MVMR analysis. Sensitivity analysis indicated no heterogeneity or pleiotropy.

Conclusion: This comprehensive MR study provides preliminary evidence for the causal impact of mobile phone use and television watching on the risk of migraines. Further studies are needed to explore these associations across different populations.


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The Effect of Exposure to Mobile Phones on Electrical Cardiac Measurements: A Multivariate Analysis and a Variable Selection Algorithm to Detect the Relationship With Mean Changes

Alharbi N, Alassiri M. The Effect of Exposure to Mobile Phones on Electrical Cardiac Measurements: A Multivariate Analysis and a Variable Selection Algorithm to Detect the Relationship With Mean Changes. Int J Cell Biol. 2024 Oct 3;2024:7093771. doi: 10.1155/2024/7093771.

Background: The exponential growth in mobile phone usage has raised concerns about electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and its health risks. Blood pressure and BMI, which impair heart function due to decreased adrenoreceptor responsiveness, parasympathetic tone withdrawal, and increased sympathetic activity, may further exacerbate these risks. However, the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic (RF-EM) exposure from mobile phones on electrocardiograms (ECGs) and heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals remain unclear.

Purpose: Building upon our previous findings on HRV changes due to mobile phone proximity, this study is aimed at significantly enhancing the analytical approach used to assess the effects of mobile phones on cardiac parameters. This study exploits data from a previous study but with a different purpose. The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to examine whether exposure to mobile phones changes the five variables (P-R, QRS, QT, ST, and HR) in a multivariate manner and (b) to examine whether the blood pressure and/or the body mass index (BMI), which acts as a proxy for obesity, have an effect on the change of these five variables. For both aspects of the study, four cycles are performed.

Method: We conducted multivariate analysis on previously collected electrical cardiac measurement data from 20 healthy male subjects exposed to mobile phone EMF, with the mobile phones placed at four different body locations. The one-sample Hotelling T 2 test on the mean vector of differences was utilised instead of multiple paired t-tests. This multivariate method comprehensively analyzes data features and accounts for variable correlations, unlike multiple univariate analyses. Given our small sample size, we employed the MMPC variable selection algorithm to identify predictor variables significantly related to mean changes.

Results: Significant alterations in ECG intervals and heart rate were noted in the subjects before and after the first EMF exposure cycle, independent of their BMI. Notably, heart rate, P-R, and QRS intervals fell postexposure while QT and ST intervals increased. These changes were influenced by variations in systolic blood pressure, with BMI showing no significant effect.

Conclusion: The observed modifications in cardiac electrical measurements due to mobile phone EMF exposure are attributed to the effects of EMF itself, with no impact from BMI on the extent of these changes.



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Use of Mobile Phones and Radiofrequency-Emitting Devices in the COSMOS-France Cohort

Deltour I, Guida F, Ribet C, Zins M, Goldberg M, Schüz J. Use of Mobile Phones and Radiofrequency-Emitting Devices in the COSMOS-France Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(11):1514. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21111514.

Abstract

COSMOS-France is the French part of the COSMOS project, an international prospective cohort study that investigates whether the use of mobile phones and other wireless technologies is associated with health effects and symptoms (cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurologic pathologies, tinnitus, headaches, or sleep and mood disturbances). Here, we provide the first descriptive results of COSMOS-France, a cohort nested in the general population-based cohort of adults named Constances. 

Methods: A total of 39,284 Constances volunteers were invited to participate in the COSMOS-France study during the pilot (2017) and main recruitment phase (2019). Participants were asked to complete detailed questionnaires on their mobile phone use, health conditions, and personal characteristics. We examined the association between mobile phone use, including usage for calls and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), cordless phone use, and Wi-Fi usage with age, sex, education, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and handedness. 

Results: The participation rate was 48.4%, resulting in 18,502 questionnaires in the analyzed dataset. Mobile phone use was reported by 96.1% (N = 17,782). Users reported typically calling 5–29 min per week (37.1%, N = 6600), making one to four calls per day (52.9%, N = 9408), using one phone (83.9%, N = 14,921) and not sharing it (80.4% N = 14,295), mostly using the phone on the side of the head of their dominant hand (59.1%, N = 10,300), not using loudspeakers or hands-free kits, and not using VoIP (84.9% N = 15,088). Individuals’ age and sex modified this picture, sometimes markedly. Education and smoking status were associated with ever use and call duration, but neither BMI nor handedness was. Cordless phone use was reported by 66.0% of the population, and Wi-Fi use was reported by 88.4%. 

Conclusion: In this cross-sectional presentation of contemporary mobile phone usage in France, age and sex were important determinants of use patterns.


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Effects of 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz mobile phone radiation on the blood-brain barrier of New Zealand rabbits

Kizilçay AO, Tütüncü B, Koçarslan M, Gözel MA. Effects of 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz mobile phone radiation on the blood-brain barrier of New Zealand rabbits. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2024 Nov 16. doi: 10.1007/s11517-024-03238-1.

Abstract

In this study, the impact of mobile phone radiation on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was investigated. A total of 21 New Zealand rabbits were used for the experiments, divided into three groups, each consisting of 7 rabbits. One group served as the control, while the other two were exposed to electromagnetic radiation at frequencies of 1800 MHz with a distance of 14.5 cm and 2100 MHz with a distance of 17 cm, maintaining a constant power intensity of 15 dBm, for a duration equivalent to the current average daily conversation time of 38 min. The exposure was conducted under non-thermal conditions, with RF radiation levels approximately ten times lower than normal values. Evans blue (EB) dye was used as a marker to assess BBB permeability. EB binds to plasma proteins, and its presence in brain tissue indicates a disruption in BBB integrity, allowing for a quantitative evaluation of radiation-induced permeability changes. Left and right brain tissue samples were analyzed using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) solutions to measure EB amounts at 620 nm via spectrophotometry. After the experiments, BBB tissue samples were collected from the right and left brains of all rabbits in the three groups and subjected to a series of medical procedures. Samples from Group 1 were compared with those from Group 2 and Group 3 using statistical methods to determine if there were any significant differences. As a result, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference in the BBB of rabbits exposed to 1800 MHz radiation, whereas there was a statistically significant difference at a 95% confidence level in the BBB of rabbits exposed to 2100 MHz radiation. A decrease in EB values was observed upon the arithmetic examination of the BBB.


Excerpts

When compromised, the BBB is linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis, leading researchers to develop models for in vitro studies of its mechanisms [9, 10]. However, BBB permeability can be influenced by various factors, including pathological conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and diabetes, as well as exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation [11]. For instance, radiofrequency (RF) radiation has been shown to increase BBB permeability, allowing normally excluded substances to penetrate the brain, potentially impacting neurological health [5]. Furthermore, ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses have demonstrated the ability to disrupt BBB integrity in animal models [8]....

The two primary frequencies utilized in contemporary mobile telecommunications, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz, have garnered substantial attention due to their widespread application in cellular networks worldwide [13, 14]. For example, in ref. [15], it has been demonstrated that radiation from mobile phones at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz frequencies can increase oxidative damage in the frontal lobes of rat brain tissues, an increase in lipid peroxidation, and oxidative DNA damage. Additionally, exposure to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation has been shown to induce single-strand breaks in DNA. In ref. [16], it was observed and presented that exposure to 900–1800 MHz radiation caused oxidative stress in the tissues of pregnant mothers and their offspring. In ref. [17], it has been observed that radiofrequency radiation at 2100 MHz can damage the nasal septal mucosa and disrupt mucociliary clearance in rats. While numerous studies have explored the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation, the specific impact of these frequencies on BBB permeability remains an area of ongoing investigation [18,19,20]....

Our research was conducted with three distinct groups, each consisting of seven female rabbits with an average weight ranging from 2 to 5 kg. These groups were categorized as follows: with “N” signifying the number of subjects in each group: Group I, control female group (N = 7); Group II, 1800 MHz GSM group (N = 7); and Group III, 2100 MHz GSM group (N = 7)....

The exposure duration of rabbits to RF radiation was determined to be 38 min, taking into account the current average daily talk time of 19 min for mobile phone users [29]....

It is evident that various studies have investigated the impact of electromagnetic radiation at different frequencies on brain tissue. The analysis of these studies indicates that while lower frequencies may affect brain structure over a longer time frame, higher frequencies like 2.1 GHz have more immediate, statistically significant impacts, suchas compromising BBB integrity. This comparison underscores the importance of further investigating the threshold effects of different frequencies, especially those commonly used in mobile telecommunications.

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Effects of 4G Long-Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Hormone Dysfunction and Behavioral Changes in Adolescent Male Mice

Kim HY, Son Y, Jeong YJ, Lee SH, Kim N, Ahn YH, Jeon SB, Choi HD, Lee HJ. Effects of 4G Long-Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Hormone Dysfunction and Behavioral Changes in Adolescent Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Oct 10;25(20):10875. doi: 10.3390/ijms252010875.

Abstract

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) can penetrate tissues and potentially influence endocrine and brain development. Despite increased mobile phone use among children and adolescents, the long-term effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain and endocrine development remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of long-term evolution band (LTE) EMF exposure on thyroid hormone levels, crucial for metabolism, growth, and development. Four-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to LTE EMF (whole-body average specific absorption rate [SAR] 4 W/kg) or a positive control (lead; Pb, 300 ppm in drinking water) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the mice underwent behavioral tests including open field, marble burying, and nest building. Blood pituitary and thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid hormone-regulating genes within the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. LTE exposure increased T3 levels, while Pb exposure elevated T3 and T4 and decreased ACTH levels. The LTE EMF group showed no gene expression alterations in the thyroid and pituitary glands, but hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expressions were significantly reduced compared to that in the sham-exposed group. Pb exposure altered the hypothalamic mRNA levels of Oatp1c1 and Trh, pituitary mRNA of Trhr, and Tpo and Tg expression in the thyroid. In conclusion, LTE EMF exposure altered hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expression, potentially impacting the HPT axis function. Further research is needed to explore RF-EMF's impacts on the endocrine system.

Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/20/10875

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Characterising core body temperature response of free-moving C57BL/6 mice to 1.95 GHz whole-body radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields

Sylvester E, Deng C, McIntosh R, Iskra S, Frankland J, McKenzie R, Croft RJ. Characterising core body temperature response of free-moving C57BL/6 mice to 1.95 GHz whole-body radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 2024 Oct 14. doi: 10.1002/bem.22527.

Highlights

  • Exposure of 1.95 GHz electromagnetic fields at 5 W/kg whole-body average specific absorption rate increases core body temperature by 0.4°C.

  • The increased thermal energy at 3.75 W/kg is effectively managed by thermoregulation (max increase = 0.24°C).

  • An extended habituation period prior to RF-EMF exposure is necessary to account for the large effect of handling on mice core body temperature.

Abstract

The present study investigated the core body temperature (CBT) response of free-moving adult male and female C57BL/6 mice, during and following a 2-h exposure to 1.95 GHz RF-EMF within custom-built reverberation chambers, using temperature capsules implanted within the intraperitoneal cavity and data continuously logged and transmitted via radiotelemetry postexposure. Comparing RF-EMF exposures (WBA-SAR of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 W/kg) to the sham-exposed condition, we identified a peak in CBT within the first 16 min of RF-EMF exposure (+0.15, +0.31, +0.24, +0.37°C at 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 W/kg respectively; statistically significant at WBA-SAR ≥ 2.5 W/kg only), which largely dissipated for the remainder of the exposure period. Immediately before the end of exposure, only the CBT of the 5 W/kg condition was statistically differentiable from sham. Based on our findings, it is apparent that mice are able to effectively compensate for the increased thermal load at RF-EMF strengths up to 5 W/kg. In addition, the elevated CBT at the end of the exposure period in the 5 W/kg condition was statistically significantly reduced compared to the sham condition immediately after RF-EMF exposure ceased. This would indicate that measures of CBT following the end of an RF-EMF exposure period may not reflect the actual change in the CBT of mice caused by RF-EMF exposure in mice.


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 Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones on rat parotid gland histology - an experimental study

Matei LI, Neag MA, Mocan LP, Suflețel RT, Cuțaș A, Onofrei MM, Gherman LM, Armencea G, Mihu C, Ilea A, Mihu CM, Bordea IR, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G, Melincovici CS. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones on rat parotid gland histology - an experimental study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2024 Oct;28(20):4405-4419. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202410_36864.

Abstract

Objective: The advancement of telecommunication technology and devices promptly transformed mobile phones into indispensable objects in our day-to-day lives, but their biological effects remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential histopathological changes induced by mobile phone radiation in the parotid gland and the nearby tissues.

Materials and methods: Thirty female Rattus Norvegicus rats were divided into three groups: group 1 (exposed for 30 days), group 2 (exposed for 60 days), and control group (non-exposed). Each subject was exposed to mobile phone radiation in the form of a phone call for two hours every day for their subsequent exposure time. The exposure was always directed towards the same side of the face throughout the whole exposure period. At the end of the exposure period, a comprehensive examination was conducted, including inspection of the orofacial structures, tissue sections of the parotid glands, overlying skin, oral mucosa, and cervical lymph nodes, as well as obtaining smears from the oral cavity. To highlight the presence of micronuclei within the exfoliated squamous cells of the oral epithelium, Feulgen stain was performed.

Results: The results showed a significant activation of the fibroblasts in the parotid gland septa, in both exposed experimental groups, compared to the control group. We also detected significant cervical lymph node reactive changes, hyperkeratosis of the oral epithelium, and activated fibroblasts in the dermis and oral mucosa lamina propria in both experimental groups. Dermal fibrosis and lamina propria fibrosis were significantly increased in the second experimental group, compared to the control group. Moreover, vascular congestion in the parotid gland, dermal, and lamina propria fibrosis were significantly increased in the second study group compared to the first one.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that exposure to mobile phone radiation may lead to pathological changes in the parotid gland and nearby tissues of experimental rats.

Open access paper: https://www.europeanreview.org/article/36864

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Frequency-Dependent Antioxidant Responses in HT-1080 Human Fibrosarcoma Cells Exposed to Weak Radio Frequency Fields

Gurhan H, Barnes F. Frequency-Dependent Antioxidant Responses in HT-1080 Human Fibrosarcoma Cells Exposed to Weak Radio Frequency Fields. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(10):1237. doi: 10.3390/antiox13101237.

Abstract

This study explores the complex relationship between radio frequency (RF) exposure and cancer cells, focusing on the HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line. We investigated the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, and glutathione (GSH), as well as mitochondrial superoxide levels and cell viability. Exposure to RF fields in the 2–5 MHz range at very weak intensities (20 nT) over 4 days resulted in distinct, frequency-specific cellular effects. Significant increases in SOD and GSH levels were observed at 4 and 4.5 MHz, accompanied by reduced mitochondrial superoxide levels and enhanced cell viability, suggesting improved mitochondrial function. In contrast, lower frequencies like 2.5 MHz induced oxidative stress, evidenced by GSH depletion and increased mitochondrial superoxide levels. The findings demonstrate that cancer cells exhibit frequency-specific sensitivity to RF fields even at intensities significantly below current safety standards, highlighting the need to reassess exposure limits. Additionally, our analysis of the radical pair mechanism (RPM) offers deeper insight into RF-induced cellular responses. The modulation of ROS and antioxidant enzyme activities is significant for cancer treatment and has broader implications for age-related diseases, where oxidative stress is a central factor in cellular degeneration. The findings propose that RF fields may serve as a therapeutic tool to selectively modulate oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in cancer cells, with antioxidants playing a key role in mitigating potential adverse effects.

Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/10/1237

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The influence of eyelashes on electric field distribution and absorbed power density in the cornea under millimeter-wave exposure

Foroughimehr N, Vilagosh Z, Yavari A, Wood A. The influence of eyelashes on electric field distribution and absorbed power density in the cornea under millimeter-wave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 2024 Oct 14. doi: 10.1002/bem.22526.

Abstract

As millimeter wave (MMW) technology, particularly in fifth-generation (5G) devices, gains prominence, there is a crucial need for comprehensive electromagnetic (EM) models of ocular tissues to understand and characterize EM exposure conditions accurately. This study employs numerical modeling to investigate the interaction between MMW and the cornea, aiming to characterize EM field distributions and absorption within an anatomically accurate eye model while considering the influence of eyelashes. Using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we conduct simulations of EM radiation interactions from 20.0 to 100.0 GHz with a human eye model. Moreover, we analyze the temperature distribution increase within the eye model using a thermal sensor in XFdtd, employing a scheme based on the finite difference (FD) method. Our findings reveal a nonuniform distribution of the EM field, particularly intensified in corneal regions adjacent to eyelashes and eyelids. Despite similar EM field patterns, the presence or absence of eyelashes has minimal impact on temperature differences. However, the study highlights increased radiation absorption by the eyelid's epidermis at 100.0 GHz, reducing the rise in the cornea's temperature.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39402869/

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Exploring the potential link between prostate cancer and magnetic fields

Dart DA, Koushyar S, Uysal-Onganer P. Exploring the potential link between prostate cancer and magnetic fields. Medical Hypotheses. Volume 189, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111384.

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common solid cancer in men worldwide. Various lifestyle factors have been established as contributors to cancer risk, and prostate cancer is no exception. Elements such as advanced age, diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, circadian rhythm disruptions, Afro-Caribbean ethnicity, and sexual activity have all been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. Notably, famous male guitarists from bands spanning the last few decades are now entering the age demographic most closely associated with prostate cancer. It is not surprising that they may fall into the ’at-risk’ category. Media speculation has hinted at a potentially higher incidence of prostate cancer among guitarists compared to their bandmates, although no tangible correlation has been established. This speculation piqued our curiosity and prompted an exploration into potential reasons why musicians, particularly guitarists, might be at an elevated risk of developing prostate cancer. We hypothesise the electromagnetic fields generated by the electric guitar may in part explain the possible increase in prostate cancer risk among electric guitarists. This study delves into these intriguing possibilities, shedding light on an area of research that remains speculative but warrants further investigation.

Highlights

Prostate cancer is the most common solid cancer in men globally.
Age, diet, ethnicity, sexual activity and circadian rhythm disruptions, are identified as contributors to prostate cancer risk.
Magnetic fields (MF) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) may amplify prostate cancer risks.
Magnetic fields may potentially affect the behaviour of quantum systems within biological molecules.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987724001270

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Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Public Space of the Slovakian City

Trnka M, Gálik P, Kráľová E, Važan R. Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Public Space of the Slovakian City. Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2023, 25(1):G1-G6. doi: 10.26552/com.C.2023.014

The main objective of our research was to map the exposure to electromagnetic smog in the frequented space of shopping centres in the city of Bratislava and to compare our results to the actual hygienic limits. The measurements of the low- and high-frequency electromagnetic fields were performed at different places in shopping centres. Our results did not exceed the Slovak current limits in any of the measurements. However, almost all of them markedly exceed new permitted limits according to EUROPAEM. Based on our results, stricter limits in many European countries and increasing evidence on possible harmfulness of long-term exposures to artificial electromagnetic fields, preventive carefulness can be recommended - to support the research in this field, to prepare professional public education and possibly to prepare the stricter Slovak exposure limits.

Open access paper: https://komunikacie.uniza.sk/pdfs/csl/2023/01/08.pdf 

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Development of electromagnetic pollution maps utilizing Gaussian process spatial models

Kiouvrekis Y, Zikas S, Katis I, Tsilikas I, Filippopoulos I. Development of electromagnetic pollution maps utilizing Gaussian process spatial models. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Oct 21;955:176907. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176907.

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of wireless technologies in everyday environments demands the quick and precise estimation of electromagnetic field distribution. This distribution is commonly depicted through the electric field strength across various geographical areas. The objective of this research is to determine the most effective geospatial model for generating a national-level electric field strength map within the 30 MHz-6 GHz frequency range. To achieve this, we employed five different methodologies for constructing the electric field strength map. Four of these methodologies are based on Gaussian process regression, while the fifth utilizes the classical weighted-average method of the nearest neighbor. Our study focused on a country with a total area of 9251 km2, using a dataset comprising 3621 measurements. The findings reveal that Gaussian process spatial models, also known as Kriging models, generally outperform other methods when applied to spatial data. However, it was observed that, after excluding some outlier data points, the performance of the classical nearest neighbor models becomes comparable to that of the Gaussian process models. This indicates the potential for both approaches to be effective, depending on the data quality and the presence of outliers.

Excerpts

For the Total (Fig. 4 and Table 2), the mean stands at 4.78 V/m, with a maximum value of 37.99 V/m, a minimum of 0.28 V/m, and a median of 3.42 V/m....

The present research constitutes the first step of many that can be implemented in the future regarding the construction of systems for mapping EMR exposure. Initially, future research should be conducted in cities, exploring characteristics related to urban infrastructure, such as building materials, density, and height. This novel approach regards not only improving the model's performance but also developing models that consider these characteristics between measurement points to better capture the spatial distribution of EMR within urban and semi-urban areas. Additionally, it would be interesting to incorporate temporal patterns to account for the various varieties of EMR over time, considering factors such as daily, seasonal, and yearly variations. In a subsequent stage, the inclusion of data from environmental sources, such as weather conditions, levels of atmospheric pollution, and population density, could be beneficial to enhance the predictive capability of the models. Furthermore, research into improving the interpretability of the models should be conducted to provide meaningful insights into the factors influencing EMR levels in different environments (urban, semi-urban, and rural). All of the above should be combined with conducting validation studies in collaboration with stakeholders for the effectiveness of the developed models in real-world scenarios.


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An Analysis of Radio Frequency Radiation Emitted by Smartphones

Manoharan S, Mahalakshmi B, Ananthi K, Sindhu MP. An Analysis of Radio Frequency Radiation Emitted by Smartphones. 2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Kirtipur, Nepal, 2024, pp. 301-307, doi: 10.1109/I-SMAC61858.2024.10714888.

Abstract

The introduction of smartphones has transformed how we interact, access information, and entertains ourselves. Nevertheless, as the usage of smartphones continues to rise, there has been greater concern over the possible health implications of Radio Frequency radiation released by these devices. RF radiation, also known as radiofrequency radiation, is a kind of electromagnetic radiation utilized for wireless communication in devices like smartphones. This study seeks to offer a thorough analysis of RF radiation and its emissions from smartphones, as well as the potential health implications associated with their use and strategies to minimize exposure. This research study also explores the importance of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) testing in the context of 5G technologies, including testing methodologies, regulatory frameworks, and the implications of 5G frequency bands on SAR measurements. 

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10714888&isnumber=10714582

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The 5G-FR1 Signals: Beams of the Phased Antennas Array and Time-Recurrence of Emissions with Consequences on Human Exposure

Deaconescu DB, Miclaus S. The 5G-FR1 Signals: Beams of the Phased Antennas Array and Time-Recurrence of Emissions with Consequences on Human Exposure. Electronics. 2023; 12(2):297. doi: 10.3390/electronics12020297.

Abstract

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technology poses lots of questions while introducing significant improvements compared with previous generations. The most sensitive question is related to the safety of human exposure. The aim of present work was to analyze, with a few chosen examples, two of the most significant features of 5G emissions: the extreme spatial variability of the exposure and the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of the temporal variability of the exposure. Two models of patch antenna arrays operating at 3.7 GHz with varying beam forming and beam steering capabilities were considered for an analysis of the specific absorption rate of electromagnetic energy deposition in tissues of a head model. This allowed clear emphasis on the influence of the antenna geometry and feeding peculiarities on the spatial variability of exposure. The second approach implemented the original idea of following the nonlinear recurrence behavior of exposure in time, and underlined the time variability characteristics of emissions with a real-life mobile phone running different 5G applications. Time series of the emitted electric-field strengths were recorded by means a real-time spectrum analyzer and two near-field probes differently positioned in the beam. The presence of laminar emissions, chaotic emissions, determinism and recurrence in the exposures prove the potential for recurrence quantification in predicting time variability features of 5G exposure. Overall, the impact of 5G signals on living bodies, with the highest possible man-made spatial and temporal variability, may have very unpredictable bio-medical consequences.

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Preliminary Study on the Impact of 900MHz Radiation on Human Sperm: An In Vitro Molecular Approach

Keskin I, Karabulut S, Kaplan AA, Alagöz M, Akdeniz M, Tüfekci KK, Davis DL, Kaplan S. Preliminary Study on the Impact of 900MHz Radiation on Human Sperm: An In Vitro Molecular Approach. Reprod Toxicol. 2024 Nov 4:108744. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108744.

Abstract

The use of technologies that produce and emit electromagnetic fields (EMF) is growing exponentially worldwide. The biological effects of EMF-emitting equipment, such as mobile phones and other wireless devices, have been studied in the last decade using in vitro and in vivo methods. Infertility is a growing health problem, and nearly half of cases are because of male-factor. This study investigated the direct in vitro effects of 900MHz radiation exposure on sperm parameters, genetic status, apoptotic markers, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in healthy normozoospermic men. Semen samples were divided into four groups, two control (30min and 1h) and two EMF exposure (30min and 1h). Sperm parameters (motility, progressive motility, acrosomal index, morphology), genetic status (DNA fragmentation and chromatin integrity), apoptotic markers (cytokine-c and caspase-3 expression) and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (phosphoinoitide 3-kinase-PI3K- and phosphorylated AKT- p-AKT-) were analysed. Sperm motility were significantly reduced in 30min EMF exposure while a significant increase in the expression of p-AKT were observed in 1h EMF exposure group. An increased vacuolisation, acrosomal defect, extension of subacrosomal space, uncondensed chromatin structure, apoptotic signs and disrupted axoneme were observed in both EMF groups which were not observed in the control group. Other sperm parameters (morphology and acrosomal index), genetic status, apoptotic markers and the PI3K expression rates had no significant change.


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Quantitative Assessment of Thermal Effects on the Auricle Region Caused by Mobile Phones Operating in Different Modes

Rok T, Kacprzyk A, Rokita E, Kantor D, and Taton G. Quantitative Assessment of Thermal Effects on the Auricle Region Caused by Mobile Phones Operating in Different Modes. AIMS Biophys 11, no. 4 (2024): 427–44. https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2024023.

Abstract

To analyze thermal effects caused by mobile phones on the human auricle region, we performed an experiment with controlled exposure to mobile phones operating in different modes for a group of 40 men. Temperature changes were measured with the use of infrared thermography. Thermograms were taken before and after a standardized 15-minute phone call when the mobile phone was placed lightly against the skin surface in the auricle region. The measurements were performed in three modes: OFF, ON, and FLIGHT. Statistically significant differences (p = 0.03) were observed between the experimental temperature increase of the auricle region in OFF mode (average temperature rise = 1.1 °C ± 0.2 °C) and in ON mode (average temperature rise = 1.9 °C ± 0.3 °C), while between FLIGHT (average temperature rise = 1.4 °C ± 0.2 °C) and ON modes, no statistical differences were observed (p = 0.20). Based on thermographic measurements and the model of heat transfer between the ear and the phone, it was shown that the human ear is the largest heat source in the system and that the increase in skin temperature is mainly caused by the handheld mobile phone restricting heat dissipation from the skin surface.

Excerpt for the assessment of near-field exposure, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) were used. During exposure sessions RSSI values were continuously measured and retrospectively controlled. All the participants received exposure at an arbitrary mean value of RSSI between −90 and −80 dBm. The SAR quantifies the absorption of RF-EMF in tissues, and for the human body, it depends on the dielectric properties of tissues due to the complexity of the human head anatomy its estimation is a subject of great challenge [21],[22] and for the phone used (Huawei P20 Lite), it was reported as 0.75 W/kg in the manual.

For the far-field exposure a personal exposure meter (ExpoM-RF, Zurich, Switzerland) performing a spectral analysis of RF-EMF within 16 different frequency bands from 87.5 MHz up to 5.875 GHz was used. Based on electric field strength, the power density was calculated as 45 µW. The uplink and downlink radiation remained on a comparable level throughout a simulated phone call.

In OFF mode, the smartphone was switched off, while in FLIGHT mode, there was no connection with the GSM network, so music was constantly playing. In ON mode, the mobile phone was fully connected to the GSM network and the smartphone was operating at a frequency of 1800 MHz.

Open access paper: http://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/biophy.2024023

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Rat brain and testicular tissue effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure: Histopathological, DNA damage of brain and qRT-PCR analysis

Yavas MC, Kilitci A, Çelik E, Yegin K, Sirav B, Varol S. Rat brain and testicular tissue effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure: Histopathological, DNA damage of brain and qRT-PCR analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH. JUL 2024. 22(3):529-536. doi: 10.61186/ijrr.22.3.529

Abstract

We evaluate the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on rat brain and testicular tissue using histopathology, comet assay, and real-time quantitative PCR techniques. 

Materials and Methods: Two equal groups of fourteen rats one for sham-control and the other for exposure (n = seven) were created. For a duration of 14 days, the exposure group (2100 MHz, testicular tissue SAR values of 163 mW/kg for 10 g, brain tissue SAR values of 292 mW/ kg on average) was subjected to five hours of exposure per day. Evaluations were conducted on tissue gene expression levels, histopathology, and DNA damage to brain tissue. 

Results: The histological examination of brain tissue from the exposed group revealed vascular alterations and significant edema (p < 0.05). It was determined that RF radiation-induced much more cellular damage in the exposed group (18.26% tail DNA) than in the control group (4.06% tail DNA). Signs of deterioration in spermatogenic cells in the testicular tissue of the exposed group also changed significantly (p < 0.05). The Bax and bcl-2 genes showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the mRNA level data, whereas the p53 genes showed no significant change (p > 0.05). 

Conclusion: These findings suggest that it may cause some histopathological and cellular damage in brain and testis tissue.

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Does Radiofrequency Radiation From Mobile Phones Affect the Formation of Parotid Gland Malignancy? An Experimental Study

Ozergin Coskun Z, Tumkaya L, Yilmaz A, Dursun E, Mercantepe T, Kalkan Y, Ersoz S. Does Radiofrequency Radiation From Mobile Phones Affect the Formation of Parotid Gland Malignancy? An Experimental Study. Ear Nose Throat J. 2024 Sep 27:1455613241287295. doi: 10.1177/01455613241287295.

Abstract

Objectives: The use of mobile phone is increasing around the world. Although it is beneficial in terms of communication, the electromagnetic radiations emitted by mobile phones may cause undesirable biological effects on the human body. In practical use, the tissue with which mobile phones come into most and are closest is the parotid gland. This study investigated the effects of the 1800 MHz electromagnetic field created by a generator on the parotid gland in rats.

Methods: A total of 21 Sprague-Dawley Albino rats were included in the study. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. To simulate a mobile phone in conversation mode, the first study group was exposed to an 1800-MHz electromagnetic field for 6 hours a day for 30 days, and the second study group was exposed to an 1800-MHz electromagnetic field for 12 hours a day for 30 days. After 30 days, rats were sacrificed, and histopathological and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the effects on the parotid gland. The total antioxidant level and the total oxidant level were measured biochemically in homogenized parotid tissue.

Results: Histopathological results showed an increase in degeneration in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields for 6 and 12 hours a day, and immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in the apoptotic index in both study groups (P = .001, P < .001). Intranuclear inclusions was observed during histopathological examination performed by electron microscopy.

Conclusions: This study observed that the 1800 MHz electromagnetic field caused undesirable adverse histopathological and biochemical effects on the parotid gland of rats. Histopathological and biochemical findings were detected with increasing contact and exposure time. This study will lead to other studies on this topic and contribute to the literature by completing other studies.

Excerpts

This study used a generator (Anritsu MG3670 B type, Japan) that produces microwave radiation at 1800 MHz radiofrequency to create exposure in mobile communion. The generator peak power was fixed at 2 W during exposure. In the digital signal generator used in this study, the carrier frequency was 1800 MHz, the modulation frequency was 217 Hz, there was a pulse of 577 µseconds, and the maximum peak power was 2 W. The average specific absorption rate (SAR) of the whole body was 0.117 W/kg. The study was carried out on a total of 21 rats divided in 3 groups (n = 7).

Groups 1, 2, and 3 were exposed to microwave radiation for 0 (control group), 6, and 12 hours, respectively. A generator with an external antenna was placed in the lower middle part of the cages.5 The rats in the study group were exposed to microwave radiation for the specified hours in the mobile phone conversation mode....

The parotid tissue has been reported to absorb 40% of the electromagnetic energy emitted by mobile phones on phones held in place. This absorbed energy can cause thermal and nonthermal effects in the parotid tissue.14 ....

Conclusion

In light of our knowledge of the literature, this is the first study to investigate the effects of an 1800-MHz electromagnetic field on the parotid gland of rats with biochemical tests, immunohistochemically in light microscopy and histopathologically in electron microscopy. This study observed that an 1800-MHz electromagnetic field causes undesirable adverse histopathological and biochemical effects on the parotid gland of rats. Histopathological and biochemical findings were detected with increasing contact and exposure time. This study will lead other studies on this topic and contribute to the literature in this area.

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Blueberry anthocyanins regulate SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and reduce testicular tissue damage induced by microwave radiation in rats

Pang Y, Men J, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhao L, et al. Blueberry anthocyanins regulate SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and reduce testicular tissue damage induced by microwave radiation in rats. Journal of Functional Foods. Vol. 122, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2024.106523.

Abstract

Researches have shown that microwave radiation could cause oxidative stress injury in male reproductive system, and blueberry anthocyanins had excellent oxidation resistance. Our study aimed to investigate the protective effect of blueberry anthocyanins (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/d) on testicular tissue damage in Wistar rats exposed to 2.856 GHz microwave and the optimal dose. We found that blueberry anthocyanins could ameliorate the decrease of sperm motility and sex hormone levels and testicular tissue structure damage caused by microwave radiation, increase SIRT1 expression and decrease FoxO1 expression, increase GSH/GSSG, SOD and inhibit MDA. The LDH, SDH and ATP synthase were increased, and Caspase-3 expression was decreased, and the high-dose of blueberry anthocyanins (400 mg/kg/d) had the best protective effect. These results suggested that blueberry anthocyanins could inhibit oxidative stress injury induced by 2.856 GHz microwave radiation in rat testicular tissue by regulating SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway, enhance energy metabolism and reduce cell apoptosis.

Open access paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464624005255

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Effects of 4.9 GHz Radiofrequency Field Exposure on Brain Metabolomic and Proteomic Characterization in Mice

Wang X, Zhou G, Lin J, Zhang Z, Qin T, Guo L, Wang H, Huang Z, Ding G. Effects of 4.9 GHz Radiofrequency Field Exposure on Brain Metabolomic and Proteomic Characterization in Mice. Biology (Basel). 2024 Oct 10;13(10):806. doi: 10.3390/biology13100806.

Abstract

Electromagnetic exposure has become increasingly widespread, and its biological effects have received extensive attention. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in the metabolism profile of the brain and serum and to identify differentially expressed proteins in the brain after exposure to the 4.9 GHz radiofrequency (RF) field. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a Sham group and an RF group, which were sham-exposed and continuously exposed to a 4.9 RF field for 35 d, 1 h/d, at an average power density (PD) of 50 W/m2. After exposure, untargeted metabolomics and Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) quantitative proteomics were performed. We found 104 and 153 up- and down-regulated differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the RF_Brain group and RF_Serum group, and the DEMs were significantly enriched in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Moreover, 10 up-regulated and 51 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were discovered in the RF group. Functional correlation analysis showed that most DEMs and DEPs showed a significant correlation. These results suggested that 4.9 GHz exposure induced disturbance of metabolism in the brain and serum, and caused deregulation of proteins in the brain.

Simple Summary

The brain, as the central nervous system that controls the body’s sensory, behavior, and mental symptoms, is sensitive to RF exposure, and lots of studies have explored the potential health hazards of RF-EMR with different frequencies to the brain. Our previous study found that 4.9 GHz radiofrequency radiation induced depression-like behavior in mice, but the mechanism of the behavioral changes was unclear. Studies have shown that changes in peripheral energy metabolism might affect brain lipid levels, and thereby cortical excitability, and a deregulated hippocampus proteome might influence the healthy functioning of the brain. Here, we provide evidence that 4.9 GHz RF exposure altered metabolite expression patterns in brain tissue and serum, especially glycerophospholipid metabolism. In addition, 4.9 GHz RF exposure induced an imbalance in the protein profile of brain tissue and may alter gap junction communication. Our results initially revealed the biological effects of 5G communication frequency exposure and provided a possible mechanism for electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes from the perspective of metabolome and proteome.

Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/10/806

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Cellular signaling pathways in the nervous system activated by various mechanical and electromagnetic stimuli

Kazuhito M, Ferguson AR, Aboubacar W, Youngjae R. Cellular signaling pathways in the nervous system activated by various mechanical and electromagnetic stimuli. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. Vol. 17. 2024. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1427070.

Abstract

Mechanical stimuli, such as stretch, shear stress, or compression, activate a range of biomolecular responses through cellular mechanotransduction. In the nervous system, studies on mechanical stress have highlighted key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying traumatic injury and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biomolecular pathways triggered by mechanical stimuli in the nervous system has not been fully explored, especially compared to other body systems. This gap in knowledge may be due to the wide variety of methods and definitions used in research. Additionally, as mechanical stimulation techniques such as ultrasound and electromagnetic stimulation are increasingly utilized in psychological and neurorehabilitation treatments, it is vital to understand the underlying biological mechanisms in order to develop accurate pathophysiological models and enhance therapeutic interventions. This review aims to summarize the cellular signaling pathways activated by various mechanical and electromagnetic stimuli with a particular focus on the mammalian nervous system. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential cellular mechanosensors involved in these processes

Open access paper: 

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1427070

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Neurobiological effects and mechanisms of magnetic fields: a review from 2000 to 2023

Wang X, Ye Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Neurobiological effects and mechanisms of magnetic fields: a review from 2000 to 2023. BMC Public Health. 2024 Nov 8;24(1):3094. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18987-9.

Abstract

Magnetic fields are widely used in medical diagnostics because of their superior non-invasive properties. In addition, with the widespread use of magnetic fields in transportation and other areas, their potential hazards to human health and the assessment of their safety have attracted considerable attention. The effects of magnetic fields on living organisms have a long history. The biological effects of magnetic field exposure in mice and rats depend on the magnetic field strength, exposure time, and direction; depending on these and potentially other factors, magnetic fields can cause a series of neurobiological effects. We reviewed global research on the neurobiological effects of magnetic fields from recent years to provide an overview and insights into the underlying mechanisms. This review focuses on the biological effects of static and dynamic magnetic fields of different frequencies and intensities on animals and nerve cells and their mechanisms of action.

Conclusion

In summary, this article reviews the progress in research on the neural effects of SMF and DMF at the level of animal models and nerve cells in recent years. The number of studies on the effects of MFs on learning memory, emotional behavior, nerve cells, and neurotransmitters is gradually increasing, but owing to the diversity of MF parameters, experimental subjects, and conditions, the conclusions are inconsistent. Certain conditions of MF exposure can lead to changes in emotional behavior and learning memory and cause or relieve anxiety-like and depressive behaviors, with or without significant effects. The biological effects of MFs on neurons and glial cells include alterations in cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. However, some problems remain unclear. Due to the unspecific nature of MFs, their neurobiological effects are difficult to target experimentally. Urgent problems to be solved by future research include how to establish proper experimental animal and neural cell models, and how to select the appropriate MF exposure intensity and time.

Open access paper: 

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Cellular and Molecular Effects of Magnetic Fields

Tota M, Jonderko L, Witek J, Novickij V, Kulbacka J. Cellular and Molecular Effects of Magnetic Fields. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Aug 17;25(16):8973. doi: 10.3390/ijms25168973.

Abstract

Recently, magnetic fields (MFs) have received major attention due to their potential therapeutic applications and biological effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the cellular and molecular impacts of MFs, with a focus on both in vitro and in vivo studies. We investigate the mechanisms by which MFs influence cell behavior, including modifications in gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular signaling pathways. The interaction of MFs with cellular components such as ion channels, membranes, and the cytoskeleton is analyzed, along with their effects on cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Molecular insights are offered into how MFs modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which are pivotal in various pathological conditions. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic potential of MFs in regenerative medicine, cancer treatment, and neurodegenerative diseases. By synthesizing current findings, this article aims to elucidate the complex bioeffects of MFs, thereby facilitating their optimized application in medical and biotechnological fields.


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Morphological, biochemical and genotoxic effects of non-ionizing radiation at 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz frequencies in Allium cepa L

Sharma A, Bahel S, Katnoria JK. Morphological, biochemical and genotoxic effects of non-ionizing radiation at 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz frequencies in Allium cepa L. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Oct 30. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-35414-z.

Abstract

The frequent use of electronic devices in daily lives, predominantly reliant on non-ionizing radiation, has increased the prevalence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in natural environment. In light of this, effects of EMR at frequencies of 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz characterized by a power of 10.0 dBm (0.01 W), across varying exposure durations of 1 h/day, 2 h/day, 4 h/day, 6 h/day, and 8 h/day for 7 days, in Allium cepa L. were studied. The effects of the treatment on the morphological features (root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of roots) and biochemical characteristics (protein content and antioxidative enzymes, namely, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and dehydroascorbate (DHAR)) were studied in roots and bulbs of Allium cepa L. Further genotoxicity for different exposure periods at both frequencies was also conducted. Prolonged exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at both frequencies was found to reduce root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of plant. Furthermore, significant effects were observed on protein content, indicating a reduction with prolonged exposure duration. Investigation into the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as APX, GR, GST, DHAR, CAT, SOD, and POD at a frequency of 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz in roots and bulbs demonstrated a significant enhancement in enzyme activity during 6 h/day and 8 h/day exposure periods. Additional investigation during genotoxicity studies demonstrated the induction of chromosomal aberrations in the root tip cells of the Allium cepa L. plant test system. The current study revealed the initiation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity resulting from long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the studied plant test systems.


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Representations of 5G in the Chinese and British press: a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis

Pei, J., Cheng, L. Representations of 5G in the Chinese and British press: a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11, 400 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02896-8

Abstract

This study employs a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis to demystify the dominant patterns of representations around 5G in the Chinese and British press. Keyword analyses identify four thematic categories around the representation of 5G: the nature of 5G, social actors in 5G discourse, actions around 5G and timing in 5G discourse. Findings suggest that the Chinese press tends to use positive evaluative expressions to depict 5G as a trustworthy and beneficial issue and stress China’s strong support for 5G development. In contrast, the British press prefers to frame 5G as a product of geopolitical rivalry and an issue with scientific uncertainties and controversies by repeatedly employing negative language patterns related to 5G risks and conspiracy theories. Besides, a subtle but varying “self versus other” schema is constructed by the two presses. The Chinese press is inclined to use positive predication strategies to construct a positive self-representation, whereas the British press tends to adopt negative predication strategies to portray China as an outgroup and meanwhile use scapegoating strategies to profile Britain as a positive self by using recurrent patterns denoting the pressure exerted on Britain by the United States. Such differences could result from their journalistic ideologies and values and the contrasting socio-political contexts where the two presses are situated.

Open access paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-02896-8

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Magnetic fields from indoor transformer stations and risk of cancer in adults: a cohort study

Juutilainen J, Khan MW, Naarala J, Roivainen P. Magnetic fields from indoor transformer stations and risk of cancer in adults: a cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 2024 Nov 18:oemed-2024-109466. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2024-109466.

Abstract

Objectives: Studies assessing the association of adult cancers with extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) have provided inconclusive results, probably affected by limitations such as low exposure levels, confounding and various forms of bias. This study investigated the association between residential ELF MF exposure and adult cancer using a design that avoids the main limitations of previous studies.

Methods: Persons who have lived in buildings with indoor transformer stations during the period 1971-2016 formed the study cohort. Their MF exposure was assessed based on the location of their apartment in relation to the transformer room. Information on their cancer diagnoses was obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry. SIR with 95% CI was calculated to investigate the association of MF exposure with overall cancer and specific cancers.

Results: The SIR for all primary sites was 1.01 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.09). An increased risk of digestive organ cancers was observed among the exposed persons, with a SIR of 1.23 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.46). The highest SIR was observed for gallbladder cancer (3.92, 95% CI 1.44 to 8.69). Increased risk of testicular cancer was observed among men exposed to MF during childhood, but this is likely to be due to confounding associated with living on the lowest floors. No other significant associations were observed for other primary cancer sites studied.

Conclusions: Overall cancer risk was not affected by residential MF exposure. The increased risk of digestive organ cancers among MF-exposed persons is a novel finding requiring confirmation in further studies.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC
  • Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MFs) have been classified as possibly carcinogenic. The evidence is strongest for increased risk of childhood leukaemia and more inconsistent for risks of adult cancers.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS
  • This study was carried out using a unique database of residential buildings with indoor transformer stations. Many limitations of previous studies could be avoided. The study suggested an association between residential MF exposure and digestive organ cancers. The overall cancer risk was not affected by MF exposure.

HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY
  • As there is little previous evidence of an association between digestive organ cancers and MF exposure, further research on this topic is required. Compared with previous studies, this study included higher exposure levels and thus provides a useful addition to the data available for health risk assessment and risk communication.


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Exploring Non-Thermal Mechanisms of Biological Reactions to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure

Radil R, Carnecka L, Judakova Z, Pobocikova I, Bajtos M, Janousek L. Exploring Non-Thermal Mechanisms of Biological Reactions to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(20):9409. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209409

Abstract
The increasing evidence regarding biological effects of exposure to an extremely low frequency magnetic field is of utmost interest not only to the scientific community, but also to legislative bodies and the public. However, the research in this field is full of controversial and inconsistent results, originated from a lack of widely acceptable physical mechanisms that could sufficiently describe the principle of such a field’s action. This experimental study addresses and points to possible sources of ambiguities via investigation of the ion parametric resonance mechanism at 50 Hz frequency. The chosen methodology incorporates exposure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain based on an established exposure protocol with special attention to the measurement of an applied time-varying magnetic field corresponding to the ion parametric resonance requirements. Subsequently, the differences in cell growth as a reaction to changes in magnetic flux density are evaluated and statistically analyzed. It is found that fluctuations in the magnetic field within the exposure setup need to be addressed properly, since this could have an impact on replication of the experiments and reliability of the results. Furthermore, comparison of two independently performed sets of 10 experiments showed statistically significant effects even in conditions that did not fulfill the requirements of the resonance theory, putting the validity and practical application of the ion parametric resonance model into question.


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Migratory birds can extract positional information from magnetic inclination and magnetic declination alone

Packmor F, Kishkinev D, Zechmeister T, Mouritsen H, Holland RA. Migratory birds can extract positional information from magnetic inclination and magnetic declination alone. Proc Biol Sci. 2024 Nov;291(2034):rspb20241363. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1363.

Abstract

Migratory birds are able to navigate over great distances with remarkable accuracy. The mechanism they use to achieve this feat is thought to involve two distinct steps: locating their position (the 'map') and heading towards the direction determined (the 'compass'). For decades, this map-and-compass concept has shaped our perception of navigation in animals, although the nature of the map remains debated. However, some recent studies suggest the involvement of the Earth's magnetic field in the map step. Here, we tested whether migratory songbirds, Eurasian reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), can determine their position based on two magnetic field components that are also associated with direction finding, i.e. magnetic inclination and magnetic declination. During a virtual magnetic displacement experiment, the birds were exposed to altered magnetic inclination and magnetic declination values that would indicate a displacement from their natural migratory corridor, but the total intensity of the field remained unchanged, creating a spatial mismatch between these components. The response was a change in the birds' migratory direction consistent with a compensatory re-orientation. This suggests that birds can extract positional as well as directional information from these cues, even when they are in conflict with another component of the magnetic field. It remains to be seen whether birds use the total intensity of Earth's magnetic field for navigation.


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Indoor & outdoor artificial light-at-night (ALAN) & cancer risk: A systematic review & meta-analysis of multiple cancer sites with a critical appraisal of exposure assessment

Palomar-Cros A, Deprato A, Papantoniou K, Straif K, Lacy P, Maidstone R, Adan A, Haldar P, Moitra S, Navarro JF, Durrington H, Moitra S, Kogevinas M, Harding BN. Indoor and outdoor artificial light-at-night (ALAN) and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple cancer sites and with a critical appraisal of exposure assessment. Science of The Total Environment, Vol 955, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177059.

Abstract

Exposure to artificial light-at-night (ALAN) has been linked to cancer risk. Few meta-analyses on this topic have reviewed only breast cancer. This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze existing studies on ALAN exposure and cancer incidence, thoroughly evaluating exposure assessment quality. We considered observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) on ALAN exposure (indoor and outdoor) and cancer incidence, measured by relative risk, hazard ratio, and odds ratio. We searched six databases, two registries, and Google Scholar from inception until April 17, 2024. Quality of studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for ALAN exposures. We identified 9835 studies and included 28 for qualitative synthesis with 2,508,807 individuals (15 cohort, 13 case-control). Out of the included studies, 20 studies on breast cancer (731,493 individuals) and 2 studies on prostate cancer (53,254 individuals) were used for quantitative synthesis. Higher levels of outdoor ALAN were associated with breast cancer risk (meta-estimate = 1.12, 95 % CI 1.03–1.23 (I2 = 69 %)). We observed a non-significant positive association between indoor ALAN levels and breast cancer risk (meta-estimate = 1.07, 0.95–1.21, I2 = 60 %), and no differences by menopausal status. The meta-analysis for prostate cancer suggested a non-statistically significant increased risk for higher levels of outdoor ALAN (meta-estimate = 1.43, 0.75–2.72, I2 = 90 %). In the qualitative synthesis, we observed positive associations with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal, pancreatic and thyroid cancer. We found an association between outdoor ALAN and breast cancer risk. However, most studies relied on satellite-images with a very low resolution (1 to 5 km, from the Defense Meteorological Program [DMSP]) and without information on color of light. Future studies with better exposure assessment should focus on investigating other cancer sites.