Electromagnetic Radiation Safety: Recent Research on Wireless Radiation and Electromagnetic Fields

I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2500 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.

To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published since 2024

(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (507 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFstudies-Nov-2025

To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023

click on the following link (867 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFStudies-2021-2023

To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020

click on the following link (875 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFStudies-2016-2020

The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.

Non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation: Mechanistic insights into male reproductive vulnerability in the era of ubiquitous exposure

Jangid P, Rai U, Ahmed S, Singh S, Singh R. Non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation: Mechanistic insights into male reproductive vulnerability in the era of ubiquitous exposure. Reproductive Toxicology, Volume 138, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087..

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of wireless technologies has led to continuous, low-intensity exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from devices such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and wearable electronics. Although RF-EMR is non-ionizing, a growing body of evidence indicates that chronic exposure can induce non-thermal biological effects with significant implications for male reproductive health. This review synthesizes current findings on the mechanistic pathways through which RF-EMR may impair fertility, focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy dysregulation, and hormonal disruption via hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis interference. Experimental and clinical studies consistently link RF-EMR exposure to reduced sperm count and motility, altered testicular architecture, blood-testis barrier compromise, and suppressed testosterone synthesis, often at specific absorption rates below current safety thresholds. These outcomes are underpinned by redox imbalance, mitochondrial collapse, and steroidogenic impairment, with emerging evidence for epigenetic and transgenerational effects. Existing regulatory frameworks, based largely on thermal safety limits, fail to address the complexity of real-world, multi-source, long-term exposures. The review highlights critical knowledge gaps, particularly regarding 5 G and millimeter-wave frequencies, and underscores the need for standardized research protocols, biologically relevant exposure metrics, and precautionary public health measures to mitigate reproductive risks in an increasingly wireless environment.

Highlights

RF-EMR triggers oxidative stress in male reproductive cells.
Leydig cell mitochondria are highly sensitive to RF exposure.
RF-EMR impairs testosterone synthesis and steroidogenesis.
Sperm quality declines after non-thermal RF-EMR exposure.
ROS and autophagy mediate RF-EMR-induced cell damage.

Limitations of SAR-based regulatory paradigms

Regulatory bodies like the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) still rely on SAR as the main safety benchmark for RF-EMR exposure [14], [74]. But SAR mainly reflects how much tissue heats up over short periods, it was originally designed to prevent thermal damage in lab settings [15]. While that works for avoiding immediate overheating, it doesn’t capture the kinds of long-term, non-thermal effects that research is now increasingly reporting. For example, oxidative stress, hormonal imbalances, mitochondrial dysfunction, and even DNA fragmentation have been observed at SAR levels still considered "safe" under current guidelines [4], [19]. These kinds of findings make it clear that we need to rethink how exposure is measured, especially for reproductive health, and move toward including more biologically relevant markers like oxidative stress indicators, endocrine changes, and genotoxic outcomes.

The need for a precautionary framework

A proactive, precautionary approach is essential to safeguard public health amid ongoing scientific uncertainty. The absence of acute thermal injury must not be equated with biological safety. Multiple expert groups have advocated for the inclusion of non-thermal biological endpoints, such as oxidative stress, hormonal disruption, and reproductive toxicity, into current safety standards [5], [17].

To align public health policy with emerging evidence, reforms should prioritize:

Mandatory RF-EMR labeling on consumer electronics;

Promotion of low-exposure practices (e.g., using speaker mode or wired headphones, maintaining device distance, limiting phone use in low-signal areas, etc.);

Creation of low-EMF zones in schools, hospitals, and transport systems;

Dedicated funding for longitudinal studies on fertility and epigenetic impacts;

Regular RF exposure mapping and transparent public communication.

Incorporating these elements into policy will better reflect biological realities and ensure protection for high-risk populations. Without such action, regulatory frameworks may continue to underestimate the long-term reproductive risks of chronic low-intensity RF-EMR exposure.

Conclusion

With wireless technologies now embedded in almost every part of daily life, we’re constantly exposed to low levels of RF-EMR, often without even realizing it. This kind of ongoing exposure has raised real concerns about biological effects that go well beyond just heating tissues. Studies using cell lines, animals, and even human subjects have pointed to consistent changes in things like redox balance, mitochondrial health, programmed cell death pathways, autophagy, and hormonal regulation, and these effects seem especially pronounced in the male reproductive system. These disturbances have been linked to reduced sperm quality, disrupted testicular architecture, and compromised fertility, with some studies pointing to potential impacts on future generations.

Existing safety standards, primarily based on thermal effects, do not capture the complexity of these non-thermal, long-term exposures. As technologies like 5 G introduce novel frequencies and modulations, there is a critical need for biologically relevant models, standardized endpoints, and human-focused cohort studies. A multidisciplinary approach integrating mechanistic research and policy updates is essential to ensure reproductive safety amid expanding RF-EMR exposure.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623825002588

Radiofrequency radiation-induced gene expression

Lai H, Levitt BB. Radiofrequency radiation-induced gene expression. Rev Environ Health. 2025 Oct 29. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2025-0104.

Abstract

Genes are differentially expressed in cells in response to changes in the internal or external environment. The response is generally an adaptive mechanism to the environmental challenge to restore cell functions to homeostasis. There are numerous studies reporting changes in gene expression in cells exposed to radiofrequency radiation (RFR), the type of energy emitted by wireless communication devices. The major genes affected are those involved in: repair of damaged proteins, response to stress, oxidative changes, apoptosis, DNA damage detection and repair, and changes in neural functions. Gene expression data supports the notion that RFR is a stressor that causes oxidative changes and DNA and protein damage in cells under different exposure conditions, in many biological systems. Changes in all these significant gene expression effects are supported by results of other biological studies of RFR exposure in the literature. They should be considered in the setting of RFR-exposure guidelines.

Excerpts

"Gene expressions are under feedback control in response to external challenges with numerous variables. RFR has a complex interaction with living organisms depending on various parameters of the field. With these considerations in mind, response oscillation and non-linear dose-response could occur. But gene expression is not expected under all exposure conditions and biological systems studied. Thus, inevitably, in some studies, no significant effects would be expected. There are studies that reported no significant effect of RFR on gene expression related to protein damage and removal, DNA, oxidative processes, stress, and brain functions (Table 7)."

"Forty gene expression effects (marked as low intensity (LI) in Tables 1–6) were observed at a SAR less than 0.4 W/kg. This is relevant to the effects of exposure to RFR in the environment. 0.4 W/kg is the dose rate assumed to be safe by international radiofrequency radiation guidelines (e.g., the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the International Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)). This is important to understand regarding the validity of those organization’s high-intensity standards-setting models. (For readers who are interested in ‘low-intensity’ RFR effects, there are more than 200 studies that reported biological effects at SAR <0.4 W/kg [see the ‘RFR-low-intensity studies’ file in reference [1]]).

Lastly, one may wonder whether up-regulation of gene expression would lead to translation into functional proteins. Several RFR studies support increased translation (e.g., [33], [34], [35], [36]). It is an important complement to the gene-expression studies to look at translation levels of proteins as these are the functional units that promote/sustain both health and illness. Proteomic studies are an attractive next step in understanding the biological effects of RFR exposure. This was suggested more than a decade ago [37]. Changes in transcription and protein functions point to a need to investigate molecular signaling pathways after RFR exposure [38]. In addition, the data on gene-expression suggests two areas of mechanism research that are worth pursuing. The first area is the involvement of stress in RFR-induced biological effects. Involvements of ‘cellular stress responses’ and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and, particularly, effects on the limbic system should be further investigated [3]. The second area is the cellular oxidative processes. Particularly, the mechanism of induction of free radicals by RFR should be systematically studied. Present data indicates that low-frequency modulations in RFR may play a role [39]. It is, however, not known how much these low-frequency components contribute to the overall effect. Similar effects on gene expression have been reported after exposure to extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields (see ‘static and ELF EMF genetic effects’ file in reference [1])."

Open access: https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2025-0104/html

Electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress: The link to the development of cancer, neurological diseases, and behavioral disorders

Leković Ž. Electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress: The link to the development of cancer, neurological diseases, and behavioral disorders. Electromagn Biol Med. 2025 Oct 21:1-25. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2025.2567872.

Abstract

Background: Epidemiological studies suggest an association between exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and an increased incidence of malignant, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to elucidate the fundamental principles and plausible mechanisms by which EMFs may influence physiological and pathological processes that lead to disease development.

Materials and methods: Published reports of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and disease risk related to EMF exposure were examined. The literature review provided the foundation for building a new conceptual model called the Electromagnetic Pathogenesis (EMP) model.

Mechanisms: The EMP model proposes an increase in the probability of electron tunneling through the mitochondrial electron transport chain as the primary pathophysiological mechanism triggered by non-ionizing EMFs. Induced electric fields and quantum tunneling may enhance electron leakage during mitochondrial respiration, which is a major source of free radicals.

Findings: There is a deep connection between quantum tunneling, entropy, and Heisenberg's principle. As a direct consequence of Heisenberg's principle, еlectron tunneling is essentially involved in free radical production and entropy generation in cells. Both normal aging and chronic diseases may be considered as the biologic manifestations of increasing entropy. Heisenberg's principle underlies normal aging and sets the limit to life expectancy.

Social implications: The human brain, particularly the structural and functional networks that support social communication, is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress associated with EMF exposure. Long-term exposure may negatively affect social and reproductive behaviors in both men and women, potentially contributing to a decline in fertility rates and the acceleration of population aging.

Concluding remarks

As a direct consequence of Heisenberg’s principle, quantum tunneling is essential for energy conversion in mitochondria and many physiological processes in cells, including the production of free radicals.

The external time-varying magnetic field brings energy into the biological system and transfers it to charged particles, especially electrons, via induced electric field (electromotive force). During exposure, the induced electric field increases the probability of electron tunneling through the mitochondrial ETC. This facilitates electron leakage during mitochondrial respiration, which is the major source of free radicals in cells.

The oxidative stress associated with man-made EMF exposures represents one of the primary mechanisms that can lead to disease development. Under oxidative stress conditions, excess superoxide releases iron from ferritin and iron-sulfur proteins and increases intracellular free iron. In addition, peroxynitrite, formed when nitric oxide reacts with the superoxide, can liberate iron from iron-sulfur proteins and copper from ceruloplasmin, which destroys an important part of the antioxidant defense – transition metal binding proteins. The elevation in free iron and copper and the ability of DNA to bind metal ions leads to damage by the site-specific Fenton-type reaction, which generates hydroxyl radicals immediately near the site of metal fixation in the DNA.

Autoxidation of dopamine is relatively slow under normal physiological conditions but is accelerated by free transition metals like iron and copper. Oxidative stress-induced dysfunction of the dopamine system has been implicated in different nervous system diseases and neuropsychiatric behavioral disorders, including autism, addiction, and depression.

Embryonic and fetal brain tissues are especially susceptible to peroxidative injury. Maternal oxidative stress may compromise fetal development, leading to congenital malformations or the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. EMFs as an environmental factor have the potential to increase the rate of somatic mutations and incidence of brain disorders, including autism.

The human brain, particularly the structural and functional networks that support social communication, is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress associated with EMF exposure. Disturbance in social communication affects partnership, marital status, reproductive behavior, and ultimately childbearing. Oxidative stress can also initiate degenerative processes in other tissues and organs, which explains the association between social relationships, including marital status, and disease risk. At the population level, long-term EMF exposure can contribute to a decline in the total fertility rate and the acceleration of population aging.

In establishing a causal relationship between electromagnetic fields and associated diseases, the key and final step would be to reduce population exposure. The EMP model predicts that measures to reduce the level of electromagnetic fields in the environment based on the precautionary principle would lead to a decrease in the incidence of almost all diseases associated with oxidative stress, including malignant, cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative diseases.

The EMP model indicates possible links between long-term EMF exposure, oxidative stress, brain disorders, and social and reproductive behavior, providing a solid foundation for future research.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41117390/

Transition Pathways Towards Electromagnetic Sustainability in the Built and Lived Environment

Habash R, Baho GY. Transition Pathways Towards Electromagnetic Sustainability in the Built and Lived Environment. Sustainability. 2025; 17(22):10252. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210252

Abstract

Electromagnetic (EM) fields, as one of the basic forms of energy in the built and lived environment (BLE), present an environmental health challenge, yet they often remain an overlooked concern, particularly with the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and energy systems. Although these fields are essential for the contemporary infrastructure, society needs to engage in a thorough discussion regarding their potential impact on health. In light of this, a commitment should be made to design and manage technologies and infrastructure that strive to lower EM pollution, while ensuring optimal functionality. Achieving this goal requires viable urban planning and sustainability strategies. The motivation of this study is to examine various instances to foster a deeper understanding of the EM in the BLE. It explores significant sources of exposure and major safety guidelines. A literature review and EM field audits in three locations within two cities in Canada and the UK have been provided to understand the trends and serve as a comparative sample. Key transition pathways towards EM sustainability have been proposed, including the establishment of observatory systems in urban locations, hygiene practices, risk governance, and an interplay between sustainability and technology.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/22/10252

Brain Tumor and Mobile Phone Risk Among Young People: Analysis of Japanese People Using the MOBI-Kids International Case-Control Study

Kojimahara N, Kiyohara K, Sato Y, Wake K, Taki M, Castano-Vinyals G, Yamaguchi N, The Study Group of MOBI-Kids Japan. Brain Tumor and Mobile Phone Risk Among Young People: Analysis of Japanese People Using the MOBI-Kids International Case-Control Study. Bioelectromagnetics. 05 November 2025. doi: 10.1002/bem.70032.

Abstract

This study investigated the association between mobile phone use and brain tumors in young people aged 10–29 years, specifically within the Japanese population. Building upon the international MOBI-Kids study, this Japanese case-control study included 120 brain tumor patients and 360 controls treated in the Kanto area, broadening the age range and including all primary brain tumors, unlike the international study. The data were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression, both unadjusted and adjusted for age and sex, with respect to the duration and intensity of mobile phone use. The analysis accounted for differences in the output power of various mobile phone generations prevalent in Japan, particularly the high-output 2G PDC system. Despite this rigorous exposure modeling, the study found no increased risk of brain tumors associated with mobile phone use, even when factoring in the weighted power output. The findings align with other recent international studies that also report no causal association. While acknowledging limitations such as potential recall bias and a relatively small sample size for sub-analyses, the study's strengths include its expanded age range and a realistic assessment of Japanese mobile phone usage patterns. Due to the ever-changing exposure conditions from wireless technology, further studies are needed to address their relation to young people's health.

Summary

Our study, focusing on young people in Japan, found no association between brain tumors and mobile phone use, based on a rigorous case-control design expanding the MOBI-Kids international case control study.

Analysis accounted for mobile phone generation differences, including Japan's high-output 2G PDC system with different phone types and power outputs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.70032

The Influence of Mobile Technologies on the Quality of Sleep

Slezáková Z, Baláž J, Wimmerová S, Valachovičová M. The Influence of Mobile Technologies on the Quality of Sleep. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2025 Oct 1;15(5):491-496. doi: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2311-1685.

Abstract

The extensive usage of mobile phones across all age brackets, including children and teenagers, leads to significant exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF). This exposure raises concerns about potential adverse effects on sleep. The current study aimed to explore the influence of mobile phone-emitted RF-EMFs on the duration and quality of sleep in a cohort of medical students. Participants alternated between sleeping with and without a mobile phone for two-week intervals, while their sleep patterns were monitored using smartwatches. The study results indicated no statistically significant disparities in sleep quality between sleeping with and without a mobile phone. However, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields had a notable impact on the minimum and average blood oxygen saturation levels.

Excerpt

During sleep, the deep sleep phase is considered crucial for physical recovery as it facilitates the release of growth hormones and regeneration of organs, muscles, and cells. In our study, we did not observe any statistically significant differences in the durations of wakefulness, REM sleep, light sleep, and deep sleep. However, we did find that RF EMF had a significant impact on minimum and average blood oxygen saturation levels. These findings emphasize the importance of conducting further comprehensive research in this area.

Open access: https://jbpe.sums.ac.ir/article_50575_eb6407c3fe71aef14e1f2dbc24bbcadb.pdf

Symptoms associated with environmental factors are positively related to sensory-processing sensitivity

Reddington K, Witthöft M, Köteles F, Szemerszky R. Symptoms associated with environmental factors are positively related to sensory-processing sensitivity. J Psychosom Res. 2025 Oct 25;199:112425. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112425.

Abstract

Objective: Symptoms associated with environmental factors (SAEFs) are conditions characterized by chronic somatic symptom distress and impaired everyday functioning. SAEFs are positively related to certain psychological characteristics, such as somatosensory amplification (SSA), worries about the negative health consequences of modern technologies (MHWs), and body awareness. It was proposed recently that SAEFs might also be associated with sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS), i.e., the trait-like perceived sensitivity to internal and external sensory information.

Methods: Participants of a cross-sectional survey (n = 491; M_age = 34.7 yrs., SD_age = 14.2 yrs.; 76.4 % women) completed questionnaires assessing four SAEFs (perceived sensitivity to chemicals, buildings, sounds, electromagnetic fields) with multiple questions, and somatic symptom distress, body awareness, SSA, MHWs, and SPS.

Results: Somatic symptoms distress, SSA, body awareness, and SPS were significantly positively related to all four SAEFs. A very strong association (r = 0.73, p < .001) between SSA and SPS was found.

Conclusion: SPS can be considered a newly described (although not independent) psychological concomitant of SAEFs. Understanding the background of the association between SSA and SPS can be helpful to better understand SAEFs.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41160934/

Effects of Simultaneous In-Vitro Exposure to 5G-Modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-Modulated 1.8 GHz Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neuronal Network Electrical Activity and Cellular Stress in Skin Fibroblast Cells

Hurtier A, Patrignoni L, Canovi A, Orlacchio R, Tjiou H, Gannes FP, Garenne A, Lévêque P, Arnaud-Cormos D, Lagroye I, Lewis N, Percherancier Y. Effects of Simultaneous In-Vitro Exposure to 5G-Modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-Modulated 1.8 GHz Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neuronal Network Electrical Activity and Cellular Stress in Skin Fibroblast Cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Oct;46(7):e70026. doi: 10.1002/bem.70026.

Abstract

The widespread deployment of 5G wireless networks alongside existing GSM technologies has increased the need to assess potential biological effects of co-exposure to multiple radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This study evaluates the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cellular stress protein responses in neurons and skin fibroblasts. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed to RF-EMF at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 min or 24 h, respectively. Neuronal activity was analyzed using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), mitochondrial ROS production was measured using MitoSOX Red, and stress protein activity was assessed using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays targeting RAS, PML, and HSF1 proteins. The results indicate no significant effects on the mean bursting rate (MBR) or mean firing rate (MFR) of cortical neurons, consistent with previous findings at similar SAR levels. Mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts also remained unaffected by RF-EMF co-exposure. BRET assays detected minor variations in the basal activity of RAS and PML and in the maximal efficacy of PMA and As₂O₃ to activate these pathways. However, these effects were small, near the detection threshold, and showed no consistent pattern across different tests or chemical treatments. No change was observed in HSF1 basal activity or responsiveness to MG132. These findings suggest that co-exposure to 5G- and GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels up to 4 W/kg does not produce conclusive evidence of marked biological effects under the tested conditions. Observed variations, when present, are of low amplitude and likely to fall within the range of experimental variability.

Summary

Co-exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz at a total SAR of 4 W/kg (15 min) did not alter spontaneous bursting or firing rates in cortical neuronal networks.
Twenty four hours co-exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz at a total SAR of 1 or 4 W/kg did not change mitochondrial ROS levels in human skin fibroblasts.
BRET assays in fibroblasts showed that 24 h co-exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz at a total SAR of 1 or 4 W/kg produced only small changes, with slight increases in basal RAS and PML activity and minor variations in their chemical responses, while HSF1 remained unaffected.

Excerpts

Knowing the widespread deployment of the 5G wireless network at 3.5 GHz alongside the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) at 1.8 GHz, this study aims to investigate in-vitro effects of simultaneous exposure to both signals at SAR levels up to 4 W/kg on neuronal electrical activity, as well as ROS production and stress protein responses in skin fibroblasts. At such carrier frequencies, the penetration depth into biological tissues is approximately 1 cm. As a result, the primary targets of interest are the skin cells and the central nervous system, particularly cortical neurons....

As illustrated in Figure 1, two exposure setups were used for 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz co-exposure depending on the cell model of interest. The setups were based on a cell culture incubator converted into a reverberation chamber exposure system (Figure 1A) for exposing skin fibroblasts, and an open transverse electromagnetic cell (TEM cell) containing a microelectrode array (MEA) placed in a classical cell culture incubator for neurons exposure (Figure 1B). The signal generation components were located outside incubators. For both exposure systems, the external signal unit was composed of two RF signal generators (SMBV100A, Rohde & Schwarz, Munich), a power combiner (Mini-circuits, ZB2PD-63-N+, NY, USA) combining 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals, a 25-dB gain amplifier (Mini-circuits, ZHL-4W-422+, NY, USA), a bidirectional coupler (Mini-circuits, ZGBDC30-372HP+, NY, USA), and a power meter (Keysight N1912A, USA) connected to two power sensors (Keysight N1921A, USA). The 3.5 GHz signal emitted by the radiofrequency generator is a real 5G NR signal (release 15, Digital Standards SMBVB-K444; Rohde & Schwarz) with FDD duplexing, QPSK modulation and 100 MHz channel bandwidth. The signal is also characterized by the power level and the peak envelope power (PEP), for example, for a power level of -10 dBm the peak envelope power is 1.26 dBm.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41104878/

Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects

Dolanbay EG, Mert T, Bender GC, Bektas H, Uslu U, Fernandez-Rodriguez CE, Dasdag S. Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects. 23 October 2025. doi: 10.1111/nyas.70116.

Abstract

This study investigates the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on male reproductive health. Pregnant Wistar Hannover rats were divided into sham control, full-gestation exposure (3T RFR), and late-gestation exposure (2T RFR) groups (2 h/day). Male offspring were euthanized at 12 months for testicular analysis. In the 3T RFR group, seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height were significantly reduced compared to controls (adjusted p = 0.03 and 9.71 × 10⁻⁸), along with lower Johnsen scores (adjusted p = 0.022). Abnormal sperm morphology increased significantly (adjusted p = 0.036). γ-H2AX immunostaining scores were elevated in the 2T and 3T groups (adjusted p = 0.012 and 6.36 × 10⁻⁹). Beclin-1 expression was significantly higher in the 3T group versus sham and 2T groups (adjusted p = 8.55 × 10⁻⁴ and 4.51 × 10⁻⁶). TUNEL-positive cell counts were significantly higher in both RFR groups than in sham (adjusted p = 8.77 × 10⁻¹⁸ for 3T, 6.42 × 10⁻¹⁷ for 2T), as was the apoptosis index (adjusted p = 8.77 × 10⁻¹⁸ for 3T, 5.66 × 10⁻¹⁷ for 2T). All p values were Holm–Bonferroni corrected. These findings indicate that prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz RFR results in persistent testicular damage, impaired spermatogenesis, and increased DNA damage, autophagy, and apoptosis in adult male rats.

Graphical Abstract

Despite the accumulated knowledge of its effects, the long-term consequences of prenatal radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on male reproductive health remain underexplored. Widespread usage makes understanding the potential impact of RFR on molecular pathways crucial. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the reproductive systems of male rats exposed to 3.5 GHz RFR exclusively in the prenatal period were affected in the first year after birth.

Excerpts

A GSM signal generator (model 3500 PM10, Everest Comp., Adapazarı, Turkey), which generates a radiofrequency waveform modulated in the 3.5 GHz GSM band, was utilized to expose rats to RFR resembling the frequency to that generated by mobile phones. The power output of the signal generator was kept at 1 W during the exposure period. The piece of the generator that functions as the antenna was designed to replicate that of a conventional mobile phone....

EMR 300 (NARDA, Pfullingen, Germany) was used to measure the electric fields. E field measurements were performed with an EMR 300 in the corners and at the center of the cages we used in our study, which are the same size as standard animal cages. E fields were measured as 24 V/m, 26 V/m, 26.3 V/m, and 27 V/m at the corners, while 28 V/m was measured at the center of the cage....

The SAR calculations were conducted using the IEEE/IEC 62704-1 standard to assess the distribution of SAR values. The psSAR for 1 g was 0.06622 mW/g, and for 10 g was 0.03825 mW/g....

Conclusion

This study involved monitoring the male offspring of pregnant rats exposed to 3.5 GHz RFR exclusively during the prenatal period, with no exposure to electromagnetic waves for a period of one year following birth. The most original aspect of this study is that young male rats were kept alive for 1 year without any RF radiation exposure except during the prenatal period, and at the end of this period, their reproductive systems were examined. The examinations conducted in the first year after birth showed that exposure to 3.5 GHz RFRs only during the prenatal period poses significant risks to male rat reproductive health. Another original aspect of the study is that the first of the pregnant groups was exposed to RFRs during the three trimesters and the other during the last two trimesters.

Histological changes, increased abnormal sperm morphology, DNA damage, increased autophagic activity, and increased apoptosis are among the observed effects. These findings revealed that the reproductive systems of male offspring exposed to RFRs exclusively during pregnancy were negatively affected, even though they were not exposed to any EMFs for a year after birth, and the observed effects were even more pronounced in the full trimester group. In summary, this study showed that exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) during pregnancy may have a negative impact on the reproductive health of subsequent male generations. Therefore, further molecular and cellular studies are needed to improve our understanding of the relationship between prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) and subsequent male reproductive toxicity, and the mechanisms involved. Future investigations should extend the experimental timeline by incorporating multiple postexposure time points (e.g., 1, 6, and 12 months) to allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of the long-term effects of prenatal RFR exposure on reproductive function. Additionally, detailed assessments of sperm parameters such as motility, as well as organ weights, were not included in the current study. These aspects represent limitations and are planned to be addressed in ongoing and future studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the systemic and functional consequences of prenatal RFR exposure. Finally, such research is crucial for developing evidence-based guidelines and implementing precautionary measures to safeguard reproductive health.

https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.70116

Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Effects on Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Their Role in Aging and Neurodegeneration

Perez FP, Bandeira J, Morisaki J, Kanakri H, Rizkalla M. Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Effects on Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Their Role in Aging and Neurodegeneration. J Biomed Sci Eng. 2025 Oct;18(10):408-438. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2025.1810030.

Abstract

There is increasing evidence from preclinical studies. There is growing evidence from preclinical studies in cell cultures and small organisms that exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) produces beneficial biological effects. However, controversy persists due to the absence of a clearly defined mechanism. Classical physics, constrained by the non-ionizing nature of these exposures, cannot account for these effects, which do not involve the breaking of chemical bonds to induce conformational changes in proteins. Emerging studies suggest that these effects are mediated through quantum mechanical phenomena-specifically, quantum tunneling and particle-wave duality-acting on the water surrounding proteins at their interfaces. Furthermore, we present evidence of EMF-induced conformational changes in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), including beta-amyloid, tau, alpha-synuclein, and Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1). These findings offer a new framework for understanding EMF bioeffects and open promising avenues for research in biophysics and quantum biology. In this context, we address the challenge of reproducibility by examining how variables such as frequency, intensity, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and exposure time windows interact, along with how parameters like polarization, phase, pulse modulation, and scheduling influence outcomes. Experimental data identify specific RF frequencies and SAR levels that activate proteostasis and autophagy in cell cultures and small animal models, with potential applications in human treatments that remain consistent with safety thresholds established by regulatory agencies.

Open access: https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=146794

RF-EMF Exposure Assessment: Comparison of Measurements in Airports and Flights with and Without Wi-Fi Service

Arribas E, Escobar I, Martinez-Plaza A, Rufo-Pérez M, Jimenez-Barco A, Paniagua-Sánchez JM, Marín P, Ramirez-Vazquez R. RF-EMF Exposure Assessment: Comparison of Measurements in Airports and Flights with and Without Wi-Fi Service. Sensors. 2025; 25(21):6710. doi: 10.3390/s25216710.

Abstract

This paper presents the results of personal exposure measurements to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from 2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi frequency bands. Measurements were taken in several specific scenarios: within international airports terminals, during takeoff, inside airplanes while flying with and without onboard Wi-Fi service (including while actively using a Wi-Fi connection), and during landing. Data were recorded onboard four international flights (two-round trip flights), from Spain to Mexico, and from Spain to Belgium. Two personal exposimeters, EME SPY 140 and EME Spy Evolution, were used to collect intensity level measurements in each scenario. During the outbound, the mean exposure value inside the airplane flight was 93.9 µW/m2 in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi frequency band and 46.4 µW/m2 in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band (Spain to Mexico), and 7.29 µW/m2 in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band and 2.40 µW/m2 in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band (Spain to Belgium). For the return flight, the average value was 26.7 µW/m2 in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band and an average of 9.87 µW/m2 in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band (Mexico to Spain), and 3.24 µW/m2 in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band and 1.23 µW/m2 in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band (Belgium to Spain). Personal exposure levels to RF-EMFs from the Wi-Fi frequency band inside an airplane, even at the airport, are very low and well below the reference levels established by the international guidelines (10 W/m2).

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/21/6710

Exposure Variability Between 1- or 6-Minute and 30-Minute Averaging Time Lengths in Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Field Exposure Monitoring

Bhatt CR, Henderson S, Sanagou M, Loughran S. Exposure Variability Between 1- or 6-Minute and 30-Minute Averaging Time Lengths in Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Field Exposure Monitoring. Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Dec;46(8):e70030. doi: 10.1002/bem.70030.

Abstract

Different averaging time lengths (ATLs) are widely used in radiofrequency‐electromagnetic field (RF‐EMF) exposure monitoring. This study evaluated variability in RF‐EMF exposure associated with the ATLs of 1‐ and 6‐min normalised to 30‐min data. For 15 frequency bands of interest, RF‐EMF exposures were collected in contiguous 1‐min blocks over 30 min at four sites (two outdoor and two indoor). Frequency‐band and site‐specific variability in exposure between the three ATLs was assessed. First, the variability in terms of relative deviation (in dB) between 1‐ or 6‐min and 30‐min were estimated. Second, the overall exposure variability (in μW/m ² ) were compared between 1‐ or 6‐min and 30‐min blocks statistically using the quantile regression method. The overall exposure variability on ATL of 1‐min or 6‐min was considered different to 30‐min if a majority of respective sub‐pair comparisons across different percentiles ( P 5 , P 25 , P 50 , P 75 , P 95 ) were significantly different. The study largely showed that the exposure variability (i.e., relative deviation) of different ATLs was within +/− 3 dB. Further, the overall exposure variability between 1‐ or 6‐min and 30‐min ATLs showed inconsistent outcomes. Frequency bands of broadcast and most of the mobile services < 2 GHz demonstrated overall similar exposure variability for 1‐min and 6‐min ATLs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.70030

Visualizing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure through Voronoi-based maps

Arribas E, Ramirez-Vazquez R, Escobar I. Visualizing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure through Voronoi-based maps. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Nov 15. doi: 10.1007/s11356-025-37188-4.

Abstract

Measuring the exposure of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in a city is a very laborious task. To simplify this process for a city of 200 thousand inhabitants, Voronoi diagrams were used. The city was divided into cells based on the Euclidean distance to a point on the map, and each cell was assigned the value of the electric field measured at that point using a personal exposimeter. The number of cells varied from five to 30 and, finally, one 100. The maps obtained are commented on, using a palette of four uniform colors for the cells, to facilitate their perception. The more cells are considered, the smaller the cells will be. A stabilization of the process is observed as the points within the city map increase. The colors represent the RMS (root mean square) electric field measured at each seed point, extended geometrically to its Voronoi cell for visualization purposes. The colors of the areas remain the same; and in some other areas, cells appear with slightly distinct colors, due to the addition of new measured points. Some cells change color due to these new measurements of the new points. In this study, the predominant color is green, which is the measured field at the seed point was 1.9 V/m RMS (while the maximum allowed by the ICNIRP guidelines is 61.4 V/m). There are three cells in the city with E values above 3.9 V/m, reaching the highest value of 11.4 V/m. The entire city is within the recommended maximum. The Voronoi diagram method is shown to be useful and interesting for the presentation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure measurements in a medium-sized city. The Voronoi cells do not contain information about the intracell spatial variation of the electric field; each polygon represents the RMS value measured at its generating point (seed), offering a discrete visualization of the spatial distribution of the measurements and illustrating how the electric field levels vary across the study area.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41239101/

Empowering the Serbian EMF RATEL System for Monitoring RF-EMF Through Drive Test

Djuric N, Kavecan N, Otasevic V, Kljajic D, Djuric S. Empowering the Serbian EMF RATEL System for Monitoring RF-EMF Through Drive Test. IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 180918-180940, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3618714.

Abstract

The Serbian EMF RATEL system has been monitoring radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) since 2017. As one of five active European systems for continuous monitoring of RF-EMF, it has been able to provide insight into the long-term, temporal variability of the field, especially in areas with increased sensitivity to RF-EMF exposure. Although it has proven its benefits for the general public and the scientific community, the relatively small number of RF-EMF sensors installed at fixed locations reveals its weakness – the inability to cover larger urban areas and provide adequate information on the spatial distribution of the overall field. The distribution of sensors at scattered points is a consequence of the limited costs of system development, as well as the practical difficulties in obtaining an authorized permit to install sensors at a public or private location, which is crucial for the use of any large number of sensors. Consequently, the EMF RATEL network has been upgraded to perform spatial field analysis by integrating the functionality of the drive test, for the first time among existing monitoring systems, developing it to a higher level and achieving progress in RF-EMF research by establishing a single EMF entity for observing both temporal and spatial changes of RF-EMF in the territory of interest. This paper presents some technical details of the integration of the drive test into EMF RATEL, as well as preliminary quantitative results of the corresponding drive test measurements to validate the approach. The aim of this paper is to encourage other, similar EMF monitoring systems to further develop the topic of RF-EMF observation.

Open access: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11195077

Thermal and SAR-Based Limits for Human Skin Exposed to Terahertz Radiation

Elmaadawy S, Jornet JM. Thermal and SAR-Based Limits for Human Skin Exposed to Terahertz Radiation. 2025 International Telecommunications Conference (ITC-Egypt), Cairo, Egypt, 2025, pp. 388-393, doi: 10.1109/ITC-Egypt66095.2025.11186625.

Abstract

Terahertz technology holds strong potential for wireless communication and sensing and has become a growing focus of research in recent years. However, current safety guidelines for wireless communication do not fully address the entire terahertz spectrum, as they only cover the sub-terahertz band (100−300GHz). Establishing safe exposure limits is a necessary prerequisite for the practical deployment of terahertz systems. In this paper, a COMSOL Multiphysics model was developed to analyze the thermal impact of terahertz exposure on human skin and to determine the maximum permissible power limits across the frequency range from 0.1 THz to 5 THz. The current state of terahertz wireless communication technology was also explored by analyzing a representative system to assess present capabilities and exposure safety. The results indicate that the existing power levels defined for the sub-terahertz band may no longer be adequate, either for the sub-terahertz range itself or for the broader terahertz region evaluated in this study. This research lays the groundwork for safer terahertz technology standards, facilitating its broader use in wireless communication.

Conclusions

This study established the first comprehensive thermal and SAR safety analysis for human skin exposed to terahertz radiation across the 0.1−5THz spectrum. Our COMSOL Multiphysics ® simulations revealed that maintaining SAR below the 1.6 W/kg safety threshold requires power densities not exceeding 0.226 W/m2, which induced negligible temperature increases. Temporal SAR analysis demonstrated that even stricter limits may be necessary for prolonged exposures. Notably, while power densities up to 100 W/m2 produced minimal thermal effects (approximately 0.03 K), they generated SAR values that far exceeded safety standards. These findings directly informed safe operating parameters for emerging terahertz wireless communication systems. Our results demonstrated that current sub-THz safety standards could not be extrapolated to the broader THz spectrum, necessitating new exposure guidelines.

Our analysis was limited to the 0.1−5THz range and did not extend to frequencies up to 10 THz, where additional thermal effects may emerge. Moreover, our model assumed uniform skin structure, whereas actual skin exhibits complex layered heterogeneity that could affect radiation absorption patterns.

Future work will incorporate experimental validation of these findings through phantom studies and extend the analysis to investigate potential long-term biological effects of terahertz radiation.

https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libproxy.berkeley.edu/document/11186625

Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats

Syed Taha SMA, Jaffar FHF, Hairulazam A, Vijay S, Jamaludin N, Zulkifli AF, Mat Ros MF, Osman K, Zakaria Z, Mohd Bahar MAA, et al. Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(10):2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102471

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The rapid rollout of 5G has renewed interest in potential reproductive effects of mid-band (3.5 GHz) and millimeter-wave (24 GHz) radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). We examined frequency- and duration-dependent changes in testicular cytokines, apoptosis-related genes, and sperm quality in rats.

Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were exposed for 60 days to 3.5 GHz or 24 GHz RF-EMF for 1 h/day or 7 h/day. The sham controls were housed identically. Testicular expressions of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were quantified; Tp53, Bax, Bcl2, and Casp3 mRNA expressions were measured; and sperm concentration, viability, and motility were evaluated.

Results: IL-10 was significantly reduced in the 24 GHz group at both 1-h and 7-h exposure duration. At 7 h, TNF-α was also lower at 24 GHz. Casp3 expression was higher and Tp53 was lower at 3.5 GHz at 1-h exposure duration. Sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 24 GHz exposure at 7 h, while sperm motility was reduced after 3.5 GHz exposure at both durations.

Conclusions: Exposure to RF-EMF 3.5 GHz primarily impacts sperm motility via extrinsic pro-apoptotic pathways, while exposure to 24 GHz impacts sperm concentration and viability potentially through immune–apoptotic mechanisms, with all negative effects amplified by 7-h daily exposure.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/10/2471

The effect of Wi-Fi on elastic and collagen fibres in the blood vessel wall of the chorioallantoic membrane

Holovská K, Andrašková S, Petrovová E, Molnár J, Vince T, Almášiová V. The effect of Wi-Fi on elastic and collagen fibres in the blood vessel wall of the chorioallantoic membrane. Acta Vet. Brno 2025, 94: 137-144
doi: 10.2754/avb202594020137

In this study we observed the effect of Wi-Fi on various fibrous components that form the wall of large blood vessels in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryo. Chicken embryos in the experimental groups (Wi-Fi) were continuously exposed (24 h per day) to Wi-Fi radiation at a frequency of 2.4 GHz and an average power density of 300 µW/m² for 9 and 14 embryonic days (ED). Subsequently, the CAM samples from the control (CO) and experimental (Wi-Fi) groups were histologically processed and evaluated. The samples stained with haematoxylin and eosin did not reveal any notable differences in the structure of large blood vessels between the CO and Wi-Fi groups. However, the use of special staining methods showed adverse effect of Wi-Fi on the fibrous elements within the blood vessel wall. The optical density (OD) of elastic fibres significantly decreased from 0.294 ± 0.025 (CO 9) to 0.197 ± 0.022 (Wi-Fi 9) at ED 9 and from 0.706 ± 0.028 (CO 14) to 0.271 ± 0.031 (Wi-Fi 14) at ED 14. On the other hand, at ED 9, the OD of collagen fibres exhibited a notable increase from 0.178 ± 0.023 (CO 9) to 0.334 ± 0.020 (Wi-Fi 9). However, at ED 14, there was a significant decline of collagen fibres from 0.418 ± 0.033 (CO 14) to 0.327 ± 0.031 (Wi-Fi 14). Our results support the hypothesis that Wi-Fi could affect the fibrous elements of the large vessel wall and may play a role in the development of different cardiovascular disorders.

Open access: https://actavet.vfu.cz/media/pdf/actavet_2025094020137.pdf

Investigating the Effects of Occupational Noise and Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Oxidative Response in Power Plant Workers

Jafarimanesh S, Ehsani H, Shaki F, Moosazadeh M, Samaei SE. Investigating the Effects of Occupational Noise and Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Oxidative Response in Power Plant Workers. Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Oct;46(7):e70027. doi: 10.1002/bem.70027.

Abstract

Occupational noise and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) are common in power plants and represent important risk factors that may contribute to oxidative stress. This study examined how simultaneous exposure to these hazards affects oxidative stress biomarkers in workers under real-world conditions. Participants were assigned to one of four exposure groups: Control (C), Noise (N), ELF-EMF (E), or a combined Noise and ELF-EMF group (NE). Occupational noise and ELF-EMF exposures were measured according to ISO 9612 and IEEE Std C95.3.1, respectively. To assess oxidative stress, venous blood samples were collected from all participants, and plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed using validated biochemical assays. The NE group showed the highest MDA levels, indicating elevated lipid peroxidation compared with controls (p < 0.001). GSH concentrations were lower in NE relative to controls (p < 0.001). SOD activity was significantly reduced in both the N and NE groups compared with the control group (p < 0.005). TAC was lowest in the NE group, showing a significant decrease compared with both the control and Noise-only groups (p < 0.05). While these findings suggest that concurrent exposure to noise and ELF-EMF can influence oxidative stress biomarkers, they do not provide direct evidence to mandate specific workplace monitoring or interventions. Further studies are needed to clarify potential health risks and to guide evidence-based occupational safety measures.

Summary

This study investigated oxidative stress biomarkers in power plant workers exposed to occupational noise, ELF-EMF, and their combined exposure.
Concurrent exposure to noise and ELF-EMF was linked to a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde compared with unexposed workers.
Other oxidative stress markers, including glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity, exhibited less consistent changes across the exposure groups.
These findings indicate potential oxidative stress effects associated with combined occupational exposures, highlighting the need for further research.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41104887/

Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields Exposure to Humans from Electric Vehicles and Their Supply Equipment

Murthy GPP, Varadarajan GS.Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields Exposure to Humans from Electric Vehicles and Their Supply Equipment.Measurement.Volume 258, Part D,2026, doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119378.

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) represent a progressive approach to fostering a healthy and sustainable transportation future on Earth. Intended for mitigating global warming by virtue of decarbonizing transportation sector. Besides being environmentally beneficial, electrification in transportation necessitates a study of non-ionizing Electromagnetic Fields (EMF). Despite extensive research, the health effects related to long-term exposure to EMF remain inconclusive. The main aim of this research is to share and disseminate measurement findings of EMF emission from EVs and their Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The specification of the measuring instrument, methodology adhered to measurement, and observed results have been discussed. Measurements have been carried out at different EVs and EVSEs in and around Chennai city, up to 400 kHz frequency band. To analyze human exposures, Electric Field Intensity (E) and Magnetic Flux Density (B) have been measured in the vicinity of driver and passenger seats inside EVs during driving condition, furthermore fields near different positions of EVSEs during charging condition. The measured values have been compared with the ICNIRP and IEEE standard recommendations for human external body exposure level. In accordance with the findings, E & B inside EVs fall within the standard limit. The E in the vicinity of EVSE is under standard limit, but at certain places B is concurrently above general public exposure threshold (˃200 µT). In addition, a preliminary computational analysis has been done using Finite Element Method (FEM). Simulated fields are then compared with measurement readings of AC charger, where the electric and magnetic field magnitudes are relatively higher. With an ever-increasing electrification of vehicle fleets, knowledge of health impacts of long-term exposure to humans can be enhanced through more observational research.

Highlights

• Measurement of Electric Field Intensity (E) and Magnetic Flux Density (B) from EVs and EVSEs while driving and charging respectively.
•The measured values have been compared with the ICNIRP and IEEE standard recommendations for human external body exposure level.
• E and B inside EVs falls within the standard limit.
• The E in the vicinity of EVSEs is also under standard limits but B is concurrently above the standard exposure threshold at certain positions.
• FEM model of electric vehicle AC charging cable using COMSOL Multiphysics® software for EMF computational analysis has been done.
• The measurement results are compared with simulation outputs.
• From the findings, policy recommendations to mitigate EMF exposure from EVs and EVSEs in the context of global electric vehicle adoption are addressed.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026322412502737X

A Cohort Study on Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Residential Magnetic Fields From Indoor Transformer Stations

Liimatainen A, Roivainen P, Juutilainen J, Höytö A, Naarala J. A Cohort Study on Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Residential Magnetic Fields From Indoor Transformer Stations. Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Dec;46(8):e70031. doi: 10.1002/bem.70031.

Abstract

Meta-analyses of epidemiological studies have suggested that Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be linked with exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF). This is the first study investigating the association of AD with exposure to residential ELF MFs from indoor transformer stations, using a study design that avoids shortcomings of previous studies. All cohort members had lived in buildings with indoor transformer stations. MF exposure was assessed based on the location of their apartment in relation to the transformer room. AD patients were identified from Drug Purchase Register and Drug Reimbursement Register. Out of the 155,562 individuals, 5652 (111,357 person-years of follow-up) living in apartments next to transformer stations were considered as exposed, while 115,772 (2,289,526 person-years of follow-up) individuals living on higher floors of the same buildings were considered as referents. Associations between MF exposure and AD were examined using Cox proportional hazard models. The hazard ratio (HR) was 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.85-1.22), indicating that the risk of AD is not associated with residential ELF MFs present in apartments next to transformer stations. The duration of residence did not essentially change the HR. The risk of AD was slightly but not statistically significantly higher (HR 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.94-1.57) for those whose residence started before the age of 50 years. The results did not support positive findings from previous studies that have reported a link between AD and occupational or residential MF exposure.

Summary

The study included high residential extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field (MF) levels from indoor transformer stations and avoided many limitations of previous studies.
Residential ELF MFs did not affect the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Further studies should focus on investigating occupational ELF MF exposure and the potential effect of diurnal timing of MF on the risk of AD.

Conclusions

No evidence for an association between residential ELF MFs and AD was found in this study that involved relatively high exposure levels and avoided many limitations of previous studies addressing residential MF exposure. We recommend that, if any further studies on the possible link between ELF MF exposure and AD are conducted, they should focus on occupational MF exposure, trying to identify occupational groups exposed to particularly strong ELF MFs. Studies (including experimental studies) on the possible differences between night-time and day-time exposure might also be helpful.

Open access: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.70031

Effect of Increased Ionizing Radiation and Near-Null Magnetic Field on Electrical Signals of Plants

Grinberg MA, Il’in NV, Nemtsova YA et al. Effect of Increased Ionizing Radiation and Near-Null Magnetic Field on Electrical Signals of Plants. Radiophys Quantum El (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11141-025-10418-y.

Abstract

There is currently a significant gap in understanding the effects of astro- and geophysical factors such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, including electromagnetic fields, on living organisms. The effects caused by these factors are important for planning scenarios in which significant changes in the intensity of such factors can be expected both on the Earth and during space missions. There is a reason to believe that, of all the indicators of the functioning of living organisms, the signaling systems responsible for the perception, processing, and amplification of the incoming stimulus are the most sensitive. In this work, we have studied the effect of increased levels of ionizing radiation (β radiation, dose rate of 31.3 μGy/h) and hypomagnetic conditions (induced magnetic field 0–1.5 μT) on electrical signals of plants caused by an additional stimulus. To conduct the experiments, a setup based on triaxial Helmholtz rings was created, which permits one to set and maintain altered conditions of the electromagnetic environment with high accuracy. The work showed that an increased level of ionizing radiation strengthens, while the near-null level of magnetic field weakens electrical signals in plants. It is assumed that the mechanism of action of such factors is their effect on a single component of stress signaling, namely, concentration of reactive oxygen species. The observed effects open up a new way for studying the mechanisms of the influence of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on the state of living organisms.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11141-025-10418-y

Electromagnetic Interference in the Modern Era: Concerns, Trends, and Nanomaterial-Based Solutions

Prekodravac Filipovic J, Milenkovic M, Kepic D, Dorontic S, Yasir M, Nardin B, Jovanovic S. Electromagnetic Interference in the Modern Era: Concerns, Trends, and Nanomaterial-Based Solutions. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Oct 13;15(20):1558. doi: 10.3390/nano15201558.

Abstract

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) represents a growing challenge in the modern era, as electronic systems and wireless technologies become increasingly integrated into daily life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of EMI, beginning with its historical evolution over centuries, from early power transmission systems and industrial machinery to today's complex environment shaped by IoT, 5G, smart devices, and autonomous technologies. The diverse sources of EMI and their wide-ranging effects are examined, including disruptions in electrical and medical devices, ecological impacts on wildlife, and potential risks to human health. Beyond its technical and societal implications, the economic dimension of EMI is explored, highlighting the rapid expansion of the global shielding materials market and its forecasted growth driven by telecommunications, automotive, aerospace, and healthcare sectors. Preventative strategies against EMI are discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of advanced materials. Carbon-based nanomaterials-such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon foams-are presented as promising solutions owing to their exceptional conductivity, mechanical strength, tunable structure, and environmental sustainability. By uniting perspectives on EMI's origins, consequences, market dynamics, and mitigation strategies, this work underscores the urgent need for scalable, high-performance, and eco-friendly shielding approaches. Special attention is given to recent advances in carbon-based nanomaterials, which are poised to play a transformative role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of future electronic technologies.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/20/1558

The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety

Melnick RL, Moskowitz JM, Héroux P, Mallery-Blythe E, McCredden JE, Herbert M, Hardell L, Phillips A, Belpoggi F, Frank JW, Scarato T, Kelley E, on behalf of the International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF). The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety. Environ Health 24, 70 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4.

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned 12 systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) on health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The health outcomes selected for those reviews (cancer, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, cognitive impairment, birth outcomes, male fertility, oxidative stress, and heat-related effects) were based on a WHO-conducted international survey. The SR of the studies of cancer in laboratory animal studies was the only one that did not include a MA, because those authors considered it inappropriate due to methodological differences among the available studies, including differences in exposure characteristics (carrier frequency, modulation, polarization), experimental parameters (hours/day of exposure, duration of exposure, exposure systems), and different biological models. MAs in all the other SRs suffered from relatively few primary studies available for each MA (sometimes due to excessive subgrouping), exclusion of relevant studies, weaknesses in many of the included primary studies, lack of a framework for analyzing complex processes such as those involved in cognitive functions, and/or high between-study heterogeneity. Due to serious methodological flaws and weaknesses in the conduct of the reviews and MAs on health effects of RF-EMF exposure, the WHO-commissioned SRs cannot be used as proof of safety of cell phones and other wireless communication devices. However, the animal cancer SR, which was rated as “high certainty of evidence” for heart schwannomas and “moderate certainty of evidence” for brain gliomas, provided quantitative information that could be used to set exposure limits based on reducing cancer risk. The multiple and significant dose-related adverse effects found in the SRs on male fertility and pregnancy and birth outcome should also serve as the basis for policy decisions to lower exposure limits and reduce human reproductive risks. The report of harmful effects (e.g., cancer, reproductive toxicity, etc.) at doses below the adverse health effect threshold claimed by ICNIRP demonstrates that current exposure limits to RF-EMF, which were established by applying arbitrary uncertainty factors to their putative adverse threshold dose, lack scientific credibility.

Open access: https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4

Supplementary Material 1. "Examples of Working Group Authors’ Ties to Industry"

Supplementary Material 2. "The Meta-Analyses in the WHO RF-EMF Systematic Reviews Yielded Unreliable Results"

https://www.saferemr.com/2022/10/international-commission-on-biological.html

Tuesday, November 18, 2025

Recent Research on Wireless Radiation and Electromagnetic Fields

Supplementary Material 1. "Examples of Working Group Authors’ Ties to Industry"

Supplementary Material 2. "The Meta-Analyses in the WHO RF-EMF Systematic Reviews Yielded Unreliable Results"