The effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been extensively debated among researchers and the public, with their critical consequences often dismissed or deemed unscientific. In light of this, we conducted this systematic review that extensively focuses on the detrimental effects of EMFs on living organisms.
A comprehensive and systematic literature search was performed on various electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This review concentrates on experimental studies published between 2017 and 2024 that investigated physiological or behavioral responses to EMF exposure, with particular attention given to those reporting harmful or concerning effects. Documented impacts include effects on humans, animals, and plants, targeting various cell types (e.g., blood, cancer, thyroid, cochlea), genotoxicity, cardiovascular parameters (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure), male fertility (e.g., testes, sperm), neuronal brain activity, and photosynthesis in plants. Methodological quality was assessed using established bias assessment tools, and certainty of evidence was evaluated according to the GRADE framework.
After screening, 24 studies were included in the present review; five studies were non-randomized and involved humans, seven studies were in vitro, and 12 studies were conducted on animals. The findings demonstrated that EMFs negatively affect a wide array of biological systems of living organisms, including mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and disruptions in cellular, physiological, and ecological processes. Most of the included studies showed a moderate to high risk of bias, which contributed to a lower overall certainty of the evidence.
These findings underscore the significant health and environmental risks associated with rising exposure levels of EMF, highlighting the urgent need for strategies to mitigate the risks. Despite these valuable insights, significant research gaps persist because the long-term effects of EMF exposure, especially on human populations, remain poorly understood and warrant further investigation and targeted mitigation strategies.
Conclusions
The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies continues to introduce new applications and expand into higher frequency ranges. This review identifies many experimental studies reporting the biological effects of EMFs on humans, animals, and plants. These include changes in fertility parameters, cellular responses associated with oxidative stress, developmental outcomes, behavioral alterations, and cognitive effects. Our findings highlight why it is important to take a closer, structured look at how EMF exposure might affect both human health and the environment. This review focused on reported biological effects, without implying universality or disregarding studies that observed neutral or application-related outcomes. The diversity in reported results highlights the need for cautious interpretation and context-specific analysis.
Significant research gaps remain. Short-term effects have drawn much attention in past studies, but the more pressing question (what happens over time?) remains largely unanswered, especially concerning people and species highly sensitive to their environment. Additionally, a lack of standardized exposure protocols and inconsistent reporting of critical parameters such as field strength and frequency limit reproducibility and hampers the formulation of robust exposure guidelines. Addressing these challenges means committing to research that is not rushed, not vague, and not influenced by unclear funding. Long-term, transparent, and solid work is the only way forward. These should include clearly defined exposure parameters, attention to population-specific vulnerability factors (e.g., age, baseline health), and ecological relevance. As seen historically, public concern and scientific controversy can foster critical inquiry and the development of evidence-based safety standards. A coordinated effort is needed to enhance our understanding of EMF interactions with biological systems and to support informed decision-making in public health initiatives and policy.
No abstract
"We, the editors (SI, JFD, SD, NR, PW) and organizers (JV, EvD, HZ) of this special issue of Environment International on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) assessment of the health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), are pleased to present this collection of systematic reviews of the effects of RF EMF. This issue represents the culmination of four years of meticulous, collaborative work by more than 80 scientific experts from around the world. We extend our sincere congratulations to the authors of the reviews and commend their dedication to producing reviews of such high scientific quality.
This Special Issue includes nine protocols and subsequent twelve systematic reviews, all designed to support the human health risk assessment of RF-EMF exposure. In this editorial, we summarize the processes used to commission and develop the systematic reviews, describe the methodological tools employed, and summarise the key findings. We also reflect on the successes and challenges encountered throughout this ambitious undertaking.
Collectively, these systematic reviews offer a robust model for global health risk assessments, contributing to the development of evidence-based norms, standards, and research priorities. This project stands as one of the most comprehensive evaluations of environmental health evidence to date – an effort from which we continue to learn how to best approach this task (Jarosińska et al., 2018, Pega et al., 2021, Pérez Velasco and Jarosińska, 2022)."
"Although no other mechanisms beyond nerve cell excitation and thermal effect are known to pose health risks (Sheppard et al. 2008), the possibility remains that other, as yet unknown, biophysical mechanisms could exist and potentially lead to health effects."
"The last EHC Monograph on RF fields was published in 1993 (World Health Organization 1993) and is currently being updated to reflect new scientific evidence."
"For cognition, human experimental studies provided consistent moderate- to high-certainty evidence of no or only a small effect across several domains of cognitive performance (Pophof et al. 2024). (Fig. 3) However, the corresponding human observational review (Benke et al. 2024) included only a few studies with results that were assessed as very low certainty."
"Regarding symptoms, human experimental studies (Bosch-Capblanch et al. 2022) showed moderate-certainty evidence of no or a small effect of RF EMF exposure. Yet again, the limited number of human observational studies resulted in very low certainty evidence (Roosli et al. 2024).(Fig. 4). "
Peleg M, Berry EM, Deitch M, Nativ O, Richter E. Carcinogenicity of Radio-Frequency Radiation: Similarities and Differences Between Outcomes of Two Studies. Med Discoveries. 2025; 4(7): 1267
Abstract
Open access: https://www.meddiscoveries.
Highlights
• In vivo exposure reduced cortex cell proliferation, BDNF and synapses balance.
• In vivo exposure reduced hippocampus synapses density and balance.
• Proteomic analysis showed dysregulation of proteins involved in synaptic signaling.
• In vitro exposure increased apoptosis, DNA damage and glial differentiation shift.
• 900 MHz exposure affect rodent neurodevelopmental at regulatory threshold levels.
Background: The widespread usage of millimeter waves (MMW) in different spheres of the public domain necessitates to have a better understanding of any possible health impacts caused by them. The latest example of this is the global implementation of 5G technology.
Objectives: The present investigation aimed to study the effects of 35.5 GHz frequency on reproductive parameters of male Wistar rats.
Methods: The study employed a randomized controlled design, with animals being assigned to control, sham-exposed, and exposed groups, with six animals in each group (n = 6). The experimental group was exposed to 35.5 GHz frequency for 2 h per day for 60 days. At the end of the exposure period, various sperm parameters such as sperm count, morphology, viability, and sperm mitochondrial activity were evaluated. The evaluation of oxidative stress was done by lipid peroxidation assay in testis homogenate. Superoxide dismutase, total sulfhydryl level, and total antioxidant capacity were assessed in testis homogenate. The DNA damage in the testis was assessed through the comet assay.
Results: The results showed a significant decrease in sperm viability and count, as well as morphometric changes in testis histopathology. Lipid peroxidation testis was significantly elevated in the exposed group, while superoxide dismutase (SOD), total sulfhydryl level, and total antioxidant capacity were significantly decreased in the exposed group. The comet assay revealed a significant increase in DNA damage in the exposed group, indicating genotoxic effects.
Discussion: The observed changes in sperm parameters, testicular morphology, and oxidative stress markers highlight the potential for testicular tissue damage via oxidative mechanisms. These results underscore the need for further research to elucidate the biological implications of chronic MMW exposure.
Conclusion: Chronic exposure to 35.5 GHz frequency may negatively impact male reproductive function and testicular tissue, primarily through mechanisms involving oxidative stress.
Previous studies found no IEI-EMF patients recovered after provocation trials.
We describe the first long-term follow-up of IEI-EMF after a provocation trial.
Most of the patients reported recovery, with 86.4 % being idiopathic recovery.
Most of the patients were willing to consider something else caused their symptoms.
Summary
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The current study incorporated several methodological improvements to test whether exposure to RF-EMF increases salivary cortisol concentration in humans.
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The current study failed to find an effect of RF-EMF exposure on salivary cortisol concentration, and there was no influence of participants' sex.
Given the novelty of the methodological improvements implemented in this study, this lack of effect on salivary cortisol is very robust.
The webinar series hosted by Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
is open to the public and welcomes ongoing conversations about
strategies for navigating environmental crossroads. The webinar
entitled “Navigating Environmental Crossroads: Pesticides, Bee
Pollinators, and the Wireless Revolution” occurred on the Zoom platform
on 26 March 2025 with 263 registrants and more than 80 attendees from a
broad range of countries. The video recording of the webinar is
embedded in the online version of this article, available here: https://doi.org/10.1080/
As 2025 unfolds, we find ourselves at a critical environmental crossroads. In early January, wildfires driven by hurricane-force winds swept across Southern California, forcing hundreds of thousands to flee. Nearly 90 square miles burned where urban and wilderness areas meet—another stark signal of a changing climate.Footnote1
The fires were still smoldering on 20 January when the United States announced its withdrawal from the United Nations Paris Agreement.Footnote2 Weeks later, on 12 March, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched what it called the “Biggest Deregulatory Action in U.S. History,” moving to roll back the mercury and air toxics standards, dismantle environmental justice programs, and restructure the agency’s Science Advisory Board.Footnote3
These events framed the launch of a new webinar series by Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, designed to engage a multidisciplinary audience in seeking solutions to complex challenges at the intersection of science, policy, and sustainability.
Scientific integrity is nonnegotiable. Yet translating research into regulatory policies involves negotiation among stakeholders with competing values. Our best tools for navigating environmental crossroads must maximize transparency and consider trade-offs across One HealthFootnote4—human, animal, plant, and ecosystems—as well as economics, equity, and resource conservation.Footnote5
The first webinar focused on two underrecognized global threats: the impact of neonicotinoid pesticides on bee pollinators and food security, and the growing risks of wireless radiation to all living systems. The session underscored the urgency of turning robust scientific evidence into practical policy—limiting exposures, promoting safer alternatives, and closing critical research gaps.
Neonicotinoids (neonics), the most widely used insecticides in history, have come under intense scrutiny in recent years.Footnote6 While they may protect some crops from pests, mounting evidence suggests they are also contributing to the alarming decline in bee populations worldwide—particularly honey bees, one of over 2,000 species vital to food production.Footnote7 The long-term consequences for pollination and ecosystem stability are profound and deeply concerning.Footnote8
Research on neonics’ broad-spectrum harms has provoked strong resistance from pesticide manufacturers, who often follow the tobacco-industry playbook:Footnote9 casting doubt on science and attacking scientists. These industries fund research programs at universities and push back when government-sponsored studies, such as those from the National Toxicology Program, produce inconvenient results.Footnote10
Simultaneously,
our world is increasingly bathed in electromagnetic radiation from
mobile phones, Wi-Fi networks, and other wireless technologies. While
these tools have reshaped communication and daily life, evidence
continues to build around their potential health impacts, especially
with long-term exposure.Footnote11 Adverse effects have been observed not only in humans, but also in animals and bee populations.Footnote12,Footnot
The electronics industry, now the most profitable in history, has shown little appetite for investigating or mitigating these harms. With the rise of generative artificial intelligence and global 5G expansion, exposure will only intensify. Yet industry investment in health risk research remains minimal.
A recent review for the World Health Organization examined 52 experimental studies and found high-certainty evidence linking radiofrequency radiation to tumors of the brain and heart nerves.Footnote14 These findings, led by independent experts, add urgency to calls for applying the precautionary principle.Footnote15
We do not need perfect certainty to take protective action. In many cases, the science is already sufficient to justify precautionary policies. But we must also continue investing in independent research and accelerating the development of safer technologies.
For pesticides, nontoxic alternatives exist—but will not be widely adopted until manufacturers and users recognize the long-term benefits of sustainable practices. The same is true for wireless technology: We can innovate to reduce radiation exposure while maintaining connectivity. Doing so requires incentives, transparency, and public pressure.
When in doubt, we must err on the side of caution. This means restrictingFootnote16 neonicotinoid use, especially in sensitive environments, and setting stricter guidelines for wireless radiation—particularly in schools and homes. It also means attentiveness to potential synergy between wireless radiation and chemical exposures leading to amplified adverse impacts on the productivity and stability of bee hives. These challenges cross borders, demanding international cooperation in science, regulation, and innovation.
Public education is essential. Informed citizens make better choices and demand better policies. The Environment webinar series aims to foster honest, inclusive dialogue about how we face today’s environmental crossroads—and how we find a better path forward.
At stake is more than academic debate. The decisions we make now will shape the future of our health, our ecosystems, and our shared planet. We can find our way—but only if we insist on transparency, independent science, democratic participation, and precaution in the face of uncertainty. Without them, we risk losing the trail entirely—at a cost we cannot afford.
Devra Davis is treasurer of the Board of Directors of Environmental Health Trust, a nonprofit organization that voluntarily discloses sources of funding more than $5,000: https://ehtrust.org/about/. Stacy Malkan is managing editor of U.S. Right to Know, a nonprofit newsroom and public health research group that also voluntarily discloses sources of funding more than $5,000 at https://usrtk.org/donors/. Oladele A. Ogunseitan is unpaid co-chair of Apple Inc.’s Green Chemistry Advisory Board.
4.9. Electromagnetic fields
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are produced by various electronic devices, including those used in wireless communication, such as cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, and smart meters. EMFs are categorized into two main types: low-frequency (e.g., power lines) and high-frequency (e.g., radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices) (Meenu et al., 2024). The increasing prevalence of EMF exposure in daily life has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on brain health, particularly its role in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD (Jiang et al., 2016).
One of the central hypotheses regarding EMF exposure and AD is based on the calcium hypothesis of neurodegeneration. High-intensity EMFs are thought to interact with voltage-gated calcium channels in brain cells, which are responsible for regulating the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into neurons. Research suggests that the increased concentration of Ca2+ ions resulting from EMF exposure may contribute to a cascade of pathological processes associated with neurodegeneration, including excessive calcium signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammation (Pall, 2022). The dysregulation of calcium homeostasis is a well-established mechanism in AD, where elevated intracellular calcium levels can lead to neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, and ultimately cell death.
Animal studies have provided compelling evidence supporting the role of EMFs exposure in the accumulation of amyloid-β, a hallmark protein involved in AD. For example, a study involving rats exposed to daily pulsed EMFs demonstrated elevated levels of amyloid-β plaques in the brain, suggesting that EMFs exposure could accelerate amyloid pathology and contribute to cognitive decline (Li et al., 2019). The deposition of amyloid-β plaques is a critical event in the pathogenesis of AD, as these plaques disrupt neuronal communication and promote inflammation, thereby exacerbating neurodegeneration. In addition to amyloid-β accumulation, neurodegeneration itself is another key consequence of EMF exposure. Human studies have shown that prolonged exposure to EMFs may lead to widespread loss of dendritic spines and synaptic connections in the brain (Pritchard et al., 2019). Dendritic spines are small protrusions on neurons that play a critical role in synaptic signaling and cognitive processes. Their loss is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD (Wyszkowska et al., 2019). Increased calcium ion influx resulting from EMF exposure may disrupt the structural integrity of dendritic spines, leading to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment (Glaser et al., 2019, Popugaeva et al., 2017, Tong et al., 2018).
In a study by Tong et al., (2018), exposure to EMFs was found to increase calcium ion levels in neuronal cells, which led to the activation of signaling pathways associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. These pathways are implicated in the progressive damage to neurons seen in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, chronic EMFs exposure has been shown to induce neuroinflammatory responses, which play a central role in the pathophysiology of AD. Inflammation in the brain, often triggered by the activation of microglial cells, can lead to the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that further exacerbate neuronal damage and amyloid plaque accumulation (Kim et al., 2021). Another key aspect of the EMF-AD connection is the role of oxidative stress. Exposure to EMFs has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons, which can lead to oxidative damage to cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and DNA. This oxidative damage is thought to be a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease, as it impairs neuronal function and accelerates the formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, both of which are characteristic of AD pathology (Bektas and Dasdag, 2025). Some studies have even suggested that individuals living in close proximity to sources of high-intensity EMF radiation, such as cell towers or power lines, may have an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (Huss et al., 2009).
4.10. Synergistic effects of combined environmental pollutants
While much of the research on environmental risk factors for AD focuses on individual pollutants, growing evidence suggests that the combined effects of multiple exposures may significantly increase the risk of developing the disease (Wang et al., 2025). The synergistic interactions between various pollutants, such as smoking and heavy metals, can lead to more severe neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage than the effects of any single exposure (Krisanova et al., 2024). For example, smoking and heavy metal exposure are two well-established risk factors for AD. Smoking leads to the generation of ROS and inflammation, which can directly damage neurons and alter amyloid-β processing (Wallin et al., 2017). When combined with exposure to heavy metals like cadmium, lead, or arsenic, the effects of smoking are often amplified. Heavy metals, by disrupting cellular homeostasis and enhancing oxidative stress, can exacerbate the damage caused by smoking. Specifically, cadmium has been shown to increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), allowing for easier access of amyloid-beta peptides into the brain, and promoting tau hyperphosphorylation (Ramírez-Mendoza et al., 2024). The combination of these pollutants leads to a vicious cycle of neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and cognitive decline, significantly increasing the risk of AD development in individuals who are exposed to both factors (Fu et al., 2022). The synergistic effects of combined exposures to environmental pollutants underscore the complexity of AD risk factors and highlight the need for more comprehensive studies that examine multifactorial exposures (Ahmed et al., 2025). Current research often focuses on individual risk factors in isolation, but the combined impact of pollutants is likely to provide a more accurate representation of real-world exposures (Aderinto et al., 2025b).
7. Conclusions
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
Background: Panax ginseng (PG) is a plant that contains ginsenosides, which are considered adaptogens that confer cellular protection. However, the impact of PG on pituitary-ovarian dysfunction and subsequent infertility is unknown. This study investigated the hypothesis that PG would attenuate pituitary-ovarian dysfunction associated with mobile phone's Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) in experimental rat models and the possible involvement of a cAMP Response Element Modulator (CREM)-dependent pathway.
Methods: Twenty adult female Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, each consisting of five rats. The control group was administered a vehicle (distilled water) orally, while the P. ginseng group received 200 mg/kg of P. ginseng extract orally. The RF-EMR group was exposed to 900MHz radiation, and the RF-EMR + PG group was exposed to the same radiation while also being treated with 200 mg/kg of P. ginseng orally. These treatments were administered daily for a period of 56 days.
Results: The RF-EMR group exhibited significant reductions in serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone compared to the control group. Moreover, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly lower in the RF-EMR group compared to the control. Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the expression of the CREM gene, accompanied by disrupted pituitary/ovarian morphology in the RF-EMR group compared to the control. However, the administration of PG mitigated these changes.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that P. ginseng extract shields against pituitary-ovarian impairment linked to RF-EMR exposure from cell phones by boosting antioxidant capacity and promoting the CREM-dependent pathway.
This study assesses the exposure to 5G radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) across four European countries. Spot measurements were conducted indoor and outdoor in both public spaces and educational institutions, encompassing urban and rural environments. In total, 146 measurements were performed in 2023, divided over Belgium (47), Switzerland (38), Hungary (30) and Poland (31). At 34.9% of all measurement locations a 5G connection to 3.6 GHz was established. The average cumulative incident power density (Savg) and maximum cumulative incident power density (Smax) were determined, for both “background” exposure (no 5G user equipment; No UE) and worst-case exposure (maximum downlink with 5G user equipment; Max DL). Furthermore, 3.6 GHz 5G-specific average Savg,5G and maximum Smax,5G incident power density are considered as well. For the No UE scenario, the highest Smax is 17.6 mW/m2, while for the Max DL, the highest Smax is 23.3 mW/m2. Both values are well within the ICNIRP guidelines. The highest Smax,5G measured over all countries and scenarios was 10.4 mW/m2, which is 3.2% of the frequency-specific ICNIRP guidelines. Additionally, a comparison was made between big cities, secondary cities, and villages for all four countries. The ratio of power density measured in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas (−4.8 to −10.4 dB). Under LOS conditions, the average incident power density was 2.3 mW/m2, whereas under NLOS conditions, the average incident power density decreases to 0.9 mW/m2. Furthermore, the relative variation increases under NLOS scenarios. Lastly, an analysis was performed regarding the power density in educational institutions compared to all other measurement locations, both indoors and outdoors for the different city types. The measured incident power density is not extensively lower in or around schools compared to public places, neither in the big cities, secondary cities, or the villages.
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Radio frequency electromagnetic fields exposure assessment measurements across four European countries are conducted using a standardized measurement method.
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All measurements were well within the ICNIRP guidelines.
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The incident power density measured in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas.
The findings of this study provide a comparison of downlink RF EMF exposure from base stations for mobile telecommunications, presented in terms of spectral power density, across Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland. First, a comparison was made of the RF EMF exposure regulations of all countries. While all countries follow similar RF EMF exposure regulations, Belgium and Switzerland have additional precautionary limits. In total, 146 measurement locations were assessed in 2023, divided over Belgium (47), Switzerland (38), Hungary (30) and Poland (31). 34.9% of all measurement locations had 5G coverage at 3.6 GHz, although there was a distinction between urban and rural areas in available 3.6 GHz 5G base stations. The study included both average and maximum cumulative incident power densities for two scenarios: “background” (No UE) and “worst-case” (Max DL) exposure. Furthermore, 3.6 GHz 5G-specific average and maximum incident power density (Savg,5G and Smax,5G) were included as well. The highest maximum cumulative power density for the No UE scenario was 17.6 mW/m2. For the Max DL scenario, the highest maximum cumulative power density was 23.3 mW/m2. These cumulative power densities, and by extension all measurements, remain well below 1, indicating compliance with ICNIRP guidelines. The highest 3.6 GHz 5G power density measured over all countries and scenarios was 10.4 mW/m2, which is 0.1% of the frequency-specific ICNIRP guidelines. The ratio of power density measured in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas (−4.8 to −10.4 dB), for all countries over the two scenarios, as expected due to less nearby base stations and generally less users.
A comparison between LOS and NLOS measurement locations is made. Under LOS conditions, the average incident power density was 2.3 mW/m2, whereas under NLOS conditions, the average incident power density decreases to 0.9 mW/m2. Furthermore, the relative variation increases under NLOS scenarios. Lastly, an analysis was performed regarding the power density in educational institutions compared to all other measurement locations, both indoors and outdoors for the different city types. The measured incident power density is not extensively lower in or around schools compared to public places, in neither the big cities, secondary cities or the villages. The RF EMF exposure levels in all measured environments were well below the ICNIRP guidelines.
For future work, increasing the number of measurements and regularly reassessing exposure levels will be essential to monitor the continued rollout of 5G networks and related exposure trends. Therefore, these measurements will be repeated in 2025. Furthermore, the different measurement methods within GOLIAT will be combined to achieve an even better understanding regarding RF EMF exposure.
Open access: https://onlinelibrary.In this study, a comprehensive approach for the experimental assessment of the absorbed power density (APD) is developed. The method includes several novel components: (i) a specialized probe, (ii) a composite phantom, (iii) a reconstruction technique, (iv) a calibration method, and (v) a validation process. The described solution has been developed for the frequency range from 24 to 30 GHz, but can be extended to all frequency bands between 10 and 45 GHz. A novel composite phantom emulates the reflection and transmission coefficients of human skin for propagating and evanescent modes, while its increased penetration depth, in comparison to dermis tissue, enables the measurement of the induced electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with a new miniaturized dosimetric broadband probe. The implementation has a wide dynamic range and sufficient spatial resolution to use it for type approval of mobile devices. Its probe is calibrated with low uncertainty in a novel, traceable setup. A set of reference antennas with known numerical target values for the APD has been compiled to validate the measurement system. The validation demonstrates that the deviation is within the expanded uncertainty of 1.6 dB for pAPD and 1.5 dB for psAPD.
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First traceable, broadband absorbed power density (APD) assessment method and procedures covering 10–45 GHz with a validated implementation for 24–30 GHz, having low uncertainty of < 1.6 dB for peak APD and < 1.5 dB for peak spatial-averaged APD (psAPD), enabling type approval of wireless devices.
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Composite phantom design that emulates reflection and APD of skin across propagating and evanescent modes.
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Reference-antenna-based validation that is instrumentation agnostic and covers realistic spatial gradients, spectral domain (k-space), and modulated signals in conformance with standard requirements for product test system qualification.
Abstract
Mallinson VJ. Woodburn FA, O’Reilly KJ. Weak anthropogenic electric fields affect honeybee foraging. Cell Press. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
In summary, temperature is the primary determinant of mosquito developmental durations, with RF exposure exerting secondary modulating effects under specific conditions. Ae. aegypti was more sensitive to environmental variations, while Ae. albopictus displayed greater resilience and adaptability. These findings provide a foundation for incorporating environmental variables, including anthropogenic factors such as RF exposure, into predictive models for mosquito population dynamics and vector management. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions and assess their implications for disease transmission and control in different ecological settings.
Abstract
Purpose Whereas most of the research on possible bioeffects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) on blood cells has been performed at 50/60 Hz regardless of background fields, here, we exposed human lymphocytes to sweeping-frequency ELF MF in a different range, defined by the DC background field of our incubator and the corresponding ion-cyclotron frequencies.
Materials and methods Umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) were isolated and exposed for 48 h to an ELF MF (sinusoidal, frequency sweeping 3–26 Hz) with 6 different amplitudes between 6 µT and 24 µT, utilizing an oblong coil. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) were assessed by enumeration of γH2AX, 53BP1 and γH2AX/53BP1 co-localized DNA repair foci. Percentage of viable, early apoptotic (EA), and late apoptotic/necrotic (LAN) cells were determined.
Results No statistically significant effects were seen for DNA repair foci or apoptosis induction after a 48-h exposure of UCBL with frequency-sweeping ELF MF. More than 2-fold decrease (p = .064) of γH2AX foci level was detected for 8 µT amplitude when compared to controls. For the same field intensity, a decrease in viable cells was suggested by the data.
Conclusions Our findings suggest that at least part of the exposure could have had a preventive/blocking effect on DNA DSB formation suggesting the possibility of using sweeping-frequency ELF MF as a protective measure against genotoxic agents. It is desirable to continue testing variations of the exposure utilized in this work, in order to search for the most biologically effective frequencies/patterns of exposure.
Binhi V. Magnetic effects in biology: Crucial role of quantum coherence in the radical pair mechanism. Phys. Rev. E. 112, 014409. 25 July, 2025. doi: 1103/n3fs-fsnv.
Abstract
The spin-chemical radical pair mechanism (RPM) has emerged as a leading theory for explaining the biological effects of low-intensity magnetic fields. These intriguing effects occur when the quantum system of radicals is well isolated from the disturbing influence of the environment. In other words, these effects are closely related to the spin coherence relaxation time , but an explicit relationship has not yet been established. In our study, we found an analytical solution to the Liouville-Neumann equation for an open system made up of two electrons and one nucleus, considering minimal interactions while concentrating on spin relaxation and chemical kinetics. This solution, supported by numerical integration, highlights the crucial role of quantum coherence. A straightforward expression is proposed that describes the RPM effect as a function of , within the ranges of magnetic field strength and rate of chemical kinetics relevant to magnetobiology. Our findings reveal that RPM effects become significant only when fundamental relation holds: it controls the magnitude of the effects, and it is consistent with the principles of spin chemistry. Additionally, by comparing our results with existing experimental data, we estimate that the plausible spin decoherence times in magnetosensitive radical pairs within cryptochromelike proteins range from units to tens of nanoseconds. The effects of radio-frequency magnetic fields at the nT level were also examined, taking into account decoherence. These effects turned out to be negligible and incapable of disrupting the RPM patterns. The role of the quantum Zeno effect in magnetobiology is inspected from the perspective of the dependence of the RPM effect.