Members of the scientific community and the general public are raising concerns about the potential health and environmental effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) for those living nearby mobile phone base stations (MPBS). This study examined the impact of RF-EMF (900-1900 MHz) on symptoms spanning four health categories: mood-energy, cognitive-sensory, inflammatory, and anatomical issues. A questionnaire identifying health symptoms within these categories, was given to 183 highly exposed and 126 reference residents, matched on demographics. While years of residing near the MPBS influenced the prevalence of some symptoms, proximity to the base station and higher levels of exposure (measured using power density) influenced the prevalence of many of the symptoms. A higher proportion of symptoms was found in residents who were either living within 50 meters of a MPBS or who were exposed to power densities of 5-8 mW/m2, for all four health categories. This relationship between exposure level and symptom prevalence was further influenced by age, daily mobile phone use (over 5 h per day), and lifestyle factors, for certain symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that level of exposure (power density) was the only factor contributing to the number of symptoms experienced by residents, for all four health categories. An unexpected finding was that among the more highly exposed residents, the younger individuals (under 40 years) reported more inflammation related issues than older individuals. These results underscore the need to inform policymakers regarding the benefits of adopting a precautionary approach to potential risks associated with RF-EMF exposures from MPBS.
Investigating the health effects of man-made electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) created by telecommunications signals from mobile phone base stations is relevant to people living in cities across the world today. The study was conducted in a hilly, highly populated city in Mizoram, India, where many people live close to and in line of sight of the masts on telecommunications towers. A survey was given to residents in their homes, asking about what health symptoms they were experiencing across a range of health categories (mood-energy, cognitive-sensory, inflammatory, and anatomical). At the same time, the level of RF-EMF in their lounge room was measured. The symptoms reported by people living closer to mobile phone base stations (less than 300 m) were compared with those from people living further away (more than 400 m). More people who lived closer to base stations reported health symptoms in all of the health categories investigated. Relatively fewer people who lived further away reported symptoms. Other factors such as age, high mobile phone use (more than 5 h/day) and smoking and drinking also influenced this outcome, for some of the symptoms. The most significant contributor to the number of symptoms reported by residents was the strength of RF-EMF to which they were exposed in their home. A surprising result was that younger people up to 40 years old showed more inflammatory conditions that were related to higher exposures than older people (such as headache, allergy and chest pain). These health effects of RF-EMF should be heeded by those responsible for the installation of mobile phone base stations in cities.
Study implications
"The maximum recorded power density measured at any dwelling was 7.2 mW/m2. Most of the measurements taken in dwellings close to the base stations () exceeded the safety limits suggested by the Bioinitiative Report 2012. However, all measured values were significantly lower than both the current ICNIRP whole body exposure public limits of 4500 mW/m2 (900 MHz) to 10,000 mW/m2 (2000 MHz and higher frequencies) as well as the present Indian Standard of 450 mW/m2 (Saravanamuttu et al. 2015). These standards for public RF-EMF exposures are predominantly focused on the mitigation of “known” harmful thermal effects, but do not comprehensively cover a range of biological consequences that are intrinsically linked to non-thermal biological responses and health, especially for those who are continuously being exposed to this man-made radiation without choice or informed consent. In this context, the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), which has widely been used with ionising radiation, has been recommended (Leach and Bromwich 2018).
Table 3 reveals that symptom prevalence was associated with duration of exposure. In toxicology research, the dose of a toxicant is understood to incorporate both intensity and duration of exposure (Tsatsakis et al. 2018).
The ICNIRP guidelines set safety limits based on exposure intensity, averaged over 6 or 30 minutes. Therefore, they do not factor in cumulative doses occurring over time in the real world. Laboratory studies are mostly restricted to timescales of minutes to weeks. Within studies using the longer of these timescales, biphasic effects have been observed (where effects are positive in the short term but then return to baseline as exposure duration increases and become negative with even longer exposure times) suggesting very short -term protective effects such as immune system priming, but detrimental effects after longer exposures (e.g., Fesenko et al. 1999). While adaptive responses have been suggested for long term exposures (Vijayalaxmi et al. 2014), the longer timescales of laboratory experiments show more negative effects. However, there are very few long-term laboratory studies.
Epidemiological data, such as that presented in this study, measures exposures over years and thus has been more able to reveal detrimental, cumulative effects that occur over time. Epidemiological research and intensity x time calculations need to be factored in when setting safety limits for populations who are continuously exposed over a lifetime.
While this study sampled only a moderate sized population from the city of Aizawl, the results can be used to inform public policy on this matter. Our results add to the understanding of health effects related to chronic exposure to RF-Fields emitted from MPBS. Risk management does not require definitive conclusions. Early warnings such as the results of this study provide adequate evidence for policy makers to act, including requiring industry to seek solutions (Gee 2009; Leach et al. 2024). The study results indicate that exposure to RF-EMF at levels lower than the Government recommended general public “safety” threshold can still lead to significant health challenges. The study revealed that the level of MPBS RF-EMF exposure was a primary contributor to the elevated prevalence of a range of health symptoms observed among residents in close proximity to MPBS. Concerning results that have revealed more inflammatory symptoms in resident younger than 40 years living close to MPBS require follow up.
Following these important findings, it is crucial to critically reassess current public RF exposure safety limits in order to include the growing evidence of non-thermal biological impacts of RF-EMF emitted by MPBS over years. The study results emphasize the importance of establishing exposure limits that are based on biological factors, other than heating, to minimize exposure and address the long-term potential for serious health consequences; i.e., “An independent re-evaluation of RFR exposure limits based on the scientific knowledge gained over the past 25 years is needed and is long overdue” (Belyaev et al. 2022)."
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Zhang L, Muscat JE. Trends in Malignant and Benign Brain Tumor Incidence and Mobile Phone Use in the U.S. (2000–2021): A SEER-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(6):933. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22060933.
AbstractAbstract
Background The introduction of 5G technology as the latest standard in mobile telecommunications has raised concerns about its potential health effects. Prior studies of earlier generations of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) demonstrated narrowband spectral increases in the electroencephalographic (EEG) spindle frequency range (11-16 Hz) in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. However, the impact of 5G RF-EMF on sleep remains unexplored. Additionally, RF-EMF can activate L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCC), which have been linked to sleep quality and EEG oscillatory activity.
• We analyzed if the ten key characteristics (KCs) of human carcinogens according to IARC are influenced by RF-EMF exposure.
• We reviewed 159 articles by extracting relevant exposure and experimental data.
• A risk of bias (RoB) analysis was conducted using 6 criteria.
•There is a strong negative association between study quality and the likelihood of reporting effects of RF-EMF exposures.
• The heterogeneity and overall poor study quality suggest the need for high-quality studies.
In recent decades, exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by standard devices has raised concerns about possible effects on reproductive health. This cross-sectional observational study examined the impact of EMFs on sperm motility in a sample of 102 healthy males aged 20-35 years in the IVF laboratory. Semen samples were exposed to different sources of EMF for one hour, and motility was assessed immediately thereafter. The results showed a significant reduction in progressive sperm motility after exposure to EMFs generated by mobile phones and Wi-Fi repeaters in the laboratory. In contrast, other equipment showed no significant effects. The study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in progressive sperm motility following in vitro exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by mobile communication devices and wireless local area network access points. Conversely, other electromagnetic emitting devices evaluated did not elicit significant alterations in this parameter. These findings suggest a potential negative impact of specific EMF sources on semen quality, underscoring the necessity for further comprehensive research to elucidate the clinical implications and to develop potential mitigation strategies aimed at reducing risks to male reproductive health. This study discourages the introduction of mobile phones in IVF laboratories and recommends positioning Wi-Fi repeaters on the ceiling.
Excerpt
- Group 3—iPhone Cell Phone. The samples were exposed to radiation emitted by an Apple iPhone 12 mobile phone (output power: 0.1 W) (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA, USA). The device was kept at a distance of 10 cm from the semen sample for 1 h.
- Group 4—Ubiquiti Wi-Fi Repeater. The samples were exposed to EMFs emitted by a Ubiquiti UniFi 6 long-range Wi-Fi repeater (Ubiquiti, 685 Third Avenue, New York, NY, USA), utilising 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi technology with an emission power of approximately 20 dBm (decibel milliwatts), which corresponds to approximately 100 mW (milliwatts). As in all other cases, the sample was placed at a distance of 10 cm for 1 h.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/
Highlights
• Determines the worst-case exposure in buildings directly exposed to RF-EMF.
• Enables large-scale assessments by limiting specific measurement locations.
• Evaluates all buildings in a city using the proposed approach.
• Novel RF-EMF exposure results in vertical dwellings.
• Unprecedented discussions on recommendations for exposure to RF-EMF in buildings.
This paper proposes to complement the current regulatory agencies' methodology for evaluating exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) in buildings under the direct incidence of emissions from Base Station (BS) antennas. The key contribution is the refinement of measurement point selection within buildings, ensuring that assessments more accurately capture exposure levels. The approach employs technical criteria for selecting target buildings, considering the location of the BSs and the configuration of the surrounding antenna structures. The proposed approach was applied to measurements in four buildings in the city of Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte, located in the Northeast region of Brazil. The results show electric field intensity peaks up to 17.40 times higher and averages up to 14.13 times higher than values obtained from measurements conducted at ground level, such as those carried out by the National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL). The highest exposure rates reached 82.27% and 59.43% of the limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for the frequency bands of FM radio and mobile telephony, respectively. Our proposal can improve and complement the normative guidelines for RF-EMF exposure assessment, providing more representative evaluations of exposure in indoor building environments near modern telecommunication infrastructure.
This paper proposes to complement the current regulatory agencies' methodology for evaluating exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) in buildings under the direct incidence of emissions from Base Station (BS) antennas. The key contribution is the refinement of measurement point selection within buildings, ensuring that assessments more accurately capture exposure levels. The approach employs technical criteria for selecting target buildings, considering the location of the BSs and the configuration of the surrounding antenna structures. The proposed approach was applied to measurements in four buildings in the city of Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte, located in the Northeast region of Brazil. The results show electric field intensity peaks up to 17.40 times higher and averages up to 14.13 times higher than values obtained from measurements conducted at ground level, such as those carried out by the National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL). The highest exposure rates reached 82.27% and 59.43% of the limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for the frequency bands of FM radio and mobile telephony, respectively. Our proposal can improve and complement the normative guidelines for RF-EMF exposure assessment, providing more representative evaluations of exposure in indoor building environments near modern telecommunication infrastructure.
8. Conclusions
Osei S, Quarshie E, Azah CK, Fuseini A-R, Dogbey R, Deatanyah P, Hagan GB, Hodasi JAM, Sam F, Amoako JK. Effect of elevation on cumulative radiofrequency exposure from multiple communication towers, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2025. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncaf068.
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LR has better prediction results under single and simple data sets, while XG Boost and FCNN have stronger analysis capabilities for multiple types of data sets. In addition, FCNN predicts best in the presence of extreme values and analyzing large and complex data.
By comparing and analyzing the measured data and predicted values across different micro-environments, it is observed that the highest levels of personal radiation exposure typically occur in outdoor urban areas, which is characterized by high population density, high concentration of base stations, and close proximity to these stations. In contrast, park areas with dense vegetation exhibit significantly lower personal radiation exposure. The dense trees act as natural attenuators, absorbing and scattering the electromagnetic waves, which reduces their intensity. Indoor environments generally exhibit lower electromagnetic field strengths compared to outdoor environments. This can be attributed to structural shielding provided by building materials and fewer high-power sources.
Typically, Electric Field Strength is much lower than the international exposure limits, which is similar to the most research results [2, 6, 13, 14, 16]. However, in areas with dense population and base stations, the maximum value of Electric Field Strength would increase at some point, even close to the exposure limit.
European Research Cluster on EMF and Health (CLUE-H). The use of different exposure metrics in the research about the health impacts of electromagnetic fields. 2024, Policy brief, 1: 1-8.
Figure 5. Near-field sources contribute most to the RF-EMF energy absorbed by the human body. However, the contribution of individual near-field sources depends on their positioning
with respect to the investigated organ or part of the body. The mean overall cumulative dose for whole-body was calculated at 0.29 J/kg/day and for brain it was 0.81 J/kg/day [1].
In RF-EMF research, thermal effects are of limited interest because they are well understood. However, research has provided indications for biological effects below the thermal threshold such as effects on brain physiology or oxidative balance. Such biological effects, which per se are not health effects, could be the consequences of unknown biological mechanisms or could occur due to subtle warming of the tissue below the thermal damage threshold. Historically, epidemiology has been investigating health effects without prior knowledge of the underlying disease mechanism by comparing people who are exposed to a variable extent to the agent of interest. In this case a common approach for complex exposure situations is the time weighted average (TWA), i.e., exposure levels in different situations (e.g., at home, at work, during commuting) are averaged taking into account the time spent in these situations. This approach has also been applied in RF-EMF research dealing with far field exposures. However, it is not suitable for combining near and far field exposures since different metrics are used for these two types of exposure. Thus, a cumulative dose metric was introduced in RF-EMF research a few years ago. In an approach to the TWA concept, SAR for various exposure situations (e.g., mobile phone call, WiFi access point exposure, etc.) is multiplied with the corresponding exposure duration to obtain a cumulative RF-EMF dose, often expressed per day (J/kg/day).
Calculation of cumulative dose in RF-EMF epidemiology allows combining different exposure situations into one metric. It considers magnitude and duration of each exposure situation and is based on the same philosophy as a time weighted average. In principle, cumulative dose refers to a linear-no-threshold model but is actually correlated to most other plausible effect models such as time spent above a certain threshold. It is a conservative approach, since it considers the possibility that long-term exposure to low levels might affect health, which is a common concern of parts of the population in relation to environmental RF-EMF exposure. It may also be helpful for risk communication as it enables to compare the contribution of various RF-EMF exposure situations to a combined metric of the absorbed RF-EMF.
The use of a cumulative dose metric in research should not be mistaken as an indication or proof that cumulative exposure to very low levels can be harmful to health. It just serves as the currently best metric to analyse if there could be effects on health, outside of a known biological mechanism.
• For observational research aiming to explore a yet unknown effect on health, preference may be given to metrics that combine similar sources (e.g., time-weighted average, cumulatively absorbed dose) and are seen as superior in capturing exposures experienced over a long time period.).
• For regulation purposes, the suitable metric depends on the exposure situation (e.g., external electric field strength or power density for far field sources or spatially averaged SAR for localized near field exposures).
• For risk communication with the public, metrics which are intuitively understood, are considered most useful (e.g., fraction of regulatory limit).
our knowledge base on measurement methods and limit values, which will be useful for future updates of the Recommendation.
Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field spot measurements were performed in line-of-sight to 56 active 5G macro base stations across 30 publicly accessible locations in the United Kingdom (UK). Four different exposure scenarios were assessed: background (no traffic instigation), streaming videos, downlink speed test, and extrapolation of SS-RSRP decoder measurements. Power density measurements across the 420 MHz-6 GHz frequency range were also performed at each site to assess the total exposure from various RF sources in the environment. Both total RF and 5G specific power density levels were found to be well within the 1998 ICNIRP public reference levels, even when extrapolating to worst-case scenario (≤ 5%). 4G downlink was the dominant contributor to total RF exposure, with 5G contributing on average less than 10%. No statistically significant difference was observed between beamforming and non-beamforming sites. Streaming did not seem to contribute materially to exposure levels, suggesting that background measurements are a good representation of typical downlink exposure at current urban and suburban 5G sites.
With the increasing rollout of 5 G networks, concerns have emerged regarding the potential health impacts of high-frequency radio signals, especially on sensitive organs like the thyroid gland. In this study, researchers explored how repeated exposure to 3.5 GHz RF radiation affects thyroid health in rats, and whether quercetin – a plant-based antioxidant – can offer protection. Rats were exposed to RF radiation for one month, and key hormone and oxidative stress indicators were measured. The results showed that RF exposure disrupted thyroid hormone levels and increased cellular stress. Quercetin treatment showed some potential in alleviating certain changes, though its effects were not consistent across all measured parameters. Simulations also showed high absorption of RF energy in the thyroid area. These findings raise awareness about the possible biological effects of long-term 5 G exposure and suggest that natural antioxidants like quercetin may offer partial protection. Further research is needed to understand how these findings may apply to human health.
Abstract
In the world, there is a near ubiquitous presence of a low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation, due to telecommunications as mobile phones. However, their rapid expansion raises concerns about possible interaction with biological mechanisms. The RF-EMF safety guidelines recommended limits to protect against the thermal heating, the most recognized effect at high intensity levels with a known biophysical mechanism. Among all the effects studied, the impact of RF-EMF exposure on thermoregulation is one of the most important aspects of this research. This review aims to present the complex relationship between RF-EMF exposure and thermoregulation, at intensity levels below the threshold to produce thermal effects. In fact, most studies showed that RF-EMF exposure at 900MHz seems to elicit physiological and biological effects similar to responses inducing by cold environment in two different rodent models. In this brief review, we will describe the effects and underlying mechanisms induced by RF-EMF exposure at low levels and discuss the potential implications for environmental health and safety.
Pachhapure S, Mufida A, Wei Q, Choi J-S, Jang B-C. Mitigation of 3.5 GHz Electromagnetic Field-Induced BV2 Microglial Cytotoxicity by Polydeoxyribonucleotide. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2025; 47(6):386. doi: 10.3390/cimb47060386
AbstractAbstract
Background Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) activate the magnet response at a magnetic flux density of ≥10 gauss (G), which may cause unintended pacing, leading to discomfort or even severe arrhythmias. Information processing devices have recently incorporated magnets, which may activate the magnet mode in patients with abdominally implanted devices, subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs), or extravascular ICDs.
Methods We investigated the effects of the magnetic fields generated by information processing devices (tablets, laptops, and smartphones) and household/leisure magnets on 13 models of CIEDs, analyzing their association with magnet mode activation in different manufacturers' CIEDs.
Results The tested magnet materials exhibited a maximum magnetic flux density of 290–1360 G. The magnetic flux density distribution in the information processing devices was as follows: accessory connectors, speakers, cameras, and microphones (p = 0.0001). The median activation distances for the magnet mode were 6.5 (range, 4–15), 5 (4–11.3), and 0.01 (activated only when attached; 0–7) mm for tablets and laptops, smartphones, and household/leisure magnets, respectively (p < 0.0001). The maximum distance at which the magnetic flux density decreased below 10 G was the longest for tablets and laptop computers at 18 mm.
Conclusion Information processing devices and household/leisure magnets can affect CIEDs when placed in close proximity. Among the devices tested, magnet mode activation did not occur at distances of ≥20 mm. Considering the increasing prevalence of information processing devices and the growing adoption of nonthoracic CIED placements, raising awareness among patients about potential interactions is crucial.
"The psSAR simulation in a classroom should consider the interaction between multiple EMF sources and the matter in the environment. While other sources such as smartphones and routers can be present, for simplicity, only the laptop of each student connected in a Wi-Fi network is considered.
The 2.45 GHz band was chosen for computational reasons. Using the 5 GHz band would have increased the mesh by 10-fold.
According to the IEEE 802.11-2020 Standard, the maximum delivered power is 100 mW. This value is used in the simulations. The simulated signals are continuous waves (CW) at the center of the band or CW modulated by a gaussian pulse to cover the whole band."
"The psSAR values obtained in this study, even for the worst case, are below the safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP [2] and IEEE [14]. However, since children can stay in the classrooms for a long time, it is important to observe that long-term exposure to low levels of electromagnetic radiation should also be considered, since they can produce health effects too [1]. Among others, long time exposure can be of serious concern, due to possible biochemical effects not considered in the simulations. Further to that, other EMF sources, such as smartphones, can be used simultaneously in the classrooms and therefore should also be considered in the simulations."
"CONCLUSIONS
The results show that, generally the psSAR decreases as the distance between students’ desks increases, as expected. Increased EMF exposure in the classroom were observed when comparing with one student alone, such as up to 4-fold in the hands, 45-fold in the head and 40-fold in the back/dorsal.
Fluctuations in the psSAR plots can be due to the EMF multipath random combinations in amplitude and phase. Also, it is observed that as the distance is increased, the positions of the psSAR are displaced along the body. For instance, in the head, the psSAR is displaced from one ear to the nose and to the other ear. Simulations show that hot spots position varies, since EMF may be increased or diminished when distance is varied, depending on the EMF phase.
Overall, simulations show that if the distance between the chair and the back desk is increased, then the EMF exposure is reduced. E.g., for 5 cm distance increase, the EMF exposure in the back can be reduced around 63 percent and for 50 cm distance increase, the EMF exposure can be reduced around 90 percent.
In order to reduce the EMF health risks, the authors suggest that wireless communications should be avoided in places where people could stay for long time, such as in the classrooms, libraries, offices, homes, etc., and the devices should then be connected using cables (e. g., ethernet or fiber optic), increasing therefore the bandwidth and reducing energy consumption."
Swiss bus drivers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders, fatigue, and stress and have an excessive mortality from lung cancer and suicide compared to other workers. However, their occupational exposure is poorly documented. We created a bus-exposure matrix (BEM) to determine occupational exposures to 10 types of physical-chemical hazards for 705 bus models used in Switzerland since 1980. For this, we made a comprehensive bus inventory and review of 50 technical characteristics of each bus model, identified 10 bus models representative of the Swiss bus fleet evolution, and conducted static and dynamic exposure measurement campaigns in the representative buses. The measured values were then extended to the entire fleet using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) models. The choice of predictors and technical bus characteristics included in the models were based on directed acyclic graphs. To demonstrate the usefulness of the BEM as an exposure assessment tool, we used data from the 2022 survey of Swiss bus drivers who listed the bus models they had driven during their careers. The BEM linkage with these bus drivers' histories enabled us to estimate annual exposure to PM10 ratio (-), ultrafine particle ratio (-), whole-body vibration (m/s2), floor vibration (m/s2), equivalent noise (dB(A)), peak noise (dB(C)), high-frequencies electric fields (V/m), low-frequencies magnetic field (µT), low-frequencies electric fields (V/m), and air exchange rate (1/h) of 809 Swiss bus drivers. Historical data assessment from 1985 through 2022 showed that peak noise, high- and low-frequencies electric field levels have increased, while PM10 ratio, ultrafine particle ratio, equivalent noise, whole-body vibration levels, and air exchange rate have decreased. This, first in the world, BEM is an original tool for retrospective exposure assessment that will enable further research in the occupational health of bus drivers.
Background Understanding the role of space weather, specifically Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMDs) caused by solar activity, on health outcomes is unclear. One emerging link includes the impact of space weather on myocardial infarctions (MI). In this study we examined the correlation between MI and GMDs in Brazil.
Methods We used a database from the public health in Brazil, focusing on the city of São José dos Campos (23° 10′ 44″ S, 45° 53′ 13″ W), located in the state of São Paulo, during the period of 1998–2005. We focused on admissions for MIs, which included a total of 871 men and 469 women. We categorized the MI data into three age groups: age 30 and younger, age 31–60, and age over 60. Additionally, we incorporated Planetary Index (Kp) data as an indicator of variations in the Earth’s geomagnetic field resulting from solar disturbances, categorized as quiet, moderate, or disturbed days. In our analysis, we employed two methods: statistical counting and the unsupervised clustering known as K-Means, considering the attributes of age, sex, and geomagnetic condition.
Results Here we show that geomagnetic conditions have an impact on MI cases, particularly for women. The rate of relative frequency of MI cases during disturbed geomagnetic conditions is almost three times greater compared to quiet geomagnetic conditions. Using the unsupervised K-Means algorithm, the results indicate that the group associated with disturbed geomagnetic conditions has a higher incidence of MIs in women.
Conclusions Overall, our results provide evidence that women may exhibit a higher susceptibility to the effects of geomagnetic disturbances caused by solar activity on MI.