A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields
My note: This well-referenced literature review (373 refs.) explains how electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced in wireless communications--which are polarized, coherent microwaves with highly variable intensity and modulated and pulsed at extremely low frequencies--cause "cancer, infertility, electro-hypersensitivity, and various other pathologies."
Panagopoulos DJ, Yakymenko I, De Iuliis GN, Chrousos GP. A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of
anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication
electromagnetic fields. Front. Public Health, Volume 13 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.
Exposure to anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs), especially those of wireless communications (WC) has increased tremendously. This is an unprecedented phenomenon throughout biological evolution because, all anthropogenic EMFs, being fully polarized, coherent, and, especially WC EMFs, highly variable, differ substantially from the natural EMFs. WC EMFs consist of Microwave (MW) carrier waves, modulated, by Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) signals, and included in on/off pulses repeated at various ELF rates. Moreover, they exhibit intense random variability, mainly in the Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) band. Thus, WC EMFs are a combination of MW and ELF/ULF EMFs. The combination of polarization/coherence and intense low-frequency (ELF/ULF) variability seems to be the key to EMF-bioactivity. Epidemiological and laboratory studies highlight a connection between ELF or WC EMF exposure and cancer, infertility, electro-hypersensitivity, and various other pathologies. Studies also find DNA damage and Oxidative Stress (OS) which explain these pathologies. While man-made EMFs cannot directly ionize molecules, they are capable of doing this indirectly in biological tissue, by triggering the biosynthesis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can damage biomolecules, including DNA. The (over)production of ROS and the consequent OS are triggered by irregular gating of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels (VGICs) in the cell membranes as described by the Ion Forced Oscillation (IFO)-VGIC mechanism: Mobile ions within VGICs forced to oscillate by the applied ELF/ULF EMFs exert forces on the voltage sensors of the VGICs, similar to or greater than the forces that physiologically gate those channels, resulting in their irregular gating (dysfunction). Dysfunction of ion channels disrupts intracellular ionic concentrations. This triggers ROS overproduction and OS by the ROS-generating systems/enzymes in the cells, such as the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria, or the NADPH/NADH oxidases (NOXs), the Nitric Oxide synthases (NOS), etc. The IFO-VGIC mechanism and the consequent OS constitute a comprehensive mechanism that explains all known adverse biological and health effects reported to be induced by anthropogenic EMFs.
Excerpts
"The recorded
human and animal carcinogenicity, the DNA/genetic damage, the OS
findings, and the reproductive declines due to DNA damage in ovarian or
sperm cells or embryonic death, all point toward the same direction:
Man-made EMFs induce OS and DNA damage, infertility, cancer, and other
related pathologies. The reason why the same effects are observed in a
wide variety of animals such as mammals, birds, insects, etc., and
humans, is that all biological and health effects initiate in cells and
all cells are essentially identical in all animals, humans, and even
plants. They have identical membranes, ions, ion channels and pumps,
biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, etc., water, ROS, identical
cellular organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, etc., and very similar metabolic processes and regulatory
mechanisms. These similarities at the cellular level between all animals
and humans are much more fundamental than differences in volume, mass,
shape, macroscopic functions, intelligence, etc. As a result, any effect
induced by EMFs in animal cells such as OS, DNA damage, etc., is
expected to be induced also in the human cells, and vice-versa (7, 66).
The
exposure levels in the vast majority of all the aforementioned studies
were significantly below the officially accepted exposure limits for ELF
and RF EMFs, which are recommended by a private organization called the
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
to prevent discharges on humans in the case of ELF and acute heating of
living tissues in the case of RF/WC EMFs. It is remarkable that this
organization arbitrarily ignores the overwhelming evidence of
non-thermal effects which constitute the vast majority of effects of
anthropogenic EMFs, and yet, governments adopt its recommendations
instead of following the Precautionary Principle which dictates the
obvious, that no new technology should be applied unless those who
promote it have proven its safety beyond any doubt (50, 217–226).
The
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) branch of the World
Health Organization (WHO), has, since long time, classified both ELF and
“RF” (in fact WC) EMFs as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B)
(204, 205, 227). Based on additional scientific evidence after the 2011
IARC classification for “RF” EMFs, several studies have argued that
“RF”/WC EMFs should be re-evaluated and classified as probably
carcinogenic (Group 2A) or carcinogenic (Group 1) to humans (50, 63, 64,
66, 118–120, 171, 179, 182, 183, 218, 219). Moreover, studies have
asked for the urgent application of the Precautionary Principle,
stricter exposure limits, especially for WC EMFs, and a moratorium on 5G
rollout (50, 215, 217, 218, 225, 228)."
"In conclusion, the IFO-VGIC mechanism that explains VGIC dysfunction, and the subsequent OS, provide a comprehensive biophysical/biochemical mechanism explaining the plethora of experimental and epidemiological findings connecting anthropogenic EMF exposures with OS, DNA/cellular damage and related pathologies such as poor health, EHS, infertility, organic/neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc. Even though the mechanistic details of how exactly the ionic perturbations stimulate ROS production by their sources need to be further explored, the basic scheme of the complete EMF-bioeffects mechanism is revealed already. The long existing experimental and epidemiological findings connecting exposure to man-made EMFs and DNA damage, infertility, and cancer, are now explained by the presented comprehensive mechanism. We hope this provides a better understanding of the involved science, a basis for future research, and the establishment of biologically relevant EMF exposure guidelines for effective protection of public health and the environment."
"... the swift and widespread rollout of 5G has not been without controversy. Alongside the excitement over its potential, significant concerns have emerged regarding its potential impact on human health. These concerns stem from the increased exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) associated with 5G technology, particularly as it operates on higher frequency bands, including millimeter waves. Consequently, given the lack of publications concerning the effects of frequencies implemented for 5G (3.5–26 GHz) for the general public, more in-depth studies need to be established due to the increased debates and inconclusive reports about the subject.
Given that 5G is a relatively new technology, short- and
long-term studies are still in progress to assess its health
implications comprehensively. For this purpose, the European Union
Commission via their institutions has launched a call for proposals in
the environmental health topic (HORIZON-HL-TH-2021-ENVHLTH-
"The rapid deployment of 5G brings unprecedented opportunities for technological innovation but also necessitates thorough and ongoing risk assessment regarding its potential health impacts. While current scientific consensus generally supports the safety of 5G under existing guidelines, the evolving nature of the technology, coupled with the long-term uncertainty, underscores the importance of continued research, transparent communication, and adaptive regulatory frameworks. As 5G becomes more ubiquitous, balancing its benefits with precautionary health measures will be crucial to ensuring public trust and safety."
Jyoti J, Gronau I, Cakir E, Hütt M-T, Lerchl A, Meyer V. 5G-exposed human skin cells do not respond with altered gene expression and methylation profiles, PNAS Nexus, 4(5), May 2025, doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf127.
Abstract
Due to the ever-increasing wirelessly transmitted data, the development of new transmission standards and higher frequencies in the 5G band is required. Despite basic biophysical considerations that argue against health effects, there is public concern about this technology. Because the skin penetration depth at these frequencies is only 1 mm or less, we exposed fibroblasts and keratinocytes to electromagnetic fields up to ten times the permissible limits, for 2 and 48 h in a fully blinded experimental design. Sham-exposed cells served as negative, and UV-exposed cells as positive controls. Differences in gene expression and methylation due to exposure were small and not higher than expected by chance. These data strongly support the assessment that there is no evidence for exposure-induced damage to human skin cells.
This study was funded by the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (FKZ 3619S82470).
Open access paper: https://academic.oup.com/
Abstract
Background and Objective The rapid proliferation of mobile technology has intensified debates on the potential adverse effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (NIER) from mobile phones on various human organs and cells. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mobile phone-emitted NIER on parotid gland function.
Methodology This cross-sectional study included 104 student volunteers from the University campus, categorized based on their mobile phone usage and exposure duration. Saliva samples were collected from the dominant (test) and non-dominant (control) sides. Key metrics measured were salivary flow rate, pH, albumin, Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA), and the IMA/albumin ratio (IMAR). Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD multiple comparisons, with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results The salivary flow rate and pH were higher on both sides in all groups, correlating with increased mobile phone usage duration. Although albumin levels were lower on the dominant side, they increased with longer mobile phone use. Salivary IMA and IMAR were higher on the dominant side in subjects using mobile phones for ≤3 years compared to those using them for >3 years.
Interpretation and Conclusion Consistent exposure to NIER and the heat generated by mobile phones adversely affects parotid gland function, as indicated by increased salivary flow rate, pH, and altered levels of albumin, IMA, and IMAR. Public health recommendations should encourage reducing long-duration conversations and using earphones to minimize NIER exposure. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of NIER on parotid gland function.https://journals.sagepub.com/
Abstract
Purpose: This paper reviews the applicability of standard epidemiological criteria for causation, to the multidisciplinary studies of RF-EMF exposure and various adverse biological and health effects, with the aim of demonstrating that these criteria, although 60 years old, are still helpful in this context—albeit in some cases not entirely straightforward to apply.
Methods: This is a commentary, based on Bradford Hill’s criteria for assessing evidence of causation, applied to recent primary studies and systematic reviews of the RF-EMF/health-effects literature. Every effort has been made to use non-epidemiological language to reach a wide readership of biologists, physicists, and engineers now active in this field.
Results: A rapidly growing number of human observational epidemiological studies have assessed the association of diverse adverse health effects with RF-EMF exposures. However, existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these primary studies have substantially diverged in their conclusions. The application of Bradford Hill’s epidemiological criteria for assessing evidence of causation, originally designed for use in occupational and environmental health, casts light on some of reasons for this divergence, mostly reflecting the key weaknesses in the primary literature, which are discussed in detail. As a result of these threats to their validity—particularly the facts that (1) exposure measurement is typically subject to substantial error, and (2) insufficient time has elapsed, since modern cell phone use began in earnest, to allow tumors of longer latency to develop—most primary studies to date, and therefore many published systematic reviews of them, probably underestimate the true potential for causation, if in fact this association is causal.
Conclusion and recommendations: In view of these findings, international experts representing professional and scientific organizations in this field should convene an independent Guidelines development process to inform future epidemiological studies of associations between RF-EMF exposures and human health outcomes. Wide dissemination of such Guidelines could help researchers, journals and their reviewers in this field to execute, review and publish higher-quality studies to better inform evidence-based policy.
Sonzogni L,
Al-Choboq J, Combemale P,
Massardier-Pilonchéry A,
Bouchet A, May P,
Doré J-F, Debouzy J-C,
Bourguignon M,
Dréan YL,
et al. Skin Fibroblasts from Individuals Self-Diagnosed
as Electrosensitive Reveal Two Distinct Subsets with Delayed
Nucleoshuttling of the ATM Protein in Common. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(10):4792.
doi: 10.3390/ijms26104792.
Abstract
Electromagnetic hyper-sensitivity (EHS) and its causal link with
radio-frequencies raise a major question of public health. In the frame
of the clinical study DEMETER, 26 adult volunteers self-diagnosed as
EHS-positive agreed to reply to a self-assessment questionnaire and to
provide a skin biopsy sampling to establish a primary fibroblast cell
line. The questionnaire and the biological data revealed, independently,
2 subsets of donors associated each with a low background, highly
responsive (LBHR) and a high background, lowly responsive (HBLR)
phenotype. A couple of subsets based on questionnaire data and based on
the yield of spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks were found to be
composed of the same donors at 64% identity. After exposure to X-rays,
and application of anti-γH2AX, pATM, and MRE11
immunofluorescence, all the DEMETER fibroblasts (26/26) elicited a
delayed radiation-induced ATM nucleoshuttling (RIANS). The use of RIANS
biomarkers showed that the 2 phenotypes described above corresponded to
DEMETER donors with a high risk of cancer (LBHR) or high risk of
accelerated aging (HBLR). By exposing DEMETER cells to H2O2
followed by an antioxidative agent, we confirmed that EHS may be
related to the management of DNA strand breaks. A preliminary molecular
model of EHS inspired by the RIANS model was proposed.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-
de Vocht F, Martin Röösli M. Electrohypersensitivity: what is belief and what is known? Frontiers in Public Health. Vol. 13. 2025. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.
Sarah P. Loughran receives funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC). She is the Director of Radiation Research and Advice at the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), a member of the Scientific Expert Group at the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and a member of the World Health Organisation Task Group on Radiofrequency Fields and Health Risks. Rodney J. Croft receives funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) and is a member of the Scientific Expert Group at the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). No potential competing interests were reported by the remaining authors.
Open access paper: https://iaap-journals.The operating frequencies for analog mobile phones are 450–900 MHz, digital phones (Global System for Mobile Communications) range from 850 to 1900 MHz, and third-generation phones operate around 2000 MHz[144]. Electromagnetic waves (EMW) can affect sperm epigenetics through two mechanisms: 1. EMW-specific effects 2. Thermal molecular effects [145].
Experiments have found that when male rats were exposed to Wi-Fi from laptops for seven hours daily, there was a reduction in sperm count and motility within a week [146,147]. Additionally, the thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation increase free radicals around the testes, which oxidize the phospholipids in the sperm outer membrane, thus reducing membrane fluidity and impairing motility [148].
Furthermore, oxidative stress mediated by electromagnetic radiation leads to the phosphorylation of heat shock proteins, causing chromatin damage [148], thereby altering sperm epigenetics. Mice lacking Hsp90 or with highly phosphorylated Hsp proteins show cessation of spermatogonia during meiosis, leading to loss of germ cells and reduced testicular size [149]. Research indicates that Hsp90 possesses ATPase activity, stimulated by nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP) in mouse sperm nuclei [150]. A deficiency in Hsp90 or high phosphorylation of Hsp proteins can halt spermatogonia during meiosis, leading to germ cell loss and reduced testicular size [149].
In vitro animal studies by Liu et al. [151] concluded that radiofrequency radiation could have detrimental effects on human semen quality. Research has found that carrying a mobile phone or Bluetooth headset in a trouser pocket or on the waist can decrease the proportion of sperm with rapid progressive motility and increase the rate of abnormal sperm morphology [152]. Therefore, men should avoid placing mobile phones near the trousers pocket or close to the testicles to prevent potential harmful effects of radiofrequency radiation on the male reproductive system [153].
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men attending a fertility clinic in Jamaica. Routine semen analyses were performed and parameters specific to TMSC assessed. All data analyses were performed using SPSS Version 26. Logistic regression analyses were performed to independently predict the impact of quantifiable measures of laptop and tablet use. The main outcome measures were the parameters associated with TMSC.
Results: Overall, 64% of the participants reported using laptops and 36% reported using tablets. There was a significant relationship seen with time spent on laptops and time trying to conceive (p = 0.015). Regression analyses showed that persons who used their laptops for 2 to 5 h daily were approximately 16 times (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 15.9; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 2.5-103.3, p = 0.004) more likely to be diagnosed with low semen volume (hypospermia). Although no significant association was found between total motile sperm count (TMSC) and laptop use, a trend towards significance was observed with high laptop use (p = 0.052), suggesting potential implications for TMSC as a predictor of pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need for clinicians to take into consideration wireless device usage in men undergoing fertility investigations.
With the introduction of 3.5 GHz for 5G and early use of wireless technology by infants, further research is needed to determine these thermoregulatory effects. Investigating the peripheral tail temperature and thermal preference of 5G-exposed rats at different age could provide valuable insights into their thermoregulatory responses. Additionally, the implication of the thyroid on these responses need to be more investigate since this organ could allow a long-term adaptative response.
Abstract
Human life has been increasingly affected by the rapid advancement of
electronic technology and the widespread use of devices emitting
electromagnetic radiation (EMR), such as Wi-Fi and mobile phones. While
much remains unclear, studies suggest that electromagnetic fields (EMFs)
can influence human health, particularly reproduction and the nervous
system. EMF exposure, including from non-ionizing radiation produced by
Wi-Fi and mobile phones, has been linked to potential effects on the
male and female reproductive systems, embryonic development, and
neuronal health. Key mechanisms include oxidative stress, thermal
effects, changes in neurotransmitter metabolism, receptor function,
nerve cell apoptosis, and ion channel dynamics. However, the long-term
health risks, especially in children and adolescents due to prolonged
exposure, remain a topic of debate. Despite current studies not
confirming that RF-EMW from Wi-Fi exceeds safety guidelines, further
research is essential to fully understand the implications of RF-EMW
exposure on human health, particularly regarding reproduction and
neurological effects. This review highlights the need for updated safety
standards, more refined regulatory frameworks, and long-term
investigations to clarify the potential biological and neurobiological
consequences of EMF exposure.
Conclusion
RF-EMR is a form of nonionizing radiation that does not have the energy to destroy biological structures directly. However, it impressively and importantly acts on the human nervous system. Although RF-EMR itself does not act by ionizing molecules, the exposure to it can further bring about thermal effects at higher frequencies whereby raised temperature of the tissue may have an impact on cellular processes. Other than thermal effects, RF-EMR exposure can cause non-thermal biological responses through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, altered neurotransmitter activity, and changes in the flux of calcium ions within neurons. These cellular disruptions can lead to neuronal apoptosis, which hampers appropriate brain function and can potentially affect cognition and behavior. While the effects on human health are still debated, it is evident that the nervous system, given its sensitivity to electromagnetic disturbances, may be vulnerable to prolonged exposure. While radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from Wi-Fi, for example, does involve much smaller power compared with mobile phones, and exposure is much farther from the body, there remains considerable ignorance regarding its long-term outcomes, particularly to sensitive populations of children and teenagers.
While various studies have tended to address a number of questions about RF-EMR risk, especially for brain function and reproductive health, current evidence remains conflicting and thus has necessitated further detailed investigation. It is not possible to decide on a definite conclusion because of the complexity of the biological systems implicated and the difficulty in extrapolating from animal models to human health. However, while neutral or even positive effects can be envisaged at specific levels of RF-EMR exposure, particularly in medical uses, there is still concern about possible risks that may occur above threshold values, particularly in the nervous and reproductive systems. These are potentially very disruptive to neurotransmitter functions, neuronal health, and even sperm and egg cell integrity. Larger, more comprehensive, long-term studies are urgently needed to ascertain the level of exposure that is not harmful and for a full understanding of all biological effects. In summary, exposure to RF-EMR continues to increase with each new generation of technology, including 5G. It is, therefore, of crucial importance that accurate safety guidelines and regulatory frameworks are updated. Continued research into the possible health risks, in particular the cumulative effects of long-term exposure, is essential to safeguarding public health, especially for the younger generation who are exposed more frequently and for longer periods.
Open access paper: https://eej.aut.ac.ir/
The introduction of 5G networks has raised public concerns about potential changes in environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study analyzes continuous monitoring data collected over 2 years (August 2022-October 2024) from 13 frequency-selective monitoring sensors located in Greece's five largest cities. Focusing on the 3.6 GHz band, we evaluated trends and weekly variations in EMF levels. Results indicated a gradual increase in EMF exposure at 3.6 GHz, driven by the growing penetration of 5G infrastructure and devices. Notably, this band exhibited higher maximum-to-median power density ratios compared to other frequency bands, attributable to active antenna systems' characteristics and traffic variations. Applying the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines, we found that 30-min averaged values significantly reduced these variations. All measured EMF levels, including maximum values, remained well below Greek and international safety limits. These findings, especially the increasing trend identified for the EMF levels, underscore the importance of continuous monitoring networks for assessing EMF exposure to existing and emerging telecommunications networks and ensuring compliance with safety standards.
Summary
-
Over the last 2 years, 5G EMF levels at the 3.6 GHz frequency band increased due to network expansion but stayed well below ICNIRP and Greek reference levels.
-
The 3.6 GHz band showed much higher maximum-to-median E-field variability than other frequency bands, driven by active antenna systems and traffic variations.
-
Using 30-min averaging, as recommended by ICNIRP (2020), significantly reduced exposure variability at 3.6 GHz, aligning it with the one observed in frequency bands used by cellular networks of previous generations.
In this study, continuous measurements of E-field from 13 monitoring sensors located in the five largest Greek cities and collected over the last 2 years were analyzed with a focus on the 3.6 GHz frequency band, where 5G networks operate. An increasing trend in environmental EMF levels at this band over these years was identified but the maximum registered incident power density remained well below the reference levels of ICNIRP and the Greek legislation. A considerably higher variation of exposure levels within a week at the 3.6 GHz band compared to other frequency bands was observed in terms of weekly maximum-to-median incident power ratio. This result highlights the necessity of extrapolation to the actual maximum when short-time measurements (e.g., of 6 min) are used as a proxy for compliance assessment. However, this high maximum-to-median ratio considerably decreases by considering 30-min averaging of the measurements, as suggested by the 2020 ICNIRP guidelines. Notably, the median E-field values at the 3.6 GHz band are lower than those of legacy networks.
No significant trends at older frequency bands were identified possibly due to limited spatial sampling, with only 13 measurement locations. Therefore, further research with broader geographical coverage and additional monitoring sensors would be valuable to evaluate these trends of exposure in the context of 5G rollout."
Continuous increase of electromagnetic field (EMF) emission in the environment causes worldwide research on various short- and long-term EMF measurements and exposure assessments. Measurements are usually performed in sensitive areas, with conventional measuring approaches and worst-case exposure assessments, which are unable to provide any deeper EMF behavior analyses. Therefore, this paper brings an innovative EMF exposure analysis approach, based on time-averaging of time series data, disclosing some concealed information on long-term exposure. The averaging was done on the set of EMF time series acquired by three sensors in the EMF Regulatory Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services (RATEL) monitoring network. Sensors are installed at extremely sensitive locations-on buildings of two kindergartens and an elementary school. Analyses revealed patterns of daily/weekly exposure changes and their differences between working days and weekends, as well as annual decrease/increase, at each location. Comparative analysis among locations showed differences in exposure behavior regarding its peaks, slopes of the decrease/increase, and time intervals of the day with higher exposure.
My note: This paper only addresses estimated RF-EMF exposure relative to inadequate ICNIRP guidelines which only protect against heating risk.
Wang S,
Lu M.
Assessment of RF Electromagnetic Exposure to Car Driver
from Monopole Array Antennas in V2V Communications Considering Thermal
Characteristics. Sensors. 2025; 25(10):3247.
doi: 10.3390/
Abstract
Vehicles are rapidly evolving into objects of intelligent
interconnection. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications enable the
interconnection between vehicles, while also leading to new
electromagnetic exposure scenarios. This paper integrates a monopole
array antenna into a shark-fin antenna on the car roof for V2V
communications and evaluates the specific absorption rate (SAR) and
temperature rise of a human body in a smart mobility communication
scenario operating at 5.9 GHz. The V2V antenna is modeled and placed on a
3D vehicle model using COMSOL Multiphysics (v.6.2) to numerically
estimate the SAR in the head and body regions of the human body model
(adult male) inside the vehicle. Both the localized and whole-body 30
min average SAR are lower than the International Commission on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) occupational restrictions for
electromagnetic field exposure from 100 kHz to 6 GHz, being equal in
the worst-case scenario to 0.981 W/kg (for the head), which is 9.81% of
the ICNIRP limit (10 W/kg), and 0.008728 W/kg (for the whole-body
average), which is 2.18% of the ICNIRP limit (0.4 W/kg). The 30 min
average human core temperature rise is 0.055 °C, which is 5.5% of the
ICNIRP limit. This indicates that, in typical automotive scenarios, the
electromagnetic exposure from a monopole array antenna for V2V
communications does not pose threat to the human body. This study
provides knowledge related to emerging exposure scenarios in intelligent
mobility communication, which is beneficial for evaluating possible
health impacts and designing public health management policies.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-
- We analyzed if the ten key characteristics (KCs) of human carcinogens according to IARC are influenced by RF-EMF exposure.
- We reviewed 159 articles by extracting relevant exposure and experimental data.
- A risk of bias (RoB) analysis was conducted using 6 criteria.
- There is a strong negative association between study quality and the likelihood of reporting effects of RF-EMF exposures.
- The heterogeneity and overall poor study quality suggest the need for high-quality studies.
There are, however, a few statistically significant results in the highest quality studies (Tier 1 studies in Romeo et al. [35] and studies meeting 5 or 6 RoB criteria (present study). These deserve close examination, and replication if warranted by stronger studies, preferably done under GLP [28], or are otherwise compliant with OHAT recommendations.
Highlights
• The electromagnetic properties of iron-containing molecules/proteins and iron-rich tissues influence iron metabolism modulation by EMFs.
• EMFs can modulate iron metabolism through their effects on membrane structure and ion channels.
• EMFs can modulate iron metabolism by regulating the generation and activity of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
Background: In response to growing concerns about the health effects of quasi-millimeter waves (qMMW) used in 5th-generation wireless systems, conservative whole-body exposure thresholds based on indirect evidence have been proposed. The guidelines define a whole-body average specific absorption rate (WBA-SAR) of 4 W/kg which causes a 1 °C increase in core temperature, as the operational threshold for adverse health effects. To address the lack of direct evidence, we recently reported that a 30-minute exposure to qMMW at 4.6 W/kg resulted in a 1 °C increase in rat core temperature. Here, we further analyzed the near-threshold stress response for the first time, using biological samples from the aforementioned and additional experiments.
Methods: A total of 59 young Sprague-Dawley rats (240-322 g) were exposed to 28 GHz for 40 minutes at WBA-SARs of 0, 3.7, and 7.2 W/kg, under normal (22.5 °C, 45-55% humidity), and heat (32 °C, 70% humidity) conditions. Rats were restrained in acrylic holders for dose control. We repeatedly measured serum and urinary biomarkers of stress response, aggregated the data, and analyzed them using a single statistical mixed model to subtract the effects of sham exposure and between-subject variation.
Results: Sham exposure induced stress responses, suggesting an effect of restraint. After the subtraction of the sham exposure effect, 28 GHz appeared to induce stress responses as evidenced by elevated serum-free corticosterone 1 or 3 days after the exposure, which was more evident in animals with a change in rectal temperature exceeding 1 °C. Urinary-free catecholamines demonstrated an inhibitory property of 28 GHz frequency exposure on the stress response as evidenced by noradrenaline on the day of exposure. Heat exposure enhanced this effect, suggesting a possible role of noradrenaline in heat dissipation by promoting cutaneous blood flow, a notion supported by the correlation between noradrenaline levels and tail surface temperature, a critical organ for heat dissipation.
Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that qMMW whole-body exposure can alter the stress response as indicated by corticosterone and noradrenaline at near-threshold levels. Our findings may provide insight into the biological basis of the whole-body exposure thresholds in the international guidelines.
Open access paper: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on rat thyroid function and histopathology. Forty female and thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-220 g, 2 months old) were exposed to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi, mobile jammer radiation, or a sham condition. In Group A, male rats were exposed to Wi-Fi or mobile jammers for 2 h daily for two weeks. The devices were located within a one-meter radius of the animal cage, either on or off. In the Sham group, the experimental setup was like the other groups, but the irradiating devices were turned off. Group B included non-pregnant females, pregnant (exposed and control subgroups), and their offspring. Thyroid hormones in the serum were measured, and the histology was microscopically analyzed, focusing on areas of colloid and epithelium in the thyroid follicles.
Results: Compared to the control group, T4 hormone levels were significantly different in male rats exposed to mobile jammer radiation (p-value = 0.037). In group B, significant differences were found solely in the male offspring regarding T3 levels due to jammer exposure (average = 109.00 for male offspring in the experiment vs. average = 65.50 for those in the control, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, histopathological findings indicated significant differences as well. These results highlight a potential link between exposure to electromagnetic radiation and changes in thyroid endocrine and
histological parameters. Our findings suggest that ongoing assessment of
existing safety guidelines on non-ionizing radiation exposure is
necessary, especially concerning its effects on thyroid hormone levels
and follicular histology.
Pawlak K,
Bojarski B, Jagusiak W,
Wojnar T, Nieckarz Z,
Arent Z,
Ludwiczak M, Lasko M.
An 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Field Affects Hormone
Levels, Sperm Quality, and Behavior in Laboratory Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(9):5160.
doi: 10.3390/
Abstract
In addition to natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs), so-called artificial electromagnetic fields exist in the biosphere, with mobile communications being one of their main sources. This study aimed to determine the impact of EMF at a frequency of 1800 MHz on the concentrations of selected hormones, sperm motility, viability, morphology and behaviors in laboratory rats. We used 28 rats divided into two equinumerous groups: control (n = 14) and experimental (n = 14). The rats in the experimental group were exposed to EMF for 12 weeks (for 10 min, four times daily); at the same time, the control specimens were kept in standard conditions. After 12 weeks, half of each group was killed, while the other half was maintained for another 4 weeks with no EMF emission. Elevated corticosterone levels and decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were observed in the experimental specimens, which persisted for 2 weeks after the cessation of EMF emission. Exposure to EMF also resulted in decreased sperm motility and viability, as well as increased rat anxiety. This study shows that exposure to EMF (1800 MHz) may affect the endocrine status of the body and the behavior and reproductive functions of animals. However, hormonal disorders appear to be reversible.
Excerpts
"The experimental group was exposed to electromagnetic waves for 10 min, four times daily: 8:00–8:10, 14:00–14:10, 18:00–18:10, and 22:00–22:10. The source of electromagnetic radiation was a generator emitting electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of the GSM cellular network (1100–2100 MHz). The average output power of the generator was 330 mW, with an instantaneous maximum power of 2 W. The load for the power stage was a Yagi GSM antenna with omnidirectional characteristics. The distance between the field generator antenna and the animals (depending on their position in the cage) was 30–40 cm."
"The electromagnetic field emitted by the generator within the rat cages was characterized by the following parameters: the average electric field intensity ranged from 2.8 to 5.7 V/m (0.1 V/m), the average magnetic field intensity ranged from 7.2 to 14.0 mA/m (±0.2 mA/m), and the average power density ranged from 17.7 to 63.6 mW/m2 (±0.5 mW/m2) at a frequency of 1800 MHz. Throughout the experiment, the EMF background was monitored, with an average value of 0.22 ± 0.07 V/m."
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/
This study examined the effects of cell phone exposure on estrogen, progesterone, and ovarian follicles in neonatal rats immediately after birth (natal day). Compared to the sham group, the results showed that cell phone radiation in both the study and control groups caused a decrease in the number and diameter of the primordial follicle, primary oocyte, its nucleus, and the amount of estrogen and progesterone hormones in neonatal rats during different and entire weeks of gestation. Also, these radiations cause an increase in apoptosis (atretic) of primordial follicles and a reduction in the diameter of the neonates’ ovaries, which depends on the duration of radiation. Meanwhile, for the first time, the impact of mobile phones during different weeks of pregnancy was examined in this study. In sum, the most effects were observed in the third week of pregnancy. The results showed that the first week of pregnancy was also affected by cell phone effects. Although this study has investigated the effects of EMF on infertility in an animal model (rat), these findings can highlight the potential risks of exposure to mobile phone radiation during pregnancy on the future fertility of the fetus in the womb. However, further research is needed to establish a direct link between EMR exposure and infertility. Non-human primate models (monkeys) are recommended to achieve more reliable results.
• Combines occupational epidemiology with cutting-edge machine learning for risk stratification
• Provides actionable thresholds for workplace exposure limits (e.g., WBGT ≥ 28°C linked to decreased testosterone levels)
• Bridges methodological gaps in reproductive health research through model interpretability (SHAP, feature importance analysis)
This study looks at how very low-frequency electromagnetic fields – especially the Schumann Resonance at 7.83 hz – may affect our health. These natural frequencies come from the Earth’s atmosphere and may play an important role in how our bodies and cells work. The research explores how these signals could influence the electrical activity inside our cells, including how ions like calcium move in and out. This process is essential for brain function, heart rhythm, sleep patterns, and overall health. The study suggests that human cells may have evolved to respond to these natural frequencies. Changes in, or the absence of, these signals – such as when we’re exposed to artificial electromagnetic fields from modern technology – might disrupt important processes in the body. For example, the paper highlights evidence that some low-frequency signals may help stop cancer cells from growing or improve healing, while unnatural frequencies might do harm. A key point is that our brain activity seems to align with Earth’s natural electromagnetic rhythms. This could explain why changes in these fields can affect our mood, sleep, or concentration. The study also points out that future space missions should consider simulating these natural frequencies to help astronauts stay healthy outside Earth’s environment. In short, this research helps us understand how our bodies interact with the invisible electromagnetic environment around us – and how both natural and man-made signals could influence our health in powerful ways.
Conclusions
Solar and geomagnetic activities appear to affect biological organisms in diverse ways. SR appears to be a biophysical mechanism that coordinates such a relationship.
Human EEG is highly dependent on SR, which suggests that the natural electromagnetic frequencies in the Earth’s atmosphere, known as SR, influence human brainwave activity. This suggests a correlation between atmospheric electromagnetic frequencies and brain activity.
While earlier models focused on calcium influx as the primary target of ELF fields, more recent findings indicate that weak magnetic fields likely act first on radical pairs within mitochondria. This radical pair mechanism (RPM) may influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics, which are tightly linked to intracellular calcium signaling via mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). These pathways can alter membrane potential, gene expression, and cellular communication.
Given this context, VGCC activation and calcium fluxes may be secondary consequences of mitochondrial redox modulation. Since calcium ions are involved in nearly all critical cellular processes – from apoptosis to signal transduction – these downstream effects can profoundly influence bioelectric regulation and health outcomes.Biological systems may have evolved to be influenced by electromagnetic frequencies in the ELF range that are naturally present in the environment. These frequencies, particularly the SR at 7.83 hz, could potentially enhance cellular energy levels and affect the RMP. Healthy cells typically have a higher RMP than those with dysfunction or disease.
During the silent phase, thalamocortical neurons might be entrained with SR, which suggests that during this phase, the electromagnetic frequencies of SR could potentially synchronize or entrain the activity of thalamocortical neurons, thereby justifying the coordination between SR and EEG.
There are ongoing studies on the potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. With the information collected from these studies, it seems plausible that unnatural EMF might affect organisms and cells in multiple ways, such as abnormal ion channels that function to coordinate the whole organism, and improper circadian rhythms.
Purpose: Cataracts are the second leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. This study aimed to examine the impact of occupational exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields on cataract development.
Methods: One hundred employees of Zahedan Electricity Company participated in this study. They were assigned to four groups based on their level of exposure: regular, operational, operator personnel, and non-exposure. Based on LOCS III grading, the risk of developing different types of cataracts (i.e., nuclear, posterior subcapsular, and cortical) was evaluated for all participants.
Results: The frequency of cataracts was 62.2% in the exposure group (which includes three subgroups: the regular, operational, and operator personnel) and 53.8% in the non-exposure group. There was a significant difference between the study groups in terms of nuclear opacity grading (P = 0.003). The correlation between nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract grading and work experience duration in the exposure group was statistically significant (P < 0.018).
Conclusion: This study's findings indicate that exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields such as power lines, power plants, and power distribution posts may be a risk factor for cataract development, particularly nuclear cataracts.
Abstract
Possible carcinogenicity of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs), associated with the use and transmission of electricity, has been under scientific and public debate for decades. This review aims to provide an update on studies testing carcinogenicity of ELF MFs in experimental animals. Emphasis was placed on identifying possible connections between study characteristics and the results obtained. This review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, and the methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies developed by the National Toxicology Program’s Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT). Publication bias was assessed using the caliper test. Fifty-four eligible studies were identified. Despite poor ratings in certain aspects of the risk of bias evaluation, the quality of the studies was generally relatively good, with only four studies receiving the weakest rating. Overall, there was very little evidence that ELF MFs alone are carcinogenic. Evidence of co-carcinogenicity, from studies that have used ELF MFs in combination with other agents, remains inconclusive. A clear indication of publication bias was observed, though it is unlikely that this bias alone explains all reported MF-modified effects. Based on the current literature, future studies on co-carcinogenicity of ELF MFs should employ approaches other than classical initiation-promotion models. Additionally, well-designed studies to better understand the reported effects of ELF MFs and the underlying mechanisms are warmly welcomed.
Mallinson VJ. Woodburn FA, O’Reilly KJ. Weak anthropogenic electric fields affect honeybee foraging. Cell Press. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Methods: Twenty Wistar albino rats were included in the study, and these rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and electromagnetic field. A noninvasive head-out plethysmography technique was used to accurately assess lung function in rats. Rats in the electromagnetic field group were exposed to electromagnetic field at a frequency of 50 Hz and a magnetic flux density of 0.3 mT for 2 min. Respiratory function parameters of both groups were recorded in three separate periods before, during and after electromagnetic field exposure. Respiratory rate, respiratory cycle duration, inspiration time, expiration time, tidal volume, minute volume, peak inspiratory flow, and peak expiratory flow were measured in these periods.
Results: There was no significant difference in the parameters measured before electromagnetic field exposure between the groups. During the electromagnetic field exposure period, the mean respiratory rate measured in the electromagnetic field group was lower compared to the control group data, while the mean respiratory cycle duration, inspiration time, and tidal volume measured in the electromagnetic field group were higher compared to the control group data. There was no significant difference in the parameters measured after electromagnetic field exposure between the groups.
Conclusion: Short-term extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure decreases respiratory rate and increases respiratory cycle duration, inspiration time, and tidal volume.
Open access paper: https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/