Recent Research on Wireless Radiation and Electromagnetic Fields

I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2500 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.

To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published since 2024 

(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (698 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/4yleKhp

To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023 

click on the following link (867 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFStudies-2021-2023

To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020 

click on the following link (875 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFStudies-2016-2020

The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.

 

Corrigendum to “Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review”

Mevissen M, Ducray A, Ward JM, Kopp-Schneider A, McNamee JP, Wood AW, Rivero TM, Straif K. Corrigendum to “Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review” [Environ. Int. 199 (2025). Environment International, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110368.

Abstract

Background  More than ten years ago, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph concluding there was limited evidence in experimental animals for carcinogenicity of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF EMF).

Objective  The objective of this review was to systematically evaluate the effects of RF EMF exposure on cancer in experimental animals.

Methods  Eligibility criteria: Based on pre-established Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study Type (PECOS) criteria, studies in experimental animals of the following study types were included: chronic cancer bioassays, initiation-(co-)promotion studies, and studies with tumor-prone animals. Information sources: MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Citation Index Expanded and Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science), and the EMF Portal. Data abstraction and synthesis: Data are publicly available online as interactive visuals with downloadable metadata. We adapted the risk-of-bias (RoB) tool developed by Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) to include considerations pertinent to the evaluation of RF EMF exposure and cancer bioassays. Study sensitivity was assessed with a tool adopted from the Report on Carcinogens (RoC). We synthesized studies using a narrative approach. Effect size was calculated as the 1% Bayesian Average benchmark dose (BMD) of a respective study when dose response or a trend was identified (see Supplementary Data 3). Evidence Assessment: Certainty of the evidence (CoE) was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Developing and Evaluations (GRADE) approach, as refined by OHAT. Evidence from chronic cancer bioassays was considered the most directly applicable to evaluation of carcinogenicity.

Results  We included 51 studies with 10 chronic bioassays No studies were excluded based on risk of bias concerns. Studies were not considered suitable for meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in study design, species, strain, sex, exposure characteristics, and cancer outcome. No or minimal evidence of RF EMF exposure-related cancer outcomes was found in most systems or organs in any study (these included gastrointestinal/digestive, kidney, mammary gland, urinary, endocrine, musculoskeletal, reproductive, and auditory). For lymphoma (17 studies), with 5 chronic bioassays (2,186 mice, 2,500 rats) inconsistency between two chronic bioassays was not plausibly explainable, and the CoE for lymphoma was rated ‘moderate’. For brain tumors (20 studies), including 5 chronic bioassays (2,575 mice, 8,840 rats), an increase in glial cell-derived neoplasms was reported in two chronic bioassays in male rats. The CoE for an increased risk in glioma was judged as high. The BMD analysis was statistically significant for only one study, and the BMD was 4.25 (95% CI 2.70, 10.24). For neoplasms of the heart (3 chronic bioassays), 3 studies were performed in rats (∼4,304 animals), and 1 in mice (∼1,386 animals). Based on 2 bioassays, statistically significant increases in malignant schwannomas were judged as high CoE for an increase in heart schwannomas in male rats. The BMDs from the two positive studies were 1.92 (95%CI 0.71, 4.145) and 0.102 (95%CI 0.056, 0.244), respectively. Ten studies reported neoplasms in the adrenal gland (5 chronic bioassays). The CoE for an increased risk in pheochromocytoma was judged as moderate. None of these findings were dose-dependent when compared to the sham controls. Fourteen studies investigated tumors of the liver with 5 of these being chronic bioassays. The CoE was evaluated as moderate for hepatoblastomas. For neoplasms of the lung (5 chronic bioassays), 4 studies were conducted in rats (∼2,176 animals) and 9 studies in mice (∼4,171 animals). In one chronic bioassay, a statistically significant positive trend was reported for bronchio-alveolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined), which was rated as moderate CoE for an increase in lung neoplasms with some evidence from 2 initiation-(co-)promotion studies.

Discussion  Meta-analysis was considered inappropriate due to the heterogeneity in study methods. The GRADE/OHAT CoE framework has not been frequently applied to animal studies and experience to date suggests refinements are needed. We deferred to standard methods in environmental health where CoE is framed in the context of strength of the evidence providing positive support for carcinogenicity. High CoE can be interpreted as the true effect is highly likely to be reflected in the apparent relationship. Moderate CoE indicates the true effect may be reflected in the apparent relationship. Cancer bioassays conducted in experimental animals are commonly used to identify potential human carcinogens. We note that the two tumor types with high CoE in animals in this systematic review are the same as those identified with limited evidence in humans by the IARC Working Group. However, even in cases where the animal evidence demonstrates high CoE, the extrapolation of risk from cancer bioassays to humans is particularly complex for RF EMF. Without a better understanding of the mechanism of the carcinogenicity of RF-EMF, the choice of exposure metric for risk extrapolation (whole body versus localized), intensity or cumulative exposure whether or not a monotonic dose response holds for carcinogenic effects, and whether SAR is the appropriate dose metric for adverse effects induced by RF-EMF may be critical.

Other  This review was partially funded by the WHO radioprotection programme. The protocol for this review was registered in Prospero reg. no. CRD42021265563 and published in Environment International 2022 (Mevissen et al., 2022)

Highlights

• Systematic review of experimental animal studies on RF EMF on cancer.
• Chronic bioassays were considered most applicable to evaluation of carcinogenicity.
• Studies were not considered suitable for meta-analysis due to heterogeneity.
• No evidence of RF EMF exposure-related cancer outcomes was found in most systems.
• High Certainty of Evidence: RF EMF increased heart schwannomas and glial-cell tumors.

Excerpts

We stress that none of these issues has produced any significant change in the outcomes or in the interpretation or the conclusions of this systematic review....

Final conclusions

The findings of this systematic review indicate that there is evidence that RF EMF exposure increases the incidence of cancer in experimental animals with the CoE being strongest for malignant heart schwannomas and gliomas.

Despite the high level of certainty that evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals may predict a carcinogenic hazard to humans, extrapolation of risk from cancer bioassays to humans is particularly complex for RF EMF. Without an understanding of the mechanism of the carcinogenicity of RF-EMF the choice of exposure metric for risk extrapolation (whole body versus localized), intensity or cumulative exposure whether or not a monotonic dose response holds for carcino genic effects, and whether SAR is the appropriate dose metric for adverse effects induced by RF-EMF may be critical.

Besides the integration of the sensitivity domain adopted from the RoC, more work is needed to tailor the GRADE approach to assessing the CoE from animal cancer bioassays designed to identifying risks of environmental agents.

Open access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412026003260

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Non-ionizing radiation and cancer: A review on current evidence, mechanistic insights, and public health implications

Agrahari M, Gupta S, Thakur G, Tanwar S, Gautam R, Arora T. Non-ionizing radiation and cancer: A review on current evidence, mechanistic insights, and public health implications. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2026 Jul 7;47:102705. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102705.

Abstract

Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) generated from the high power transmission lines, broadcasting antennas and cellular phones represent one of the widespread environmental exposures which can induce carcinogenic outcome. Although NIR lacks sufficient energy to dislodge the electrons for ionization, an indirect mechanism has been proposed to be involved in adverse outcomes under certain exposure conditions. Consequently, radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure remains a consistent scientific and public health concern regarding its possible role in cancer manifestation. This review aims to analyze the findings of RF-EMF exposure and carcinogenicity by integrating epidemiological studies and experimental findings to demonstrate its potential function in cancer manifestation.The available evidence is not sufficient to conclude that RF-EMF exposure is a direct-acting genotoxic carcinogen or cancer initiator. However, laboratory studies have indicated that long-term exposure to non-thermal RF-EMF can cause oxidative stress, genomic instability, epigenetic alterations, ion transport disruption and dysregulation of cell-signaling pathways. These biological effects may contribute to the promotion and progression stages of carcinogenesis, but are not directly responsible for tumor/cancer initiation. The epidemiological evidence significantly varies between extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Although ELF-MF exposure has demonstrated a more reliable association with childhood leukemia, the data connecting RF-EMF exposure to cancer is less consistent. Studies with the larger sample size and increased exposure duration are needed to strongly corroborate its involvement in cancer development.

Highlights

• Non-ionizing radiation (RF-EMF) does not directly cause cancer but may indirectly influence carcinogenesis through biological pathways.
• Exposure to RF-EMF can induce oxidative stress, genomic instability, and altered cell signaling mechanisms.
• Epidemiological evidence on cancer risk (e.g., brain tumors, leukemia) remains inconsistent and inconclusive.
• Long-term and high-exposure conditions may contribute to cancer progression, further large scale research is needed.

Conclusion from current evidence

Despite the long-term investigations, the association between the non-ionizing electromagnetic field and related carcinogenicity remained ambiguous. Major inconsistency lies in its methodological limitations as epidemiological studies reported variable outcomes due to EMF exposure. Available studies indicate that the observed biological effects are not consistently correlated with exposure frequency, duration, or power density. Based on the evidence reviewed here, RF-EMF exposure is currently not established as a complete or direct-acting genotoxic carcinogen that can initiate cancer by DNA damage. However, experimental studies suggest that long term exposure to RF-EMF can cause oxidative stress, genomic instability and altered gene expression, cellular signalling which may be involved in tumour promotion and progression. Thus RF-EMF can be more appropriately considered as a potential non-genotoxic modulator of carcinogenesis rather than a direct cancer initiator. However, the current evidence is still not enough to prove a definite cause effect relationship.

Moreover the existing evidence must be analysed independently for ELF-MF and RF-EMF exposures. Although ELF-MF exposure demonstrates a relatively consistent association with childhood leukemia, evidence supporting a carcinogenic role of RF-EMF remains limited and inconclusive. Further study with the larger sample size and precise exposure assessment is needed to validate the results with more accuracy and to suggest its involvement in cancer development.

Open access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405580826002657

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Environmental radiofrequency exposure and genotoxic biomarkers in schoolchildren: a cross-sectional analysis

Chokeli R, Yuswir NS, Ho YB, Chiang HL, How V. Environmental radiofrequency exposure and genotoxic biomarkers in schoolchildren: a cross-sectional analysis. Sci Rep. 2026 Jul 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-60822-1.

Abstract

Environmental exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation from mobile phone base stations (MPBS) has raised concerns regarding potential biological effects, particularly in children. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between ambient RF exposure and micronuclei (MN) frequency, a biomarker of genomic instability, among 200 primary schoolchildren. Environmental RF power density (S, µW/cm²) was measured at eight schools located at varying distances from MPBS, and buccal mucosa samples were analyzed for MN frequency. Exploratory analyses showed that RF radiation levels were inversely correlated with distance from MPBS (r = - 0.740, p < 0.001), while MN frequency was positively correlated with measured RF levels (r = 0.850, p < 0.001). Primary inferential analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models with school included as a random intercept to account for clustering, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and environmental covariates. Higher RF power density and shorter distance from MPBS remained statistically associated with higher MN frequency, with consistent findings observed in sensitivity analyses using distance from MPBS as an alternative exposure parameter. All measured RF levels were below current international public exposure guidelines. These findings suggest that variation in ambient RF exposure in school environments may be associated with MN frequency in children. Given the cross-sectional design and school-level exposure assessment, the results should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating.

Excerpts

"After adjustment, MN frequency was highest among children attending schools located within 0–100 m of mobile phone base stations (MPBS) and lowest in the furthest distance category (301–400 m), with statistically significant differences observed for Categories I–III relative to the reference group [301-400 m]. These findings were consistent with the main mixed-effects model results (Table 5), supporting the robustness of the observed distance-related gradient...."

"This study suggests that proximity to MPBS may be associated with higher environmental RF exposure and increased MN frequency among primary school children under real-world conditions. Although the observed effect sizes were modest, the findings contribute to the growing evidence base examining potential biological responses to chronic, low-level RF exposure.

From an environmental health and management perspective, these results highlight the importance of integrating RF exposure considerations into urban planning, zoning policy, and risk governance. Precautionary siting strategies, such as maintaining appropriate buffer distance between MPBS and sensitive land uses like schools, may represent a prudent approach to manage long-term uncertainty. Incorporating RF exposure considerations into environmental impact assessments and school infrastructure planning could further support proactive management of cumulative exposures.

Ultimately, RF exposure should be addressed not solely as a biomedical issue, but as part of a broader framework of sustainable urban and environmental management. By aligning precautionary measures with transparent governance and community engagement, policymakers can balance technological advancement with the protection of public health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children. Future longitudinal studies with personal exposure assessment will be critical to strengthen causal inference, but evidence-informed precautionary strategies shall be implemented in parallel."

Open access: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-60822-1

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Influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on spermatogenesis and sperm function in rodent models: A systematic review

Naderi N, Tavalaee M, Far PH, Mokhtari A, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on spermatogenesis and sperm function in rodent models: A systematic review. Reprod Toxicol. 2026 Jun 25;144:109300. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109300. 

Abstract

Infertility is increasing worldwide and has been associated with several lifestyle and environmental exposures, including radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Because digital devices are often carried close to the body, possible effects on male reproduction remain a public health concern. This systematic review addressed the PECO question: how does RF-EMR exposure affect male fertility in rodent models? Studies published up to December 2025 were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Scopus (PROSPERO: CRD42023417536). From 4220 records, screening and updated searches yielded 88 eligible studies. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using SYRCLE's Risk of Bias tool. Included studies used multiple rat and mouse strains exposed to 800-24,000 MHz RF-EMR, with reported specific absorption rates of 0.014-34 W/kg. Exposure durations varied and were mainly subchronic. Evaluated outcomes included sperm parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, apoptosis, testicular histopathology, and hormonal indices. Oxidative and reproductive alterations were reported in subsets of studies; however, findings were heterogeneous and limited by uncertainties in allocation, housing, blinding, dosimetry, and outcome assessment. Current evidence suggests biologically plausible signals but does not support a uniform causal interpretation. Standardized, well-controlled studies are needed with comprehensive, clearly defined reproductive and fertility endpoints.

Highlights

• Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure reduces sperm quality and disrupts spermatogenesis in rodents. 
• Oxidative stress is the primary mechanism of reproductive damage. 
• RF-EMR increases DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in testicular cells. 
• Chronic exposure alters reproductive hormones and steroidogenesis.
• Study variability in exposure methods limits definitive conclusions.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42349729/

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Biological Effects of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on CNS Function and Neuroimmune Responses: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies

Fang S, Chen S. Biological Effects of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on CNS Function and Neuroimmune Responses: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies. Neurotox Res 44, 32 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-026-00810-5.

Abstract

Background the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless telecommunications infrastructure, incorporating millimeter-wave (mmWave, 24–100 GHz) and sub-6 GHz frequencies, has renewed scientific and public health interest in the potential neurobiological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). While extensive research has examined lower-frequency RF-EMF from 2G/3G/4G technologies, the specific effects of mmWave frequencies on CNS cellular biology—including microglial polarization and intracellular calcium signaling—remain less characterized. This systematic review evaluates experimental evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of high-frequency EMF (300 MHz–300 GHz) on neuroimmune responses, microglial function, CNS calcium homeostasis, and related outcomes. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the EMF-Portal were searched from inception to January 2026 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Experimental (in vitro and animal) studies reporting CNS-relevant outcomes after high-frequency RF-EMF exposure were eligible. Exposure must have been within the 300 MHz to 300 GHz range. Quality assessment used adapted OHAT risk-of-bias criteria. A narrative synthesis was conducted; quantitative pooling was performed where three or more studies reported the same outcome. Results forty-one studies met inclusion criteria (see PRISMA Flow Diagram, Fig. 1): 7 in vitro (cell culture), 29 in vivo (rodent model), and 5 reviews/meta-analyses. The detailed characteristics of all included studies are summarized in Table 1. At specific absorption rate (SAR) levels at or below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) general public exposure guidelines (2 W/kg averaged over 10 g), the majority of studies (27/41, 66%) found no statistically significant effects on neuroinflammatory markers, microglial morphology, or calcium signaling. Eleven studies (27%) reported transient, low-magnitude increases in intracellular Ca²⁺ or pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at exposures near or exceeding guideline limits; these effects were not consistently reproducible across independent laboratories. Three studies (7%) reported effects below guideline thresholds that may warrant further investigation. No study identified neuropathological changes (neuronal death, axonal injury) attributable to RF-EMF at guideline-compliant exposures. Conclusions current experimental evidence does not establish that high-frequency RF-EMF at guideline-compliant exposure levels produces significant adverse effects on microglial polarization, CNS calcium homeostasis, or neuroinflammatory responses. Methodological heterogeneity, inadequate dosimetry, and limited independent replication constrain confidence in both positive and negative findings. Standardized, rigorously controlled experimental studies are needed, particularly for mmWave frequencies (> 6 GHz) where data are sparse. Our findings support the current scientific consensus that high-frequency RF-EMF below regulatory limits does not pose a clearly established neurobiological hazard.

Plain Language Summary

The rollout of 5G wireless networks uses higher radio frequencies than previous mobile technologies, including millimeter waves that have never been widely used in telecommunications before. Some members of the public are concerned that these frequencies might harm the brain. This review examined published laboratory studies in which cells or animals were exposed to these high-frequency radio waves to see whether they affected brain immune cells (called microglia) or the calcium levels inside brain cells. We found 41 studies, most of which showed no significant effects at the exposure levels allowed by safety guidelines. A minority of studies found small, temporary changes in cellular calcium or inflammation markers, mostly at higher exposures above regulatory limits. No study found evidence of actual brain cell damage from compliant exposures. The current evidence does not establish that these radio frequencies are harmful to the brain at the levels people encounter in everyday life. However, millimeter-wave frequencies have been less studied than older technologies, and more rigorous, standardized experiments are needed to fully characterise their biological effects before next-generation telecommunications infrastructure is widely deployed.

Search Results and Study Characteristics

Searches yielded 6,241 records after deduplication. Following screening, 41 experimental studies met inclusion criteria: 24 in vitro studies using primary cortical neurons (n = 11), primary microglia (n = 7), astrocytes (n = 3), or neural cell lines (n = 3); and 17 in vivo rodent studies (rats n = 11, mice n = 6) (Table 1). Frequencies studied ranged from 450 MHz to 95 GHz, with the majority examining frequencies below 6 GHz (n = 31, 76%). mmWave frequencies (> 6 GHz) were studied in 10 studies, of which only 4 were published after 2020. Study quality was rated as low risk of bias in 14 studies (34%), moderate in 20 (49%), and high in 7 (17%) (see complete OHAT Risk of Bias assessment in Table 2). The presence or absence of a positive control was explicitly evaluated as a quality indicator.

Limitations of the Review

This review is limited by the heterogeneity of exposure parameters, cell/animal models, and outcome measures, which precluded comprehensive meta-analysis. The translation from experimental model findings to human health implications is inherently uncertain. Publication bias likely inflates positive findings in the literature. The review focused on experimental studies; epidemiological and human experimental data are addressed by complementary WHO systematic reviews (Bosch-Capblanch et al. 2024; Roosli et al. 2023; Pophof et al. 2024; Karipidis et al. 2025) and the IARC monograph (IARC 2013).

Conclusions

The available experimental evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies does not establish that high-frequency RF-EMF at ICNIRP guideline-compliant levels produces significant adverse effects on microglial polarization, CNS calcium homeostasis, or neuroinflammatory responses. Positive findings in the literature are predominantly associated with above-guideline exposures, inadequate thermal controls, or have not been independently replicated. A critical research gap exists for mmWave frequencies (> 6 GHz), where data quality and quantity are insufficient to reach firm conclusions. Continued, methodologically rigorous investigation of CNS bioeffects of next-generation wireless frequencies is warranted to maintain a robust evidence base for regulatory decision-making and public health guidance.

Clinical Implications

Current clinical and public health guidance on RF-EMF exposure is supported by the available experimental evidence. Clinicians treating patients with EMF-related health concerns (electromagnetic hypersensitivity) should be aware that experimental evidence does not support a causal relationship between guideline-compliant RF-EMF exposure and CNS neuroinflammatory disease. Patient education should be based on the best available scientific evidence, without dismissing subjective symptoms, while accurately conveying the lack of established biological mechanisms at regulatory-compliant exposures.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12640-026-00810-5

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A Narrative Review on the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Below 100 kHz on the Endocrine System

Tojza PM, Redlarski G, Litzbarski LS, Czaplinski M. A Narrative Review on the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Below 100 kHz on the Endocrine System. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(10):4910. doi: 10.3390/app16104910.

Featured Application

While our article is a review, it brings many important ideas for further consideration. Due to the ubiquity of low-frequency electromagnetic fields in everyday human environments, exposure to them is largely unavoidable. Their biological effects are still not fully understood. This work analyzes the relationship between low-frequency electromagnetic fields and the human endocrine system. As the endocrine system is responsible for regulating and maintaining the human body, its potential dysregulation may result in significant adverse health effects. This manuscript summarizes the existing studies addressing this topic and highlights several promising directions for future research.

Abstract

Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs), generated mainly by power infrastructure and household devices, have raised scientific interest due to their potential impact on the endocrine system. Animal research consistently shows effects on melatonin secretion, stress hormone levels, thyroid activity, and reproductive function—largely mediated by oxidative stress and calcium ion imbalance. In contrast, human studies remain inconsistent, often hindered by methodological limitations and insufficient exposure characterization. 

Objective: This review synthesizes experimental and epidemiological studies examining low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure (≤100 kHz) and its influence on hormonal regulation. 

Methods: A bibliometric analysis highlights focused interest on specific endocrine targets, particularly the pineal gland. Importantly, many experimental studies use field strengths above those found near high-voltage power lines, limiting direct applicability. 

Conclusions: While a definitive causal link has not been established, the widespread exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields justifies precautionary considerations. Several important research gaps remain, many of which are identified in this review. The topic of low-frequency electromagnetic field effects on the endocrine system requires more rigorous, long-term human studies with accurate exposure assessment.

Conclusions

The scientific literature on the influence of electromagnetic fields below 100 kHz on the endocrine system reveals a complex and still evolving area of research. Preclinical studies, including both in vivo animal models and in vitro cellular experiments, have reported a range of biological responses potentially associated with ELF-EMF exposure. These observations include reported alterations in melatonin secretion from the pineal gland, changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and stress hormone levels, modifications in thyroid hormone production and gland morphology, as well as effects on gonadal function and reproductive hormones. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these observations, including oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species generation and ion channel modulation, particularly involving calcium homeostasis. However, the exact biological relevance and reproducibility of these mechanisms remain under discussion. The concept of non-linear dose–response relationships, including hormesis, further complicates the interpretation of the available data, suggesting that biological responses may depend strongly on exposure parameters and experimental conditions.

Despite findings reported in experimental studies, human epidemiological research presents a substantially less consistent picture. The scarcity of reproducible human data, together with methodological limitations such as difficulties in long-term exposure assessment, control of confounding variables, and ethical constraints associated with human experimentation, creates a significant translational gap between experimental and clinical observations. Consequently, current evidence does not allow definitive conclusions regarding causal relationships between low-frequency EMF exposure and endocrine-related adverse health effects in humans.

It should also be emphasized that limited or inconsistent evidence does not necessarily imply the absence of biological interaction, but may partly reflect the methodological complexity of exposimetric research. The historical reclassification of substances such as Coffee by the IARC illustrates how scientific interpretation may evolve as methodological quality and exposure characterization improve. Therefore, further progress in this field will likely depend not only on increasing the number of studies but also on improving the quality, reproducibility, and standardization of exposure assessment methods.

The current scientific uncertainty poses challenges for both public health interpretation and regulatory evaluation. While public concern regarding ELF-EMF exposure persists, official organizations such as ICNIRP and IEEE generally conclude that consistent adverse health effects have not been conclusively demonstrated at exposure levels below currently established limits. The classification of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” by the IARC reflects the existence of limited evidence and the need for continued scientific investigation rather than confirmation of a causal relationship. To reduce existing uncertainties, future research would benefit from more rigorous and harmonized methodologies, including improved personal exposure monitoring, well-designed longitudinal studies, and integration of modern molecular and multi-omics approaches capable of detecting subtle biological responses. Additional investigation of non-linear dose–response relationships and exposure-specific effects may also contribute to a better understanding of the observed phenomena. Ultimately, continued high-quality research is necessary to further clarify the possible influence of ELF-EMFs on the endocrine system and to support evidence-based risk assessment.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/10/4910

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Determinants of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted by smartphones in French cellular telephony networks

Fontaine M, Guida F, Moissonnier M, Beranger R, Lagroye I, Orlacchio R, Laplanche A, Dejardin O, Conil E, Huss A, Mazloum T, Wiart J, Danjou A, Schüz J, Bories S, Deltour I. Determinants of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted by smartphones in French cellular telephony networks. Environ Res. 2026 Jun 11;305(Pt 2):125023. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.125023. 

Abstract

Smartphones are a major source of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure, yet real-life determinants of uplink emissions remain poorly characterised. We conducted the first epidemiological study of smartphone cellular network uplink emissions in a general population sample, recruiting 167 volunteers across three French cities in 2022-2023. Emissions were measured quasi-continuously for a week during everyday activities using the novel DEVIN exposimeter, while the XMobiSensePlus application simultaneously recorded sensor values and smartphone activities in the background. Determinants of UL emission occurrence and level were analysed using logistic and linear regressions. Over 8001 h analysed, voice calls were recorded in 2.4% of time and data uploads in 81.3%. Voice calls were associated to emission occurrence (OR = 7.09, 95% CI: 5.96-8.43). In fully adjusted models, emission levels were associated to calls (+9.16 dBm, CI: 7.15; 11.16), and to Wi-Fi connection with substantially lower cellular emissions outside call periods (-15.37 dBm, CI: -17.28, -13.46). Cellular upload rates differentially increased emissions depending on Wi-Fi connection, while received signal quality differentially reduced emissions depending on call status. Legacy technologies (2G, 3G) were associated with higher emissions than 4G. Results varied across centers. Smartphone brand, operator, and Android version showed no independent association with emitted power after System-on-Chip adjustment. These findings demonstrate that real-life smartphone radiofrequency electromagnetic cellular emissions are shaped by a complex interplay of usage patterns, network conditions, and device characteristics.

Highlights

• French volunteers used novel radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposimeter DEVIN.
• Calls and cellular data uploads: higher smartphone's cellular RF-EMF emissions.
• Wi-Fi network connection: lower cellular emissions, except during calls.
• Poor received signal quality: higher emissions, except during Wi-Fi connection.
• Older telecommunication protocols (2G/3G): higher smartphone cellular emissions.

Implications

Our main results, highlighting the association between emitted power and calls, Wi-Fi connection, received signal quality and data upload, are in line with previous studies carried out under different conditions (Roser et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2021; Brzozek et al., 2021). They are also in line with the current recommendations to favour Wi-Fi connections when available and 4G in order to reduce individuals’ exposures to emissions over the cellular network. Overall, this study showed that cellular RF-EMF emissions from smartphones depend on different usage patterns and network conditions rather than on call duration alone. These findings are relevant for epidemiological research by informing exposure assessment methodologies and highlighting the need for real life monitoring of exposures in the context of evolving mobile communication technologies.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42276343/

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Urban Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure in New York City

Thielens A, Salvatore Davi S, Hema S, Toledo-Crow R. Urban Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure in New York City. Environmental Research. 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.125040.

Abstract

This study investigates Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) exposure across New York City’s five boroughs. The RF-EMF exposure was measured in 39 bands across the 88 MHz to 5.925 GHz frequency range using an exposimeter fixed in a backpack that was worn during walks along 38 predetermined paths in various representative urban environments of the city from September 2024 to May 2025. 

We calculated the summary statistics (minimum, p25, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, p25, p50, p75, p90, standard deviation) in units of electric field strength (V/m) and compared RF-EMF exposure quantitatively across urban environment type: commercial, residential, greenery, train underground, water ferry, indoor; across the five boroughs of the City: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx, and Staten Island; and across six technology categories: radio and TV broadcast, cellular downlink (DL), cellular uplink (UL), WiFi (WLAN), Time Division Duplex (TDD), and Total Exposure. We also analyzed whether population density and foot traffic in each area correlate with RF-EMF exposure. 

A mean total RF-EMF exposure of 0.97 (+/- 0.88 V/m) was measured in NYC. We found that cellular downlink is the dominant contributor to mean environmental exposure, accounting for 45% to 55% of the total exposure in each borough. We found a moderate positive correlation (ρ = 0.5, p-value < 0.05) between exposure and foot traffic, and a weak or negligible, but statistically significant, positive correlation (ρ = 0.1, p-value < 0.05) between exposure and domiciled population density. 

The study provides a detailed assessment of the RF-EMF exposure levels in various urban environments offering a clearer understanding of the extent of exposure in a densely populated city like New York where wireless communication networks are continuously expanding. These results are important for policymakers when establishing RF exposure guidelines for the population of NYC and other urban areas in North America.

Highlights

• Measurements of RF-EMF exposure across New York City’s five boroughs
• RF exposure is moderately and positively correlated to pedestrian foot traffic
• RF exposure is weakly correlated to residential population density
• Cellular downlink dominates environmental RF-EMF exposure in NYC
• RF exposure measurements are below ICNIRP and FCC reference levels

Excerpts

... in North America there have been, up to now, only four studies that measure this exposure: one in Los Angeles (Sagar et al., 2018), one in Columbia, South Carolina (Koppel and Hardell, 2022), and two that only consider Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) in Mexico City (Ramirez-Vazquez et al., 2023a, 2021). When compared with approximately 100 studies conducted in Europe to quantify this exposure (Jalilian et al., 2019), it is clear that we are currently lacking measurement data to quantify personal exposure to RF-EMFs in other major metropolitan areas in the U.S....

Micro-environmental personal RF-EMF exposure assessments were conducted using an ExpoM-RF4™ exposimeter (Fields at Work GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland) that measures electric field intensity in V/m, in 39 user-configurable frequency bands covering the 88 MHz - 5.925 GHz frequency range as depicted in Fig. S1 (TOP) and Table S1....

We selected 38 different urban environments in New York City, which are listed in Table S2 of the Supplementary Materials. Twenty-six were outdoor urban environments located in the five boroughs. Additionally, there were four indoor paths, five train measurements, and three water ferry routes measured, covering important public transport hubs and modes of transportation in NYC....

All data are available on our repository (github.com/NextGen-Environmental-Sensor-Lab/Urban-RF-EMF)....

Comparing our results to those reported in a systematic review of multiple cities (Ramirez-Vazquez 2023b, Table 3) would have New York City in 10th place of total ranked mean exposures (0.97 V/m across all 5 boroughs). However, we measured a maximum exposure value of 13.3 V/m in Wall Street (Manhattan in the Financial District) which is higher than the maximum reported in the cities of the systematic review....

Lastly, our indoor measured total mean values of 0.53 V/m (Table 4), although higher, are also within range of other reported values of 0.42 V/m by Kiouvrekis et al. (2020) and Panagiotakopoulos et al. (2023), and of 0.43 V/m by Ramirez-Vazquez et al. (2021)....

Finally, we did not measure RF-EMF exposure in the FR2 (24-28 GHz) frequency band, even though this band is licensed and in use in NYC. While we expect this band to mainly contribute to auto-induced and not environmental RF-EMF exposure, we do aim at quantifying it in our next study....

Conclusion

This study revealed that the mean total environmental RF-EMF exposure in New York City is 0.97 V/m across all five boroughs, which is within range of similar exposures in other technologically developed cities and well below the ICNIRP and FCC safety reference thresholds.

We also found that there is a moderate and statistically significant positive correlation between exposure and foot traffic (pedestrian mobility) across all boroughs. A Spearman correlation analysis showed correlations of ?? with a p-value < 0.05.

We also looked at exposure and population density (residential) and found a weak to negligible yet statistically significant correlation in most boroughs, with the Spearman coefficients ranging between ??, with a p-value < 0.05.

These findings suggest that areas with a heavier human footprint coincide with higher RF-EMF emissions and that there is an increased demand and usage of mobile communication devices in these areas.

The summary statistics revealed that Commercial areas in the 5 boroughs exhibited the highest amount of total exposure (1.35 V/m). Manhattan measurements showed a higher mean total RMS E-field strength (1.42 V/m) than Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island and the Bronx. Throughout all Boroughs, Downlink was found to be the highest contributor to RF-EMF exposure (47%).

Our future work will aim to measure personal exposure to RF sources operating above 6 GHz, which are sporadically present in NYC, and to perform a more detailed analysis of TDD exposure to separate the UL and DL components. Additionally we plan to conduct long term longitudinal measurements with stationary devices at select locations in the City to investigate the temporal nature of the exposure relative to time of day and season, similar to Iakovidis et al. (2025). Lastly, a future study could use our findings to incorporate foot traffic and population density in machine learning models for the estimation and prediction of RF-EMF exposure, for example through the creation of exposure maps.

Open access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393512601371X

Supplementary data: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393512601371X#appsec1

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Radiofrequency electromagnetic field effects on green roof ecosystems: An unexplored topic

Czerwiński M, Virto LR, Vian A, Thielens A. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field effects on green roof ecosystems: An unexplored topic. Environmental Reviews. 9 June 2026. doi: 10.1139/er-2026-0053. 

In recent decades, mobile communications technologies have been adopted at an unprecedented pace, leading to a rapid increase in the exposure of living organisms to artificial radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) emissions. This exposure is typically much higher on rooftops in dense urban areas where antennas are located, compared to ground level in those same areas. The recent deployment of wireless infrastructure on urban rooftops has coincided with the expansion of green roofs in cities. This indicates that RF exposure is a factor to consider in the planning and maintenance of green roofs. In this paper, we evaluate RF-EMF exposure levels on green roofs situated near base station antennas. Based on this evaluation, we predict potential responses at both the population and ecosystem levels to RF exposure. We conducted a structured two-stage literature review. In Stage 1, we performed a narrative synthesis of empirical RF-EMF measurements on urban rooftops, covering the 0.7–3.8 GHz frequency range. We searched IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and Google, and retained 20 peer-reviewed and institutional publications containing original measurement data published from 2001 onward. In Stage 2, we conducted a thematic synthesis of published evidence on RF-EMF biological and ecological effects in plants and insects — the taxonomically dominant groups in green roof ecosystems. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the EMF-Portal, retaining 34 studies that satisfied criteria for publication quality, precision of exposure characterization, and relevance of exposure conditions to those determined in Stage 1. The two stages are linked analytically: the exposure range identified in stage one defines the evidence boundary for the bioeffects synthesis in Stage 2. Our research yielded an entirely new ecological interpretation of the evidence on physiological RF-EMF effects in plants. It suggests that chronic stress signal induced by RF-EMF may cause reduced seed production and a shift in resource allocation towards clonal growth. This can lead to lower seedling recruitment and decreased genetic diversity, which may negatively impact the long-term resilience of a green roof ecosystem. There has been no empirical research or specific legislation addressing the issues discussed.

Open access: https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/er-2026-0053

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Maximum Exposure of 5G Base Stations in the mmWave Band: The Impact of Multi-User MIMO and CSI-RS Ports

Adda S, De Donno D, Franci D, Moresi F, Pasquino N, Pavoncello S. Maximum Exposure of 5G Base Stations in the mmWave Band: The Impact of Multi-User MIMO and CSI-RS Ports. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 75, pp. 8004612-8004612, 2026, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2026.3690868. 

Abstract 

Multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operation at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies enables 5G base stations (BSs) to simultaneously transmit to several users by forming multiple beams in parallel. This feature, while boosting capacity, modifies the exposure landscape compared to the conventional single-user (SU) mode, where resources are time-multiplexed. In this work, we investigate how MU-MIMO operation affects maximum power extrapolation (MPE) procedures used to assess electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in accordance with IEC 62232. Building on the experimental framework and measurement methodologies validated for SU-MIMO in a recently published work by the authors, we extend the analysis to signals configured with MU-MIMO transmission and variable numbers of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports. Results show that concurrent user scheduling may reduce the received power per beam by several dB, leading to a systematic underestimation of maximum exposure when MPE procedures are applied without knowledge of the active mode. Furthermore, the number of CSI-RS ports influences the measured levels, resulting in reductions of up to 12 dB. These findings underscore the need to incorporate MU-MIMO and CSI-RS port configurations into updated exposure assessment standards.

Conclusion

This work extends previous SU MIMO studies by the authors by experimentally quantifying how MU MIMO scheduling and CSI-RS port configuration affect maximum exposure at a 5G mmWave site. SU cases, redesigned with close CPE placements, served as baseline references for evaluating deviations introduced by MU operation. Results showed that MU scheduling led to the underestimation of maximum exposure by 6 dB, while reducing CSI-RS ports from 8 to 2 decreased measured power by 12 dB in SU mode and 6 dB in MU mode. Since the variation depends on the MIMO operating mode and the position of users relative to the measurement point only, while it does not depend on the relative position of the latter to the source of the signal, we can anticipate that the measured variations will be observed over the entire cell edge.

These findings demonstrate that both scheduler behavior and CSI-RS configuration can bias exposure measurements, despite being unaccounted for in the current IEC 62232 framework. Future revisions of the standard should incorporate these factors to ensure accurate and reproducible EMF assessment in real-world deployments of 5G mmWave networks. Future research will be directed toward defining consistent measurement procedures to compensate for this bias, potentially through the introduction of specific statistical correction factors or by leveraging prolonged observation intervals to capture transient windows where the scheduler naturally reverts to an SU-like behavior, ensuring a conservative worst case assessment.

Open access: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11527038&isnumber=11329398

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5G Specters: Three Disclosures from the Otherworld 

Mommersteeg B, Schulte-Römer N.  5G Specters: Three Disclosures from the Otherworld. Social Analysis. 2026; 69 (4): 23-48. doi: 10.3167/sa.2025.690402.

Abstract

This article attends to spectral experiences surrounding 5G infrastructure and risks associated with electromagnetic fields through ethnographic fieldwork in Germany and the UK, exploring them in their specificity as a spectral manner of being. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's figuring of the specter as a ‘structural opening’ and Isabelle Stengers's concept of ‘disclosure’, we trace three spectral moments—attunements to an equivocal spectrum, dis/possessed bodies, and a ghosted public—that disturb modern ontologies and epistemologies, disclosing an Otherworld within. The article, moreover, contributes to anthropological discussions on unstable ontologies in the context of climate change. It argues that spectrality is a useful analytic for tending to ontological uncertainties, sensitizing us to exposures that are imperceptible within the logics of technoscientific knowledge.

Excerpts

Individuals with EHS not only have ‘impossible’ bodies, but also seem to be impossible to represent politically in ‘technical democracies’ (Callon et al. 2011). In public debates, these ‘ontological disturbers’ and their support networks are often quickly associated with conspiracy (Hanotiaux 2023). As a result, EU citizens who oppose wireless technology not only are a minority, but also are marginalized as they fight for what they consider to be ‘safe connections’ .(ESC 2024)....

None of the issues that the activists represent had made it onto the agenda of the 5G stakeholder conference. During coffee breaks, we tried to initiate conversations about the critics and their concerns. One public official said she had heard of concerns that EMFs might have negative effects on bees, but spoke as if this was entirely disconnected from her job in the wireless sector. A European Commission officer openly suggested that the 5G stakeholders in the room were not interested in addressing conflict-laden topics like technology risks or protest. Instead, the 5G transition managers were busy overcoming merely ‘technical’ obstacles to the EU's 2024 Gigabit Infrastructure Act, which is, politically speaking, a done deal and confirms that by 2030 all European households should be connected to a gigabit network, with “all populated areas covered by next-generation wireless high-speed networks” (Regulation [EU] 2024/1309: 12)....

At the same time, the 5G proponents from government and industry are interested in better understanding the phantom public and its potential to haunt them. One way to do this is, as in Brussels, to convene ‘representative’ citizen commissions based on a lottery. Another common approach is to make them visible through surveys. However, it is difficult to ‘scientifically’ grasp a public that forms around concerns that are deemed irrational or impossible. To put it otherwise, what does it mean to represent that which is impossible to represent, and if represented—that is, made present—would constitute an ontological disturbance? For instance, a German study on the public views of 5G found that concerns about EMF are generally decreasing in the German population, while the percentage of people who feel that their health is negatively affected by EMF remains stable—between 7 percent and 10 percent (Dilkova-Gnoyke et al. 2022: 61). The study further identified an ideal type of citizen who rejects mobile communication but has only limited knowledge about the issue (ibid: 29), while a quantitative, survey-based cluster analysis shows that the ‘rejecting’ type includes respondents who are rather ‘anxious’ and ‘skeptical’ about technological novelty in general: “people of this type are found particularly in the sub-group of the ‘Informed Concerned’, but also among the ‘Indifferent’ and the ‘Moderately Informed’” (ibid: 87). This flickering evidence might result from the fact that whether someone is moderately or ill informed depends on who is judging what counts as correct information.

The 5G phantom public is doubly spectral. First, it is an absent presence because it is not “a fixed body of individuals” but always “those persons who are interested in an affair” (Lippman 1993 [1927]: 67), and whenever one attempts to identify this public, it moves. Policymakers can never be entirely certain if the phantom public is silent because it agrees, or whether it may rise up one day to protest. For the time being, however, the ‘silent majority’ allows them to assume that the public agrees with 5G, does not object to it, or does not care. Second, those who have always protested against wireless infrastructure are presently absent in the political deliberation process as their claims simply cannot be represented; they cannot be made present, visible, and public because of their potential to disturb. They haunt expert authorities like a “ghost of the scientized neoliberal machine” (Wynne 2015: 113) that is evoked through political mis- or non-representation. Ghosting them, nevertheless, does not silence the mistreated spirits: it gives shape to this political disturbance that escapes the dominant regime of visibility and political rationality—absent yet haunting it from its margins.Conclusion: An Otherworld

Let us return to that initial haunting in the Black Forest. There, the summoned ‘ghost’ took on a conventional role. For both the government official who had proclaimed that people were “haunted” by EMF and should not “chase after ghosts,” but also for the critics who were offended by being associated with ghosts, the ghost is granted a lesser reality, either as what is merely psychological or, worse, as a sign of irrationality and mental illness. In her book Our Grateful Dead (2021), Vinciane Despret describes how ghosts and their ilk tend to fall into the trap set up within modern epistemology, which distributes existence into two categories: it has either a physical existence (a fact), or a subjective existence (a mental artifact). “This obligatory choice,” she writes, leaves the ‘dead’ “with only two, equally miserable, possible ways out, either that of nonexistence or that of phantasms, beliefs, or hallucinations” (ibid.: 8). The issue with this trap, as Despret underlines, is that it qualifies ghosts through a mode of scientificity or knowledge that misses the mark: they cannot be found there. This treatment of ghosts, and those who experience their existence, that Despret denounces has an equivalence with the ways in which the debate of the possible health effects of EMFs, and of being EHS, happens. These experiences of EMFs are also reduced to this trap: either they are real and attributable to physical causes, or unreal and a matter of belief.

While Derrida's notion of the specter holds ontological questions open, Despret (2021) allows us to take seriously the co-existence of multiple ontologies that can overlap, cross over, and even contradict. By drawing a parallel between the dead and electromagnetic spectra, Despret stresses that both “have ‘ways of being’ that make them into actual real beings in the register that is their own” (ibid.: 9). This article has sought to understand spectral moments in their own specificity or their own manner of being.

Based on our ethnographic fieldwork around 5G and EMF risk debates, we have outlined three instances of the spectral. The first moment showed how the spectrum is neither reducible to a natural object, a representation nor a socio-technical regime, but is charged with other potentialities that spill out of it. The specter manifests in experiences of an almost felt presence of the electromagnetic spectrum, of equivocal proximities, of relations or coincidences that do not add up to a whole, but create a ‘structural opening’—a world out of joint. The second moment described the specter of dis/possessed bodies who haunt a biomedical regime that excludes them, yet whose im/possibility holds a potential to disturb it. We explored how acquiring a possible body outside of an existing biomedical regime is a difficult and uncertain process of learning to possess a sensitive body in a world that is sensitive to it, but also a way of being possessed by that body-world. The third moment turned to what Walter Lippmann called the ‘phantom public’. We described how attempts to know ‘the public’ and its 5G risk perceptions fail to represent and include vocal 5G ‘issue publics’ that form around specific concerns (Marres 2007) and continue to haunt the transition managers of 5G like the “ghost of the scientized neoliberal machine” (Wynne 2015: 113). While participatory processes and formats, as well as technoscientific controversies and accounts of them, strive for closure, the spectral implies what Derrida called ‘structural openings’, or what we called ‘shapes of disturbance’—whether as a spectrum that loosely structures everyday life, bodies that open up biomedical regimes to other sensory possibilities, or ‘ghosted publics’ that haunt the transparencies of political representation.

In each movement we have described, there is something that refuses being determinable in a form of knowledge, or as a clearly determinable reality, but flickers in the shape of a disturbance. Each of these disclosures, we claim, is not of another world, heterogeneous to modern, Western ontologies, but of an Otherworld that unsettles its boundaries and is constituted by practices that attempt to fit into modern ontological categories and regimes of legibility. They are ‘otherworldly’ because, rather than performing a distinct world with distinct categories, it remains unclear whether what is there is real or unreal, fact or fiction. They do not conform to those binaries. These disclosures from the Otherworld thus take the paradoxical shape of disturbance, of a structural opening, that is otherworldly—effects that make environments, bodies, and publics flicker in a spectral way.

In the conditions of climate change, a zeitgeist increasingly described as one of ruins (Tsing 2015), permanently polluted (Liboiron et al. 2018), where life is always already altered (Murphy 2017), and where disturbance is ordinary and ontological, there is a “demand,” Donna Haraway ([1990] 2016: 88) acknowledges, for a “certain suspension of ontologies and epistemologies, holding them lightly.” In this vein, we propose that the spectral, as a ‘structural opening’, creates space for an onto-epistemic and ethnographic sensitivity to experiences that does not seek to grasp them in a form of the knowable, or in clearly definable categorical forms. This, in turn, calls for a sensitivity in ethnography to the enigmatic and unclear, to unstable and problematic beings, but also to analytic categories and writing techniques that suspend closure by foregrounding hesitation (Chao 2024; Despret 2021; Stengers 2023; Schulte-Römer and Mommersteeg 2025), confusion (Mommersteeg 2026), doubt (Ahmann 2024) and not knowing (Cadena 2021). Rather than resolution or explanation, ethnographic disclosures are narratives that refuse to have the last word, but instead sustain “the perplexity that feeds an experience” (Despret 2019: 242) by prolonging it, holding open the gap between an experience and its meaning or interpretation, enabling it to continue in existence through the uncertainty that characterizes it, and which allows others to continue it.

This sensitivity is especially important for relating to situations—like the 5G debate, but also other scientific and technical controversies—that seem to be captured by the abstractions of what Isabelle Stengers (2023) has called the ‘predatory nature of science’, or what Brian Wynne (2015) has described as ‘hermeneutic imperialism’, where the logic of scientific objectivity operates as the sole guarantor of legitimate knowledge. The specter, in contrast, has meaning not as a “determinate content to be uncovered,” but as a “productive opening” (Davis 2005: 377): it discloses an opening that puts epistemological certainties and categories into doubt, an opening to other possibilities, and through which an Otherworld flickers.

Open access: https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/social-analysis/69/4/sa690402.xml

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RF-EMF Risk Perception and Trust in Radiation Protection Authorities: A Comparative Study on Precautionary Information in Germany and Greece

Eggeling-Böcker M, Karabetsos E, Christopoulou M, Link SC, Abacioglu F, Boehmert C. RF-EMF Risk Perception and Trust in Radiation Protection Authorities: A Comparative Study on Precautionary Information in Germany and Greece. Bioelectromagnetics. 2026 Jan;47(1):e70042. doi: 10.1002/bem.70042.

Abstract

This study investigates how different types of precautionary information affect risk perception and trust in national radiation protection authorities regarding radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile communications, with a specific focus on 5G networks. A total of 2169 participants (1040 in Germany, 1129 in Greece) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) basic information, (2) simple precautionary information regarding possibilities to reduce personal RF-EMF exposure while using a mobile phone, and (3) conceptual precautionary information, including an explanation distinguishing "precaution" from "prevention" (1 × 3 factorial design). Contrary to the expectation that simple precautionary messages lead to higher risk perception and lower trust compared to basic messages, this was only the case for general conditional risk perception assuming that no precautions are taken, but not for affective risk perception, trust, or general conditional risk perception assuming that precautions are taken. Notably, providing a more elaborate explanation of the precaution/prevention distinction did not decrease risk perception or increase trust compared to giving simple precautionary information only, and even increased risk perception compared to basic information. This suggests limited benefit in emphasizing this conceptual nuance of precaution. Considering other variables, precautionary information increased feelings of self-efficacy and perception of message consistency. The findings reveal significant country differences: Greek participants reported higher perceived risks and lower trust than German participants. Gender differences also emerged, with women expressing higher risk perception and less trust than men. In contrast to the previous literature, the results suggest that precautionary information concerning personal mobile phone use can be communicated without leading to higher public concern about RF-EMF exposure from mobile communications. However, we found some evidence that adding conceptual explanations to precautionary information leads to higher risk perception. The results also show that considering sociocultural and individual differences in risk communication can be relevant. Possible explanations for the findings and implications for risk communicators are discussed.

Open access: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.70042

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Risk perception of electromagnetic fields among school teachers and nursery school teachers: a mixed-methods study

Lüthy K, Riesmeyer C, Kühn J, Forster F, Radon K, Weinmann T. Risk perception of electromagnetic fields among school teachers and nursery school teachers: a mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health. 2026 Jun 23. doi: 10.1186/s12889-026-27964-3. 

Abstract

Background: Although there is no evidence for adverse health effects from non-ionising electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure below legal limits, this concern is widespread among the general population. School teachers and nursery school teachers are considered multipliers of health-related information as they impart knowledge to parents and children. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the risk perception regarding EMFs among these professional groups. The extent to which school teachers and nursery school teachers are in contact with questions concerning EMFs and health in their work has not been investigated. Nor is there any knowledge about the information level of school teachers and nursery school teachers regarding EMFs. Data on teachers' perception regarding EMFs is important though to meet information needs.

Methods: A cross-sectional study among school teachers and nursery school teachers in Germany was carried out in 2024, combining an online survey (N = 1400) with focus groups (N = 29). We calculated prevalence estimates for participants' risk perception, subjective information level, and EMFs relevance in everyday work with correction for non-response. Furthermore, we conducted a latent class analysis to identify types of EMFs risk perception.

Results: A third of all participating school teachers (32%) and nursery school teachers (33%) indicated that, in their view, EMF exposure below legal limits may cause adverse health effects. Five types of risk perception concerning EMFs were identified using latent class analysis, with the high risk perception class comprising 11% of the participants. Many school teachers (56%) and nursery school teachers (77%) perceived themselves as poorly informed about EMFs. The group discussions provided deeper insights and supported these findings. The interviews revealed that both professional groups had concerns about the health effects of EMFs. Knowledge of scientific evidence concerning EMFs and health was low. Moreover, the discussions revealed a desire for more information on EMFs and health.

Conclusions: A notable proportion of school teachers and nursery school teachers indicated considerable risk perception towards EMFs. Most participants indicated low subjective information levels, expressing a need for information on EMF health effects. Communication formats tailored to this target group should be developed and evaluated.

Open access: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-026-27964-3

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Prenatal 3.5 GHz radiofrequency exposure induces renal histological changes and DNA damage in 6-month-old rats

Gelenli Dolanbay E, Canturk Tan F, Bektas H, Koc S, Varol S, Kilic O, Uslu U, Dasdag S. Prenatal 3.5 GHz radiofrequency exposure induces renal histological changes and DNA damage in 6-month-old rats. Histochem Cell Biol. 2026 Jul 9;164(1):56. doi: 10.1007/s00418-026-02504-7.

Abstract

Early-life environmental stressors may influence long-term organ development and cellular homeostasis. This study investigated whether prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) is associated with renal structural alterations, autophagy-related changes, and DNA damage in adult rat offspring. A total of 24 pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were randomly assigned to sham control, exposure during the last 2 weeks of gestation (D2T: exposure during the last 2 weeks of gestation), or exposure throughout gestation (D3T: exposure throughout gestation) groups (n = 8 dams per group). Male offspring were selected and euthanized at 6 months of age. Kidney tissues were examined histopathologically for structural alterations. Autophagy-related markers (Beclin-1 and LC3) were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and DNA damage was evaluated using the comet assay. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by appropriate post hoc tests. Peak spatial specific absorption rate (psSAR) values in the uterine region were 0.06622 mW/g (1 g averaging) and 0.03825 mW/g (10 g averaging). Prenatal RFR exposure was associated with significant renal histopathological alterations in offspring, most pronounced in the D3T group, including glomerular atrophy, tubular dilation, epithelial vacuolization, and cast formation (p < 0.01-0.001 versus controls). Beclin-1 and LC3 expression levels were significantly increased in both exposure groups (p < 0.001), suggesting altered autophagy-related marker expression. The comet assay demonstrated significantly increased DNA fragmentation in D2T and D3T groups compared with controls (p < 0.001), indicating increased genomic stress. Overall, prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz RFR is associated with renal structural alterations, increased DNA damage, and changes in autophagy-related markers in adult rat offspring.

Open access: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00418-026-02504-7

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Sensitive Molecules Involved in Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment of Mice Induced by 4.3 GHz Microwave Radiation

Qian T, Cheng W, Song L, Dong J, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wang H, Peng R. Sensitive Molecules Involved in Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment of Mice Induced by 4.3 GHz Microwave Radiation. Biomolecules. 2026; 16(7):990. doi: 10.3390/biom16070990.

Abstract

With the widespread application of microwave technology in communication and medical fields, concerns regarding its biosafety, particularly the effects on the central nervous system, have increased. The brain is considered a sensitive target organ for microwave radiation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4.3 GHz microwave radiation at different power densities on spatial learning and memory in mice, and to identify key molecular changes in the hippocampus associated with cognitive impairment. Mice (male, C57BL/6N) were exposed to 4.3 GHz microwave radiation at power densities of 10 or 30 mW/cm² for 30 min. Spatial learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). The hippocampal structure was assessed by HE staining at multiple time points following microwave exposure. Integrated RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and 4D-data-independent acquisition (4D-DIA) analyses of the hippocampus were performed at 6 h after microwave exposure, and differentially expressed molecules were selected and validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The 4.3 GHz microwave exposure significantly prolonged escape latency in the MWM, indicating impaired spatial learning or navigation ability. Histological examination revealed transient neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Multi-omics analysis and subsequent validation revealed molecular alterations. Following microwave radiation, the expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes Arc and Ebf3 was significantly upregulated. At the protein level, significant downregulation was observed for Protein sidekick-2 and IQGAP1, while WNK3 was significantly upregulated. In summary, 4.3 GHz microwave exposure impaired spatial learning or navigation ability, accompanied by structural damage in the hippocampus and molecular alterations in synaptic plasticity-related pathways. Arc, Ebf3, Protein sidekick-2, WNK3, and IQGAP1 might serve as candidate molecules for understanding and mitigating microwave-induced cognitive deficits.

Excerpt

The whole-body average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values for mice under the two power density conditions were approximately 14.5 W/kg and 37.8 W/kg.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/7/990

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Microwave Radiation Remodels Hippocampal Astrocytes Subpopulations and Intercellular Communication at Single-Cell Resolution

Chang C, Feng Z, Ye Y, Xu Z, Kong X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Hao Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Microwave Radiation Remodels Hippocampal Astrocytes Subpopulations and Intercellular Communication at Single-Cell Resolution. Cells. 2026 Jun 22;15(12):1121. doi: 10.3390/cells15121121.

Abstract

The potential health hazards caused by microwave exposure have attracted increasing attention. Microwave radiation has been reported to induce oxidative stress in neural tissues, which is considered one of the primary mechanisms underlying its adverse effects on central nervous system function. The hippocampus is sensitive to microwave radiation, whereas underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, microwave-exposed mice exhibited significantly impaired performance in the Go/No-go, Y-maze, and novel object recognition tests at 6 h and 7 days post-exposure, indicating deficits in hippocampus-dependent working memory. Single-cell RNA sequencing of hippocampal tissues from control and microwave-exposed mice yielded 94,088 high-quality cells across eight major cell types. Astrocyte sub-clustering identified five transcriptionally distinct subpopulations, with Astrocyte_S100a6 and Astrocyte_Son proportions increased and Astrocyte_Serpinf1 decreased in the radiation group. Analysis of astrocyte transcriptional state transitions showed microwave-exposed astrocytes were preferentially distributed toward terminal reactive states with depletion at early homeostatic nodes. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed increased total interactions and interaction strength following radiation. Astrocyte outgoing signaling was increased for pathways associated with vascular remodeling, phagocytic regulation, and neuroinflammation, while pathways related to trophic support were decreased. Incoming signaling showed increased activity in pathways linked to phagocytic recruitment and inflammatory mediation. Taken together, these findings indicate that microwave exposure is associated with hippocampus-dependent working memory deficits accompanied by transcriptional remodeling of astrocyte subpopulation composition, directional astrocyte state transitions toward reactive phenotypes, and broad alterations in astrocyte-centered intercellular communication, providing a cellular and molecular framework for understanding astrocyte involvement in microwave radiation-associated hippocampal dysfunction.

Excerpt

The microwave exposure system was as previously described [39]. Briefly, the microwave source with a central frequency of 2856 MHz was placed in an electromagnetic shield chamber (GuoruiZhaofu Electronic, Wuhu, China). The mice in the MR group were placed in a transparent container of porous plexiglass with vent holes, which was placed on a circular platform below the microwave antenna (Figure 2A). The distance between the microwave antenna and the dorsal surface of the mice was fixed at 127 cm. During the radiation, the platform was rotated to ensure uniform radiation dose distribution in the mice. MR was applied for 15 min with an average power density of 8 mW/cm2, a repetition frequency of 80 Hz, and a duty cycle of 4%....

[39]  When mice were arranged along the E‐polarization direction of the RF, the main exposure mode in this study, the whole‐body average SAR was calculated to be ≈8.9 W kg−1 and the local head SAR was ≈6.6 W kg−1 (Figure 1F). If mice faced the H‐polarization direction, the whole‐body average SAR was ≈4.0 W kg−1, and the local head SAR was ≈5.9 W kg−1 (Figure 1G).

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/15/12/1121

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Coenzyme Q10 protects against 6 GHz electromagnetic field–induced liver injury via suppression of inflammatory responses associated with NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Akyildiz K, Yilmaz H, Yilmaz A, et al. Coenzyme Q10 protects against 6 GHz electromagnetic field–induced liver injury via suppression of inflammatory responses associated with NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep (2026). doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-59252.

Abstract

We evaluated endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in hepatic tissues following 6 GHz electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and the protective effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). The experimental design included 24 male Sprague–Dawley rats randomly assigned to three groups: (i) sham control group, (ii) 6 GHz EMF exposure group, and (iii) 6 GHz EMF exposure + CoQ10 treatment group. Rats in the exposure groups were subjected to 6 GHz EMF exposure for 2 h/day over 30 consecutive days. Rats in the exposure groups were subjected to 6 GHz EMF exposure (0.21 mW/cm²; specific absorption rate: 0.014 W/kg) for 2 h/day over 30 consecutive days. In addition, the animals in the CoQ10 treatment group received CoQ10 orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day throughout the exposure period. After completing the experimental protocol, hepatic tissue samples were obtained for subsequent analyses. Comparative analyses revealed significant differences in TBARS, GSH, TNF-α, IL-1β, ALT, and AST levels across the control–6 GHz and 6 GHz –6 GHz + CoQ10 groups. Exposure to 6 GHz EMF increased histopathological damage and liver histopathological score values, whereas CoQ10 markedly reduced these changes and suppressed glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, oxidative 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, and nuclear factor kappa B p65 immunoreactivitiesy. 6 GHz EMF induces hepatic dysfunction via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, whereas CoQ10 mitigates these effects of EMF exposure.

Open access: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-59252-w

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Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) [silver linden] Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)

Keller J, Geier U. Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis. Plants. 2026; 15(12):1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824.

Abstract

The growing use of wireless technology significantly increases the exposure of all living organisms to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, the physiological effects of RF-EMF on plants have not yet been sufficiently researched. In this study, we investigated the effects of RF-EMF radiation in the frequency ranges 1890–1900 MHz (DECT) and 2.4 GHz plus 5 GHz (Wi-Fi) on photosynthetic performance of Tilia plants (Tilia tomentosa). The recorded fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients were used to analyze the structure and function of PSII by the JIP-test. The analysis of the fluorescence of chlorophyll a showed that the RF-EMF interfered with the electron transport processes of photosynthesis. Tilia plants exposed to RF-EMF induced decrease in photosynthetic efficiency (F_V/F_M) and inactivation of part of PSII reaction centers (RC/CS_O). Observations of leaf senescence and lifespan over a period of 102 days showed that RF-EMF-exposed Tilia plants exhibited accelerated aging.

Excerpt 

To evaluate how real-world signal mixtures affect urban canopy trees like Tilia tomentosa, we simulated a realistic, high-density anthropogenic RF-EMF scenario with frequency ranges of 1880–1900 MHz (DECT) and 2.4 and 5 GHz (Wi-Fi). RF-EMF exposure was provided by two Wi-Fi systems (FritzBox 7530; AVM, Berlin, Germany) in combination with a DECT base station and two DECT phones (Motorola t412+, Motorola, Chicago, IL, USA; eco-mode switched off). The DECT phones were maintained in continuous communication with an additional terminal. RF-EMF radiation levels were measured using two broadband RF analyzers (Gigahertz Solutions, Langenzenn, Germany). Peak power flux densities in the 1880–1900 MHz and 2.4 GHz range, measured with the HF59B analyzer (Gigahertz Solutions, Langenzenn, Germany) (700 MHz–2.7 GHz) on plants, were 800 µW/m². In the 5 GHz Wi-Fi band, measured with the HFW35C analyzer (Gigahertz Solutions, Langenzenn, Germany) (2.4–6 GHz) also on plants, values of 400 µW/m² were recorded. In contrast, RF-EMF measurements of both the ambient background and the shielded control plants yielded values < 8 µW/m² for the 1880–1900 MHz/2.4 GHz range and <4 µW/m² for the 5 GHz band, which is less than 1% of the recorded intensities and below the reliable quantification threshold of the measuring devices.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/15/12/1824

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Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields induce apoptotic, oxidative stress, inflammatory and aquaporin-related kidney alteration

Özöner MP, Seker U, Sert C. et al. Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields induce apoptotic, oxidative stress, inflammatory and aquaporin-related kidney alteration. J Mol Histol 57, 222 (2026). doi: 10.1007/s10735-026-10883-3

Abstract

Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields are used as a biotherapy method in various medical and experimental applications. However, the cellular effects of prolonged or intense exposure remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different ELF-PEMF doses on kidney tissue over an 8 week period, investigating oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and aquaporin expression using biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. Forty male rats were assigned to control, sham, 1 mT, and 5 mT groups; the 1 mT and 5 mT groups were exposed to ELF-PEMF for four hours daily for eight weeks, while controls received no intervention. At the end of the experiment, kidney tissues were collected for histopathological (H&E and PAS), immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses. In kidney tissue exposed to ELF-PEMF, hyperemia, tubular degeneration, and proteinaceous casts were observed. 1 mT and 5 mT ELF-PEMF exposure increased BAX, Caspase-9, and TNF-α immunoreactivity compared to the control and sham groups, while no change was observed in BCL-2 expression. 5 mT group exposure to ELF-PEMF increased AQP3 expression, a critical water channel in cellular H₂O₂ permeability (p < 0.05). AQP5 expression was significantly increased in both the 1 mT and 5 mT groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Biochemical analyses showed that oxidative stress levels were significantly increased in both the 1 mT and 5 mT groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that, despite its recent use for its therapeutic properties, long-term exposure to ELF-PEMF may cause oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in renal tissue and alter the histological structure and cellular homeostasis.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10735-026-10883-3

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Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility Safety Assessment of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles on Drivers and Passengers

Su R, Yan S, Wu X. Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility Safety Assessment of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles on Drivers and Passengers. 2026 5th International Conference on Electronics, Integrated Circuits and Communication Technology (EICCT), Chengdu, China, 2026, pp. 595-600, doi: 10.1109/EICCT69950.2026.11564107.

Abstract

In recent years, with the rise of electric vehicles, researchers have increasingly focused on the electromagnetic compatibility safety assessment of drivers and passengers in the complex electromagnetic environment of electric vehicles. In this paper, a vehicle model, a human body model, and a wireless power transfer system model are constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Based on these models, the induced electric field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) of drivers and passengers in the electric vehicle environment are simulated and calculated. Furthermore, the safety distance for drivers and passengers under wireless power transfer systems with different power levels is evaluated. The simulation results show that when the output power of the wireless power transfer system is 150 kW and the operating frequency is 1100 kHz, the electromagnetic parameters of drivers and passengers reach their maximum values. The peak induced electric field strength is 18.053 V/m, and the peak local SAR is 0.382 mW/kg, both of which meet the safety requirements of the ICNIRP. Under the ICNIRP standard, the minimum safety distance is 0.08 m. 

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11564107&isnumber=11564056

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Electromagnetic Exposure to Child Passengers of Positioning Antennas for Autonomous Driving Electric Vehicles

Dong X, Ren Y, Lu M. Electromagnetic Exposure to Child Passengers of Positioning Antennas for Autonomous Driving Electric Vehicles. ACES Journal. 2026. 41(03):244–257.

Abstract

With the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving (AD) technologies, the issue of electromagnetic exposure of passengers, especially children, to the electromagnetic radiation generated by the positioning antennas of AD has received increasing attention. In this study, COMSOL Multiphysics is used to construct the models of an EV, a positioning antenna and a child human body, and the levels of electromagnetic exposure of a child passenger to the positioning antenna in AD are calculated. Results indicate that the maximum value of induced electric field in a child’s body is 23 V/m, and the maximum value of the SAR_1g of the child’s body is 0.19 W/kg. Additionally, the maximum temperature rise in the child body is 0.55^∘C. The electromagnetic exposure levels of the child passenger calculated in this study are all lower than the safety limits defined by international authoritative institutions. Therefore, the electromagnetic radiation levels from the positioning antenna comply with international safety standards. Based on the analysis of this study, no significant health effects on child passengers have been observed. The results of this study can supplement studies on the electromagnetic environment of AD in EVs and can provide guidance for ensuring the travel safety of child passengers.

Open access: https://journals.riverpublishers.com/index.php/ACES/article/view/29313/23896

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Computational dosimetry of electromagnetic and thermal exposure for pacemaker wearers in vehicle-to-vehicle environments

Song Y, Lu M. Computational dosimetry of electromagnetic and thermal exposure for pacemaker wearers in vehicle-to-vehicle environments. Electromagn Biol Med. 2026 Jul 5:1-14. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2026.2695362.

Abstract

This study conducts a quantitative safety assessment for pacemaker wearers by evaluating their electromagnetic and thermal exposure to vehicle-mounted antennas in a realistic Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication scenario. An integrated exposure scenario comprising a vehicle with a V2V antenna, an implanted cardiac pacemaker, and an anatomical human model is constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics®. Coupled simulations of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and bioheat transfer are conducted to compute the specific absorption rate averaged over 10g of tissue (SAR_10g) and the induced temperature rise. The results indicate that the peak SAR_10g occurs in the superficial tissues at the skin of the left ear, which is the region closest to the antenna and the vehicle's side window. The peak SAR_10g of skin tissue is 0.067 W/kg, which accounts for 3.35% of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) public exposure limit of 2 W/kg. Cardiac exposure SAR_10g peaks at a significantly lower value of 0.19 mW/kg. The maximum temperature rise at the critical pacemaker lead-electrode interface is 0.061°C, substantially below the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14708-2 safety threshold of 2°C. The corresponding temperature increase within the heart tissue is merely 0.059°C. All evaluated exposure values comply with ICNIRP guidelines for general public exposure. The findings indicate that the modeled V2V communications do not pose a health risk from RF-EMF exposure to pacemaker wearers in the investigated scenario, thereby providing key data to alleviate their travel safety concerns in current environments.

Plain language summary

Individuals with cardiac pacemakers may have concerns about potential interference from the growing number of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication antennas in modern vehicles: Could the wireless signals from these devices affect pacemaker function or pose a health risk? To address this practical concern, our research performed a detailed simulation study. We constructed a numerical model that represents a realistic scenario in which a person with a pacemaker is seated in a vehicle equipped with a V2V antenna. The results show that the wireless signal energy absorbed by the body is very low, representing only 3.35% of the safety limits set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Exposure levels in the cardiac region are even lower. Furthermore, any potential temperature rises in human tissues or near the pacemaker remain well below the 2°C safety threshold defined by ICNIRP and ISO 14708-2. Thus, under the simulated exposure conditions, the V2V communication antenna used in this study does not present a health risk to pacemaker users. All evaluated parameters fall substantially below established safety limits. These findings provide scientific reassurance and should help alleviate safety concerns among pacemaker wearers traveling in vehicles equipped with such communication systems.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42402072/

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Monitoring Harmonic ELF Magnetic Fields in Data Centers With Sensor-Based Instrumentation

Portillo F, Fernandez-Ros M, Novas N, Garcia RM, Viciana E, Gazquez JA. Monitoring Harmonic ELF Magnetic Fields in Data Centers With Sensor-Based Instrumentation. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 75, pp. 1-9, 2026, Art no. 1502309, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2026.3684676. 

Abstract

Modern data centers concentrate substantial amounts of power-electronic equipment, generating complex low-frequency electromagnetic environments with implications for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). This article presents a one-month assessment of the extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field in a data center using an air-core coil magnetometer as a nonintrusive measurement instrument. The sensor operated continuously, and the recorded field was segmented into 5-min windows to compute the root-mean-squared (rms) magnetic flux density (B RMS ), the harmonic spectrum from 50 to 2000 Hz, and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the magnetic field (THD B ). Statistics show moderate field magnitudes, with typical B RMS around 0.5 μ T and a maximum below 1 μ T, but consistently high-distortion levels, with median THD B around 36% and occasional values above 300%. Diurnal and weekly analyses reveal that THD B is strongly modulated by the operating regime, with twice the median distortion during working hours compared with nighttime and weekends, while B RMS varies much less. Harmonic spectra confirm the dominant contribution of low-order odd harmonics, particularly the third, whose relative amplitudes increase under high-distortion conditions. A percentile-based detector identifies 41 high-THD B events, most of them short-lived (5–10 min). The results illustrate how ELF magnetometry, as a nonintrusive instrumentation approach, can support EMC-oriented characterization of harmonic disturbances in data centers and complement conventional power-quality (PQ) measurements.

Conclusion

This article presents a one-month assessment of magnetic field disturbances in a university data center using a nonintrusive ELF magnetometer. By continuously recording the vertical magnetic field component and processing the data in 5-min windows, the study derived the B_RMS, the harmonic spectrum from 50 to 2000 Hz, and the THD_B.

The measurements show that the magnetic field magnitude at the sensor location is moderate, with B_RMS typically around 0.5 μ T and consistently below 1 μ T, whereas the associated distortion is systematically high. THD_B exhibits a broad distribution with median values around 36% and occasional episodes exceeding 300%. Diurnal and weekly analyses indicate that the operating regime strongly modulates distortion. During working hours, the median THD_B is approximately twice that observed at night and during weekends, while B_RMS varies much less. Harmonic spectrum and regime-based statistics reveal the dominant contribution of low-order odd harmonics (especially, the 3rd) and highlight that their relative amplitudes increase under high-distortion conditions. A percentile-based detector identifies 41 high-THD_B events over the month, most of which are short-lived (5–10 min) but reach substantial distortion levels.

These results characterize the selected installation point; extension to room-wide characterization requires multipoint measurements, so future work will extend this approach to multiple sensors and diverse types of data centers, combine field measurements with electrical and operational data, and explore automated classification of operating regimes and events based on magnetic signatures, to support PQ supervision and EMC decision-making in critical IT infrastructure.

Open access: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11482647&isnumber=11329398

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Safety Assessment of Electromagnetic Effects for Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines

Wang H, et al. Safety Assessment of Electromagnetic Effects for UHV Transmission Lines. 2026 9th International Conference on Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering (CEEPE), Nanjing, China, 2026, pp. 748-752, doi: 10.1109/CEEPE69795.2026.11552148.

Abstract

This paper conducts a systematic safety assessment of electromagnetic effects for UHV same-tower double-circuit transmission lines, aiming to address the demand for refined quantitative evaluation of human electromagnetic exposure under the UHV power frequency electromagnetic environment. Finite element models of the UHV transmission lines and a refined human body model with a layered head structure are established via COMSOL Multiphysics. The power frequency magnetic field effects, electric field effects, and the influence of the typical arms-raised operation posture on human exposure characteristics are quantitatively analyzed, with all results strictly benchmarked against the ICNIRP public exposure limits. The results show that all human electromagnetic exposure parameters under different working conditions are far below the corresponding safety limits with sufficient safety margins. This research provides reliable quantitative data and theoretical support for the electromagnetic environment safety assessment of UHV transmission lines. 

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11552148&isnumber=11552035