I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2000 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.
To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published since 2024
(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (308 page pdf):
To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023
click on the following link (867 page pdf):
To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020
click on the following link (875 page pdf):
The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.
Research of the Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Field in Russia over 130 Years: Main Stages of Advances in Scientific Knowledge
Grigoriev OA, Ushakov IB, Alexseeva, VA. Research of the Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Field in Russia over 130 Years: Main Stages of Advances in Scientific Knowledge. Biology Bulletin, 2024, 51(12):1-13. doi: 10.1134/S1062359024701784.
Abstract
We have analyzed the key stages of advances in the scientific history of research into the biomedical effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) in Russia over 130 years and proved the continuity of this scientific knowledge and its passage from one generation of scientists to the next due to scientific schools, systematic research, and national scientific coordination. The article focuses mainly on the period in which planned EMF health research was formed, the basic methodological principles were founded, and scientific principles were established for understanding the nature of the biological effects of EMF and their impact on health. The basic concepts on the part of Russian scientists about the mechanism underlying the biological effects of EMF and principles of their hygienic regulation are summarized.
Excerpts
The data of radiobiological studies using complex irradiation modes suggest that microwave EMF with average EFD values ≤ 500 μW/cm2 (in continuous mode or in pulses) should be considered as a stimulus to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is fair to apply the laws of physiology on biological strength, adaptive response, and ways to enhance the biological significance of a weak stimulus [67, 68]....
According to current data, the Federal Statistics Agency Rosstat has recorded an increase in morbidity over 25 years for predicted disease groups in the population of adolescents aged 15–17 (malignant tumors, diseases of the nervous system, immunodefiency-related disorders, and diseases of the auditory and visual organs). Data from basic research, as well as assessment of the possible contribution of EMF from cellular communications to the increase in morbidity, performed by the IARC methodology, show that the dependence of increased morbidity on the effect of EMF indeed exists and is not a random coincidence. However, it is difficult to directly determine risk due to the uncertainty of dosimetry data, the absence of modern comparison groups, and incomplete concept of acceptable risk for mass cellular technology [70]....
Conclusion
This review of the history of research of electro- magnetic biology, radiobiology, and hygiene of non- ionizing radiation in Russia cannot be considered exhaustive: the material accumulated over more than a century is vast. It does not include issues of applied research addressed by researchers of the biomedical effects of electromagnetism during that time: physiother- apy and clinical diagnostics, agriculture, including pest control and stimulation of plant growth; the influence on ecological systems, mitogenetic radiation, and the body’s own EMF; solar–terrestrial electromagnetic coupling and problems of electromagnetic communication in nature; and anthropogenic electromagnetic pollution on the global natural background.
Continuity is evident in the evolution of scientific thought: analysis of the publications shows that many fundamental provisions on the biomedical effects of electromagnetism and their medical and environmental consequences were formulated before the 1960s, then confirmed in experiments, supplemented, and refined under different irradiation conditions in all frequency ranges from a constant EMF to EHF and modulated EMF. The fundamental results of planned research, which made it possible to predict effects, and the integration of electromagnetic topics into the system of radiobiology and hygiene made it possible to create a scientific theory and methodology for stan- dardizing EMF in the 1970s–1980s. The continuity of knowledge is the main feature that indicates the con- tinuous and consistent development of the scientific school in electromagnetic biology, radiobiology, and hygiene of nonionizing radiation from the first researchers in the Russian Empire to our contemporaries, scientists of the Russian Federation, over the past 130 years.
In our opinion, when discussing the problems of EMF biomedical effects, it is necessary to take into account that the discussion about the nature of electromagnetism, its physical basis, and the existence of “ether” or an equivalent physical concept has never ceased. The relativity of ideas about the nature of the electromagnetic factor allows for the relativity of knowledge about its interaction with living objects, especially since knowledge about the living cannot be considered complete either.
The scientific school of research into the biomedical effects of electromagnetism has been going on in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation for 130 years and has deep roots in national science. The number of individual publications on the subject of radiobiology and hygiene of nonionizing radiation in Russian has long exceeded 10,000, and the words of Prof. B.I. Davydov are currently becoming even more relevant: “a periodic systematization of the accumulated material, establishment of a unified terminology, and standardization of research methods and analysis of the resulting data are required.”
Continuity is evident in the evolution of scientific thought: analysis of the publications shows that many fundamental provisions on the biomedical effects of electromagnetism and their medical and environmental consequences were formulated before the 1960s, then confirmed in experiments, supplemented, and refined under different irradiation conditions in all frequency ranges from a constant EMF to EHF and modulated EMF. The fundamental results of planned research, which made it possible to predict effects, and the integration of electromagnetic topics into the system of radiobiology and hygiene made it possible to create a scientific theory and methodology for stan- dardizing EMF in the 1970s–1980s. The continuity of knowledge is the main feature that indicates the con- tinuous and consistent development of the scientific school in electromagnetic biology, radiobiology, and hygiene of nonionizing radiation from the first researchers in the Russian Empire to our contemporaries, scientists of the Russian Federation, over the past 130 years.
In our opinion, when discussing the problems of EMF biomedical effects, it is necessary to take into account that the discussion about the nature of electromagnetism, its physical basis, and the existence of “ether” or an equivalent physical concept has never ceased. The relativity of ideas about the nature of the electromagnetic factor allows for the relativity of knowledge about its interaction with living objects, especially since knowledge about the living cannot be considered complete either.
The scientific school of research into the biomedical effects of electromagnetism has been going on in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation for 130 years and has deep roots in national science. The number of individual publications on the subject of radiobiology and hygiene of nonionizing radiation in Russian has long exceeded 10,000, and the words of Prof. B.I. Davydov are currently becoming even more relevant: “a periodic systematization of the accumulated material, establishment of a unified terminology, and standardization of research methods and analysis of the resulting data are required.”
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A Critical Analysis of the World Health Organization (WHO) Systematic Review 2024 on Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure and Cancer Risks (Response to Karipidis et al. 2024)
Hardell L, Nilsson M. A Critical Analysis of the World Health Organization (WHO) Systematic Review 2024 on Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure and Cancer Risks. Journal of Cancer Science and Clinical Therapeutics. 9 (2025): 09-26. doi: 10.26502/jcsct.5079261.
Abstract
Radiofrequency (RF) radiation was in 2011 classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the WHO. Currently the WHO undertakes a systematic review of human studies on the cancer risks. In a publication by Karipidis et al (2024), commissioned by the WHO, it was argued that based on all available studies there would be “moderate certanity evidence” that mobile phone use “likely does not increase the risk of glioma, meningioma, acoustic neuroma, pituitary tumours, and salivary gland tumours in adults, or of paediatric brain tumours.” However, the authors have overlooked results showing increased risks for brain tumours in the most exposed groups, the most exposed part of the head, and longest latency time from first exposure to tumour diagnosis. The authors also claimed that there would be “moderate certainty evidence” that transmitters and mobile phone base stations do not increase the risk of pediatric leukaemia. These conclusions are based on selective inclusion of very few and low exposure studies. This WHO evaluation is contradicted by scientific results that show increased risks of cancer from exposure to RF-radiation from mobile and cordless phones, transmitters, and base stations. Other scientists have concluded, after reviewing the available evidence, that RF-radiation may increase the risk of cancer. This article analysis the Karipidis et al review and highlights several errors, omissions, and conflicts of interests that may explain the conclusions of no cancer risk. The flawed evaluation of scientific facts should lead to retraction of the article.
Conclusion
The Karipidis group’s conclusions on no cancer risks from use of mobile and cordless phones, or exposure to RF radiation from transmitters and base stations, are based on several errors in their interpretation of scientific results, omission of facts contradicting the conclusions and inherent conflicts of interest. Further, most of the results on which the authors base their conclusions are based on very low exposure levels not representative for the public’s exposure today and the authors have excluded or ignored results based on highest exposure categories. The conclusions by the authors of various grades of “certainty” that RF-EMF exposures do not cause cancer are unscientific and unjustified in view of the available scientific evidence. Evaluations of health risks from RF radiation should be performed by scientists without ties to ICNIRP or industry. Industrial direct or indirect ties may compromise objective and sound scientific evaluation. The serious scientific malpractice by Karipidis et al [1] with fatally flawed evaluation of radiofrequency radiation and cancer risks, as outlined in this review, should lead to retraction of the article.
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Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of cancer: Epidemiology is not enough! (Response to Karipidis et al. 2024)
Di Ciaula A, Petronio MG, Bersani F, Belpoggi F. Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of cancer: Epidemiology is not enough! Environment International. Volume 196, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109275.
No abstract
Open access paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
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Modern health worries
and exposure perceptions of individuals reporting varying levels of
sensitivity to electromagnetic fields: results of two successive
surveys
Ledent M, Vatovez B, Roelandt P, Bordarie J, Dieudonné M, De Waegeneer
E, Kremer C, Boucher L, Bouland C, De Clercq EM. Modern health worries
and exposure perceptions of individuals reporting varying levels of
sensitivity to electromagnetic fields: results of two successive
surveys. Front Public Health. 2025 Feb 19;13:1536167. doi:
10.3389/fpubh.2025.1536167.
Abstract
Introduction: Individuals who claim to be affected by idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) report symptoms linked to EMF exposure. Uncertainties about the causes of these symptoms often leave them seeking their own care solutions. In our connected societies, they may limit their exposure, leading to a spiral of avoidance that negatively impacts overall health. Our objective is to gain insights into the characteristics of people who report sensitivity to EMFs in an attempt to provide care guidance. This study focuses on modern health worries (MHW), behaviours, and exposure perceptions of people reporting various sensitivity levels to EMFs during the COVID-19 lockdowns, which altered habits and increased telecommunication device use.
Methods: We conducted two surveys during relaxed lockdown periods in Belgium (June/July 2020 and February/March 2021). A total of 97 and 285 participants, respectively, answered a questionnaire on sensitivity to EMFs, MHW, exposure perception, and strategies to limit EMF exposure. We applied nonparametric descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses.
Results: Higher sensitivity to EMFs correlates with greater MHW regarding EMF sources and more strategies to limit EMF exposure. However, these strategies were inconclusive, as many still felt highly exposed to EMFs.
Discussion: Given the high distress, social isolation, and professional difficulties faced by some EMF sensitive individuals, the relevance of exposure avoidance strategies is questionable. People who perceive high sensitivity to EMFs report worries and avoidance behaviors, yet still feel highly exposed. The findings suggest exploring new care avenues.
Open access paper: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1536167/full
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The protective effects of melatonin
against electromagnetic waves of cell phones in animal models: A
systematic review
Amiri M, Khazaie H, Mohammadi M. The protective effects of melatonin
against electromagnetic waves of cell phones in animal models: A
systematic review. Animal Model Exp Med. 2025 Feb 24. doi:
10.1002/ame2.12552.
Abstract
Background:
Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today, numerous
research studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic
radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems. In most
studies, oxidative stress has been identified as the primary
pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of
electromagnetic waves. This paper aims to provide a holistic review of
the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced
electromagnetic waves on various organs.
Methods: This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the keywords 'melatonin', 'cell phone radiation', and 'animal model'. The search focused on articles written in English, which were reviewed and evaluated. The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study, and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.
Results: In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles, the effects of melatonin in the intervention group, the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group, and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ, i.e. brain, skin, eyes, testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined. The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain, the skin, the eyes, the testis, and the kidneys. Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues; these measurements were significantly increased in control groups. Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atrophy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.
Conclusion: Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of animal models against electromagnetic waves. In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin, future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials. We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physiology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications resulting from electromagnetic waves in humans.
Conclusion
Electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phones is proven to be harmful to various organs in animal models and the results of the current literature survey suggest that additional research should be done to achieve the best possible use of melatonin as a therapeutic agent against electromagnetic waves. Melatonin is one of the safest drugs, used for many years to help people with sleep disturbances. In order to take this research to clinical levels, it will be important to assess the primary pathophysiological theory of damage and also the mechanisms by which melatonin may protect against the specific threat, among which the most likely is by increasing the amount of antioxidants in various organs. Future reviews and interventional studies in this field should focus on determining the optimal dose and timing of melatonin administration to enhance understanding of its protective effects. Additionally, efforts should be made to develop and improve clinical trials to evaluate the benefits of melatonin in humans, enabling a deeper investigation into its potential applications and advantages in clinical settings.
Methods: This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the keywords 'melatonin', 'cell phone radiation', and 'animal model'. The search focused on articles written in English, which were reviewed and evaluated. The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study, and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.
Results: In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles, the effects of melatonin in the intervention group, the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group, and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ, i.e. brain, skin, eyes, testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined. The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain, the skin, the eyes, the testis, and the kidneys. Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues; these measurements were significantly increased in control groups. Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atrophy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.
Conclusion: Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of animal models against electromagnetic waves. In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin, future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials. We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physiology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications resulting from electromagnetic waves in humans.
Conclusion
Electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phones is proven to be harmful to various organs in animal models and the results of the current literature survey suggest that additional research should be done to achieve the best possible use of melatonin as a therapeutic agent against electromagnetic waves. Melatonin is one of the safest drugs, used for many years to help people with sleep disturbances. In order to take this research to clinical levels, it will be important to assess the primary pathophysiological theory of damage and also the mechanisms by which melatonin may protect against the specific threat, among which the most likely is by increasing the amount of antioxidants in various organs. Future reviews and interventional studies in this field should focus on determining the optimal dose and timing of melatonin administration to enhance understanding of its protective effects. Additionally, efforts should be made to develop and improve clinical trials to evaluate the benefits of melatonin in humans, enabling a deeper investigation into its potential applications and advantages in clinical settings.
Open access paper: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.
Hypothesis: ultrasonography can document dynamic in vivo rouleaux formation due to mobile phone exposure
Brown RR, Biebrich B. Hypothesis: ultrasonography can document dynamic in vivo rouleaux formation due to mobile phone exposure. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. , 10 February 2025. Volume 12.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.
Abstract
Carrying a cellphone against the body has become commonplace in our
world replete with smartphones. Acute and chronic health effects caused
by these devices emitting radiofrequency radiation from multiple
antennas have not been well evaluated. In this study, the popliteal vein
of a healthy volunteer was imaged with ultrasonography prior to and
following the placement of an idle, but active smartphone against her
knee for 5 min. Pre-exposure longitudinal sonographic images demonstrate
a normal anechoic lumen to the popliteal vein. Images obtained 5 min
after direct skin exposure to the smartphone demonstrate a dramatic
change in the acoustic appearance of the vessel. The interior of the
vessel became coarsely hypoechoic with sluggish flow seen in real-time
images, a typical sonographic appearance for rouleaux formation. A
follow up examination performed 5 min after the subject walked around
yielded continued rouleaux formation in the popliteal vein, albeit less
dramatic than that observed immediately post exposure. This
revolutionary in vivo method to assess radiofrequency radiation
induced rouleaux formation should be further pursued in the general
population to determine its prevalence and if its occurrence provides a
unique biomarker of exposure that may predict morbidity
Excerpt
In summary, we present a subject in whom 5 min of exposure to
radiofrequency radiation emitted by a smartphone causes abnormal
erythrocyte aggregation “rouleaux formation” in vivo. This
abnormality is associated with sluggish venous flow, as documented on
diagnostic ultrasound obtained in real time. Although rouleaux formation
is recognized as a transient phenomenon, we hypothesize that habitual
cellphone usage, common in the population, would re-expose individuals
over and over again to this abnormal hematologic state. Chronic,
long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation may therefore lead to
recurrent, chronic RBC aggregation and increased blood viscosity,
potentially causing significant morbidity in certain patient
populations, particularly diabetics and those with hypertension,
ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular insufficiency, prethrombotic
states, and peripheral vascular disease. Recognizing the potential for
red blood cell aggregation from radiofrequency radiation to occur in the
general population is crucial. Further studies are needed to assess the
incidence of this occurrence, in addition to defining which power
densities and frequencies put individuals at risk.
Open access paper: https://www.frontiersin.org/
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Three-dimensional monitoring of RBC
sedimentation in external magnetic fields
Gholampour K, Moradi AR. Three-dimensional monitoring of RBC
sedimentation in external magnetic fields. Biomed Opt Express. 2025 Jan
29;16(2):736-747. doi: 10.1364/BOE.545723.
Abstract
The external magnetic fields resulting from electronic devices around humans have become more prevalent nowadays, and studying their influence on living matter is a required task. Here, we experimentally model the movement of RBCs in veins under an external magnetic field; we monitor the sedimentation of multiple RBCs at different distances from a surrounding wall. The monitoring is performed in 3D by incorporation of digital holographic microscopy (DHM). DHM not only provides a 3D quantitative phase image of an RBC but also, through its numerical refocusing feature, 3D trajectories of several cells in the field of view can be obtained. Our results show that the magnetic field facilitates the sedimentation of cells, and the effect is higher in proximity to the walls. This influence is attributed to the presence of magnetic field-sensitive materials included in RBCs.
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Investigations Into the Impact of Static Magnetic Fields on Blood Flow
Mayrovitz HN. Investigations Into the Impact of Static Magnetic Fields
on Blood Flow. Cureus. 2025 Jan 26;17(1):e78007. doi:
10.7759/cureus.78007.
Abstract
Many claims are made regarding the impacts of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on biological and physiological processes. Some of these are based on scientific underpinnings, and others appear to have less evidence to support them. The present report focuses on the evidence regarding SMF's effects on blood flow. Fortuitously, the author has direct experimental experience in this area. The approach for this review was to search three major databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase) for peer-reviewed articles written in English in which an SMF was used in humans or other animals and measurements of parameters related to blood flow or velocity before SMF application and either during or after application were reported. After screening the initial 1,954 articles, 108 studies were retrieved and evaluated for relevancy. Of these, 23 were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria and be relevant. This included 10 studies on humans and 13 studies on other animals. The methods employed in many of these studies are illustrated in this review to enhance understanding of the findings. With regard to human studies, none showed an increase in blood flow, and one showed a decrease in flow. With regard to the animal studies, one showed a transient post-exposure increase that was later explained as due to an actual reduction during SMF exposure. Four studies showed a decrease, four showed no change or difference from sham-exposed animals, and four reported an increase. Of these four, two were from the same author using a method that may not have reflected a blood flow change. Based on these findings, it is concluded that claims of an SMF providing an increase in blood flow or circulation are not supported by human studies and not well supported by animal studies. However, this does not close the door to a possible effect for at least four considerations or limitations that may have impacted the absence of a positive finding in human studies: (1) the number of subjects included is relatively small, which affects the study power; (2) the duration of the SMF application of most studies was relatively short; (3) most studies were done on healthy individuals; and (4) the SMF was delivered perpendicular to the body surface, so the effects of tangential field directions are unknown. Although these provisos may impact the detection of a possible SMF effect, they do not alter the current findings, as no reviewed human study has demonstrated a statistically significant increase in blood circulation attributable to an SMF. Thus, the clinical use of an SMF to improve blood circulation is not supported by experimental evidence.
Open access paper: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca2+]i
Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the
Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and
the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations
Pall ML.
Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca2+]i
Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the
Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and
the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(5):454.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i,
and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD
literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each
regulated by [Ca2+]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel.
The model presented here predicts that autism epidemic causation
involves central roles of both electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and
chemicals. EMFs act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation
and [Ca2+]i elevation. A total of 15 autism-implicated chemical classes each act to produce [Ca2+]i
elevation, 12 acting via NMDA receptor activation, and three acting via
other mechanisms. The chronic nature of ASDs is explained via
NO/ONOO(-) vicious cycle elevation and MeCP2 epigenetic dysfunction.
Genetic causation often also involves [Ca2+]i elevation or
other impacts on synaptogenesis. The literature examining each of these
steps is systematically examined and found to be consistent with
predictions. Approaches that may be sed for ASD prevention or treatment
are discussed in connection with this special issue: The current situation and prospects for children with ASDs.
Such approaches include EMF, chemical avoidance, and using nutrients
and other agents to raise the levels of Nrf2. An enriched environment,
vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3s in fish oil may also be helpful.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-
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Impact of Microwave
Exposure on Cynomolgus Monkeys: EEG and ECG Analysis
Ma L, Qiao N, Zou Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhi W,
Zhao X, Xu X, Zhang M, Lin Z, Hu X, Wang L. Impact of Microwave
Exposure on Cynomolgus Monkeys: EEG and ECG Analysis.
Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Feb;46(2):e70000. doi: 10.1002/bem.70000.
Abstract
The annual increase of microwave exposure in human environments
continues to fuel debates regarding its potential health impacts. This
study monitored the EEG and ECG responses of three Cynomolgus monkeys
before and at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after exposure to 50 mW/cm²
microwave radiation for 15 min. The findings revealed no significant
differences in the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the whole brain,
frontal, and temporal lobes across various frequency bands (δ, θ, α, β,
low-γ, and high-γ) immediately and up to 30 days postexposure. Notable
alterations were observed primarily at 14 days in the PSDs of the
parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex, central zone, and occipital lobe,
particularly in the θ and α bands. By Day 30, these values returned to
normal ranges. ECG alterations were characterized by changes in T-wave
shape and amplitude. One monkey exhibited bidirectional spikes at 7 and
14 days that normalized by Day 30. Another showed similar patterns with
reduced amplitude, and a third monkey displayed a towering forward wave
at 14 days that persisted at 30 days. In conclusion, the administration
of L-band microwave radiation at the specified dose did not result in
immediate alterations to EEG and ECG, but it induced transient
modifications in brain electrical activity and normalized after 30 days,
which contributed to evaluate the health implications of microwave
exposure in humans.
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Evaluation of Neuronal PARP-1 and Caspase-3 Levels in the Brain Tissue
of Female Rats Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields at Different
Gestational Stages
Abstract
Foetal exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may cause marked neurocognitive impairment, although the mechanisms involved are still unclear. EMF induces region-specific neuronal and astroglial death in the rat hippocampus. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) regulates necrosis, apoptosis and other cellular processes occurring following injury. This study, therefore, investigated whether PARP-1 also regulates neuronal responses in the hippocampus of rats subjected to EMF radiation during different developmental periods. Male and female rats were first allowed to mate in separate cages. Rats identified as pregnant were then divided into four groups. A 900-MHz EMF was applied for 2 h daily on gestational days (GD) 1-7, GD 8-14 and GD 15-21. The female offspring were sacrificed at the end of the 28th postnatal day, and PARP-1 and Caspase-3 expressions in the hippocampus were then evaluated. No special treatment was applied to the control group. In the EMF-exposed group, pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis (CA) region appeared normal after exposure on GD 1-7 but were darkly stained and shrunken after exposure on GD 15-21, while the majority of granular cells exhibited a normal appearance during all GDs. The group exposed to EMF on GD 15-21 exhibited strong PARP-1 and Caspase-3 immune reactivity in CA and dentate gyrus (DG) cells. Higher H-scores were also observed in the EMF-exposed group following GD 15-21 irradiation. As a result, a 900-MHz EMF application at GD 15-21, which coincides with hippocampal neurogenesis, triggered hippocampal neuron cell death by activating PARP-1 and Caspase-3.
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The Behavior of a Population of Protozoan
Microorganisms under Electromagnetic Radiation from Cell Phones
Morozova, L.A., Savel’ev, S.V. The Behavior of a Population of Protozoan
Microorganisms under Electromagnetic Radiation from Cell Phones.
Biophysics 69, 955–960 (2024). doi: 10.1134/S0006350924701021.
Abstract
For the first time, the effect of a significant change in the resistance
of the aquatic medium of a population of protozoan microorganisms under
the influence of electromagnetic radiation from cell phones has been
experimentally investigated. The results of the experiment demonstrated
the biological nature of the changes occurring in the water–protozoan
population system, which indicated the effect of radiation directly on
the cells. This conclusion was confirmed by the same time for
information exchange between individual participants of the population
in the calculation and in the experiment. An extremely low concentration
of protozoan cells in the experiment was established, equal to 1000
cells/L, at which the specified effect was observed. It was concluded
that the method for detecting changes in the physical properties of the
aquatic medium of a population of protozoa under the action of
electromagnetic fields can be used to identify the mechanisms of
interaction of biological systems with electromagnetic radiation.
Open access paper: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0006350924701021
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Changes in dopamine, serotonin, their precursors and
derivatives in prefrontal cortex of young male rats under chronic
exposure to low-intensity Wi-Fi (in Russian)
Chueshova NV, Shchemelev VM, Vismont FI, Cheshik IA. Changes in the content of dopamine, serotonin, their precursors and derivatives in the prefrontal cortex of young male rats under chronic exposure to a low-intensity electromagnetic field. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. 68:5; 2024. https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-
Chueshova NV, Shchemelev VM, Vismont FI, Cheshik IA. Changes in the content of dopamine, serotonin, their precursors and derivatives in the prefrontal cortex of young male rats under chronic exposure to a low-intensity electromagnetic field. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. 68:5; 2024. https://doi.org/10.29235/1561-
Abstract
The
content of a number of biogenic amines, their precursors and
derivatives in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the brain of male Wistar
rats chronically exposed to a low-intensity electromagnetic field of a
Wi-Fi device (2.45 GHz, PPE max – 5.83 μW/cm2 , PPE χ ̅ – 0.46 ± 0.37 μW/cm2 , 24
h/day, 7 days a week) was studied during their early postnatal
development. Changes in the content of dopamine, serotonin, their
precursors and metabolites in the PFC of the brain were established,
which determines the development of neurotransmitter disorders in the
central nervous system, and subsequently the occurrence of behavioral
disorders, deterioration of social adaptation and cognitive abilities.
The revealed changes in the dopaminergic system of the PFC of the brain
in rats at the early stages of their postnatal development indicate the
need for further hygienic assessment of the safety of long-term exposure
to electromagnetic radiation on the body, especially on the brain.
Further research in this direction will allow us to determine the
neurotransmitter mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of
low-intensity electromagnetic fields on the central nervous system,
assess their danger and correct the existing maximum permissible levels
of electromagnetic radiation taking into account the reaction of the
neurotransmitter systems of the brain structures to this type of
exposure.
Open access paper: https://doklady.belnauka.by/
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A Novel Method for Achieving Precision and
Reproducibility in a 1.8 GHz Radiofrequency Exposure System That
Modulates Intracellular ROS as a Function of Signal Amplitude in Human
Cell Cultures
Dahon C, Aguida B,
Lebon Y, Le Guen P,
Dangremont A,
Meyer O, Citerne J-M,
Pooam M, Raad H,
Thoradit T,
et al. A Novel Method for Achieving Precision and
Reproducibility in a 1.8 GHz Radiofrequency Exposure System That
Modulates Intracellular ROS as a Function of Signal Amplitude in Human
Cell Cultures. Bioengineering. 2025; 12(3):257.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
Abstract
Radiofrequency fields in the 1–28 GHz
range are ubiquitous in the modern world, giving rise to numerous
studies of potential health risks such as cancer, neurological
conditions, reproductive risks and electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
However, results are inconsistent due to a lack of precision in exposure
conditions and vastly differing experimental models, whereas measured
RF effects are often indirect and occur over many hours or even days.
Here, we present a simplified RF exposure protocol providing a single
1.8 GHz carrier frequency to human HEK293 cell monolayer cultures. A
custom-built exposure box and antenna maintained in a fully shielded
anechoic chamber emits discrete RF signals which can be precisely
characterized and modelled. The chosen amplitudes are non-thermal and
fall within the range of modern telecommunication devices. A critical
feature of the protocol is that cell cultures are exposed to only a
single, short (15 min) RF exposure period, followed by detection of
immediate, rapid changes in gene expression. In this way, we show that
modulation of genes implicated in oxidative stress and ROS signaling is
among the earliest cellular responses to RF exposure. Moreover, these
genes respond in complex ways to varying RF signal amplitudes consistent
with a hormetic, receptor-driven biological mechanism. We conclude that
induction of mild cellular stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a
primary response of human cells to RF signals, and that these responses
occur at RF signal amplitudes within the range of normal
telecommunications devices. We suggest that this method may help provide
a guideline for greater reliability and reproducibility of research
results between labs, and thereby help resolve existing controversy on
underlying mechanisms and outcomes of RF exposure in the general
population.
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
We
here describe an experimental RF exposure device and protocol that
present fully characterized, defined RF signals to human cells in
culture. Their effects are consistent with a biological receptor-driven
mechanism whereby RF exposure modulates intracellular ROS and ROS
signaling pathways. This provides a testable hypothesis for the many and
varied effects of RF described in the literature.
These
cellular responses occur at RF signal amplitudes that are orders of
magnitude below those needed to achieve thermal effects, and lie within
the signal range of personal electronic devices and mobile phones.
Because this human cell response to RF is not linear as a function of
the RF signal amplitude, the relation between RF exposure conditions and
a physiological outcome is not readily deducible; indeed a robust gene
expression response may occur at one amplitude but be undetected at
another signal amplitude, or even undergo the opposite response entirely
(e.g., opposite expression of the same gene at different signal
amplitudes). It is therefore necessary to assess physiological response
to RF signal exposure at multiple signal amplitudes and wavelengths, and
preferably by using a readout assay that is rapid and direct. This may
help explain existing confusion and contradictions in the literature, as
well as stimulate future studies on the nature of the biological
reception mechanisms.
Finally, although RF
exposure from cell phones and telecommunications devices has not been
proven harmful in any way, there is a definite physiological response in
human beings to this signal range. Risk factors may therefore exist for
susceptibility to RF exposure, for instance in individuals with reduced
tolerance to oxidative stress and/or who are exposed to excessive
stressors in their daily life. These additive or synergistic effects may
contribute to certain poorly defined syndromes such as electromagnetic
hypersensitivity (EHS) that have been linked to RF exposure in rare
individuals in the past [29].
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2306-
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Oxidative stress
and energy metabolism in male reproductive damage from single and
combined high-power microwave exposure at 1.5 and 4.3GHz
Li Y, Yao B, Men J, Pang Y, Gao J, Bai Y,
Wang H, Zhang J, Zhao L, Xu X, Dong J, Li C, Peng R. Oxidative stress
and energy metabolism in male reproductive damage from single and
combined high-power microwave exposure at 1.5 and 4.3GHz. Reprod
Toxicol. 2024 Nov 29;132:108759. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.
Abstract
The effect of multi-frequency electromagnetic environments on male
reproduction has attracted the medical community's interest. Studies
have investigated the effects and mechanisms of single-frequency
microwave exposure on male reproduction, but comparative research on
high-power microwave (HPM) composite and single exposure remains scarce.
This study aimed to examine the effects and mechanisms of combined 1.5
GHz and 4.3 GHz microwave exposure on male reproduction. Male Wistar
rats were exposed to 1.5 GHz (L-band) and 4.3 GHz (C-band)
electromagnetic radiation for 15 minutes. The four groups were: sham, 10
mW/cm² L-band, 10 mW/cm² C-band, and 5 mW/cm² L-band and 5 mW/cm²
C-band compound. Assessments were made on the pathological structures of
testes, sperm viability, serum sex hormones, oxidative stress, and
energy metabolism levels after radiation. Exposure to 1.5 GHz and 4.3
GHz microwaves individually resulted in testicular tissue damage and
reduced sperm quality. There was little difference between the damage
caused by HPM composite and single exposure. The exposed groups showed
histological and ultrastructural changes, with reduced spermatozoa
viability, motility parameters, and serum testosterone, luteinizing
hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and serum inhibin-B on days 1 and
7 after exposure. These tended to recover partially by day 14.
Adenosine triphosphate content and lactate dehydrogenase and succinate
dehydrogenase activities in the exposed testicular tissue decreased,
corresponding to decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased
malondialdehyde content. Both single and combined exposure to L- and
C-band HPM affect the male reproductive system. Exposure to single and
compound HPM shows no significant difference in risks, with oxidative
stress and energy metabolism disturbances playing key roles.
Open access paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
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Electromagnetic pulse exposure induces
neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption by activating the
NLRP3 inflammasome/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice
Lin Y, Lang H, Gao P, Miao X, Guo Q, Hao Y,
Ai T, Li J, Zhang J, Guo G. Electromagnetic pulse exposure induces
neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption by activating the
NLRP3 inflammasome/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ
Saf. 2025 Feb 27;292:117972. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117972.
Abstract
The electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a widespread electromagnetic
disturbance that can disrupt electronic systems and pose health risks to
personnel in operational areas. The biological effects of EMP
radiation, especially on the central nervous system (CNS), are not yet
fully understood but are gaining attention. This study examines the
impact of EMP on the CNS using microglial cells as a model system. We
found that mice exposed to a field strength of 600 kV/m with 1000 pulses
per day for two weeks exhibited increased levels of oxidative stress.
This exposure induced a microglia polarization to the M1 state, leading
to neuroinflammation and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by
the pro-inflammatory response of microglia. Further analysis revealed
that the NLRP3 inflammasome/NF-κB signaling pathway modulates the
pro-inflammatory mechanisms of EMP irradiation. In conclusion, our
findings show that EMP irradiation triggers neuroinflammation and BBB
damage via NLRP3 inflammasome/NF-κB activation. This research highlights
the effects of EMP radiation on the CNS and offers valuable insights
into the potential targets for biomedical protection against it.
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Influence of Super-Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Artamonov MY,
Pyatakovich FA, Minenko IA.
Influence of Super-Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on
Mesenchymal Stem Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(4):1705.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have
emerged as a promising tool for regenerative medicine due to their
multipotency and immunomodulatory properties. According to recent
research, exposing MSCs to super-low-intensity microwave radiation can
have a significant impact on how they behave and operate. This review
provides an overview of the most recent studies on the effects of
microwave radiation on MSCs with power densities that are much below
thermal values. Studies repeatedly show that non-thermal mechanisms
affecting calcium signaling, membrane transport, mitochondrial activity,
along ion channel activation may increase MSC proliferation,
differentiation along mesodermal lineages, paracrine factor secretion,
and immunomodulatory capabilities during brief, regulated microwave
exposures. These bioeffects greatly enhance MSC regeneration capability
in preclinical models of myocardial infarction, osteoarthritis, brain
damage, and other diseases. Additional study to understand microwave
treatment settings, biological processes, and safety assessments will
aid in the translation of this unique, non-invasive strategy of
activating MSCs with microwave radiation to improve cell engraftment,
survival, and tissue healing results. Microwave-enhanced MSC treatment,
if shown safe and successful, might have broad relevance as a novel
cell-based approach for a variety of regenerative medicine applications.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-
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Magnetically Stimulated Myogenesis Recruits a CRY2-TRPC1 Photosensitive
Signaling Axis
Iversen JN, Tai YK, Wu KY, Wong CJK, Lim HY, Franco-Obregón A.
Magnetically Stimulated Myogenesis Recruits a CRY2-TRPC1 Photosensitive
Signaling Axis. Cells. 2025 Feb 6;14(3):231. doi: 10.3390/cells14030231.
Abstract
The cryptochromes are flavoproteins that either individually or synergistically respond to light and magnetic field directionality as well as are implicated in circadian rhythm entrainment and development. Single brief exposures (10 min) to low energy (1.5 mT) pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) were previously shown to enhance myogenesis by stimulating transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1)-mediated Ca2+ entry, whereby downwardly directed fields produced greater myogenic enhancement than upwardly directed fields. Here, we show that growth in the dark results in myoblasts losing their sensitivity to both magnetic field exposure and directionality. By contrast, overexpressing or silencing cryptochrome circadian regulator 2 (CRY2) in myoblasts enhances or reduces PEMF responses, respectively, under conditions of ambient light. Reducing cellular flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) content by silencing riboflavin kinase (RFK) attenuated responsiveness to PEMFs and inhibited selectivity for magnetic field direction. The upregulation of TRPC1 and cell cycle regulatory proteins typically observed in response to PEMF exposure was instead attenuated by upwardly directed magnetic fields, growth in the darkness, magnetic shielding, or the silencing of CRY2 or RFK. A physical interaction between CRY2 and TRPC1 was detected using coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, revealing their co-translocation into the nucleus after PEMF exposure. These results implicate CRY2 in an identified TRPC1-dependent magnetotransduction myogenic cascade.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-
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Smart Electronic Device-Based Monitoring of SAR and
Temperature Variations in Indoor Human Tissue Interaction
Laganà F, Bibbò L, Calcagno S, De Carlo D, Pullano SA, Pratticò D, Angiulli G. Smart Electronic Device-Based Monitoring of SAR and Temperature Variations in Indoor Human Tissue Interaction. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(5):2439. doi:10.3390/app15052439.
AbstractThe daily use of devices generating electric and magnetic fields has led
to potential human overexposure in home and work environments. This
paper assesses the possible effects of electric fields on human health
at low and high frequencies. It presents an electronic monitoring device
that captures the incidence of specific absorption rate (SAR) and
temperature variation (∆T) on the human body. The system transmits data
to a cloud platform, where a feedforward neural network (FFNN) processes
the received information. SAR and surface temperature values are
detected in an indoor environment, monitoring stationary and moving
subjects. The results effectively assess temperature distribution due to
electromagnetic fields. The prototype detected temperature peaks and
high SAR values when the subjects remained motionless. Predictive
analysis confirms the need for workplaces with materials shielding
external electromagnetic signals and attenuating internal sources.
Moderate mobile phone use could lower SAR and temperature values.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-
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Population Density and Downlink EMF Exposure Levels by Region in Korea
(3G - 5G)
Lee AK, Jeon S, Wang S, Wiart J, Choi HD, Moon JI. Population Density and DL EMF Exposure Levels by Region in Korea. 2024 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Bali, Indonesia, 2024, pp. 781-783, doi: 10.1109/APMC60911.2024.
Abstract
In 2023, the electric field strength within mobile communication bands
was measured in the largest city (Seoul), a small city (Gwangju,
Gyeonggi province), and a rural area (Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi province) in
South Korea. The three measurement regions were selected based on
population density; The population densities of Seoul, Gwangju, and
Yangpyeong are about 15,550/km2, 856/km2, and 133/km2, respectively.
Measurements were performed by mounting the SRM3006 antenna on the roof
of a vehicle and driving for approximately 40 km in each region. In this
paper, the authors report the results of analyzing downlink RF-EMF
levels in mobile communication networks currently in operation by
frequency, time, and region.
Excerpts
The median of total DL E-field strength for all generations was 1.75 V/m
(Seoul), 0.75 V/m (Gwangju), and 0.61 V/m (Yangpyeong); The difference
in DL EMF between the small city and rural area was not large, but that
in Seoul was significantly higher.
Discussion and Conclusions
For most users, 5G terminals will spend a significant portion of time not connected to the base station. Therefore, regardless of whether the terminal is connected to the 5G network, it is necessary to distinguish the level of radiated EMF caused by the SSB beam(s), which is (are) the only always-on signal in 5G NR, from the 5G base station.
It is impossible to distinguish between the always-on signal radiated from 5G base stations and signals generated by the use of 5G UEs using the measurement method reported in this paper. In a future study, we plan to estimate the average SSB EMF level radiated from the 5G base station with the Synchronization Signal Reference Signal Received Power (SS-RSRP) received by the terminal. We also seek to compare the total exposure level to DL EMF by all mobile networks with previously measured levels in terms of brain dose [3].
In Korea, CDMA2000 (2G) was terminated in early 2021, and WCDMA, LTE, and 5G NR are currently in service. At the time of measurement, i.e. around November 2023, the ratio of 3G subscriptions is about 2.6% of total mobile communication subscriptions, with 4G and 5G accounting for the majority; About 58.6% and 38.8% respectively. The DL EMF level by service technology generation did not match the corresponding subscription rate.
Currently, the number of 4G mobile communication base stations installed in Seoul is estimated at about 70% of the total, and those of 3G and 5G are analyzed to have similar ratios of 10 to 20% each. Compared to the ratio of subscriptions to the 5G service, the number of base stations installed is still very low. Therefore, the DL EMF exposure will continue to change in the coming years, so continuous monitoring is necessary. Additionally, since the base station installation information can be a good parameter related to the DL EMF level, it seems important to obtain data on this.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
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Progress in the study of the effects of
electromagnetic radiation on the mood and rhythm (review)
Zou DF, Li ZH, Liu YB, Wang CZ. Progress in the study of the effects of
electromagnetic radiation on the mood and rhythm. Electromagn Biol Med.
2025 Feb 18:1-16. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2025.2460971.
Abstract
The ever-expanding use of a large number of electrical appliances and
mobile communication systems, which outnumber the global population,
emit electromagnetic radiation through mobile telephones, power
stations, transmission lines, radar, microwave ovens, televisions,
refrigerators, therapeutic and other electronic devices. Electromagnetic
radiation has been classified by the International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). A large
number of research results show that short-term and long-term exposure
to electromagnetic radiation can lead to anxiety, depression, decreased
learning ability, memory loss, sleep rhythm disorders and other adverse
effects. Sleep rhythm disorders affect many people worldwide and may be
associated with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. In
this review, we summarise key experiments related to the effects of
electric field exposure on mood and rhythms in animal and cellular
studies over the past decade, describe the effects of electromagnetic
radiation on emotional behaviors and circadian rhythms in humans and
mammals, and explore the relationship between electromagnetic
radiation，mood and rhythms as well as its underlying mechanisms of
action. Most animal studies suggest that electromagnetic radiation may
affect the physiological organization and functioning of the brain,
influence neurotransmitters and receptors, interfere with neuronal
formation and structure, or alter associated endocrine hormones and free
radicals, which may lead to the unfavorable development of psychiatric
disorders and sleep rhythm disorders. This summary may provide
researchers with better clues and ideas to develop therapeutic solutions
with sleep disorders and depressive psychiatric disorders.
Plain Language Summary
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
In this paper, we summarize the effects of electromagnetic radiation on body mood and rhythm and its mechanism through the recent research status at home and abroad. Published work has investigated the effects of different substances (including neurotransmitters, neurons, endocrine hormones, and free radicals) on the body’s mood and rhythm. In many studies, the thermal effects of EMR have not been fully controlled or considered, and most studies have focused on the common frequency bands used in power lines and wireless communication, while the biological effects of other frequencies and complex electromagnetic environments have been less discussed. In conclusion, our understanding of EMR’s role in body mood and rhythm is quite limited, and further research is needed to answer unanswered questions.
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Modern health worries and exposure perceptions of individuals
reporting varying levels of sensitivity to electromagnetic fields:
results of two successive surveys
Abstract
Introduction: Individuals who claim to be affected by idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) report symptoms linked to EMF exposure. Uncertainties about the causes of these symptoms often leave them seeking their own care solutions. In our connected societies, they may limit their exposure, leading to a spiral of avoidance that negatively impacts overall health. Our objective is to gain insights into the characteristics of people who report sensitivity to EMFs in an attempt to provide care guidance. This study focuses on modern health worries (MHW), behaviours, and exposure perceptions of people reporting various sensitivity levels to EMFs during the COVID-19 lockdowns, which altered habits and increased telecommunication device use.
Methods: We conducted two surveys during relaxed lockdown periods in Belgium (June/July 2020 and February/March 2021). A total of 97 and 285 participants, respectively, answered a questionnaire on sensitivity to EMFs, MHW, exposure perception, and strategies to limit EMF exposure. We applied nonparametric descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses.
Results: Higher sensitivity to EMFs correlates with greater MHW regarding EMF sources and more strategies to limit EMF exposure. However, these strategies were inconclusive, as many still felt highly exposed to EMFs.
Discussion: Given the high distress, social isolation, and professional difficulties faced by some EMF sensitive individuals, the relevance of exposure avoidance strategies is questionable. People who perceive high sensitivity to EMFs report worries and avoidance behaviors, yet still feel highly exposed. The findings suggest exploring new care avenues.
Open access paper: https://www.frontiersin.org/
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Wide-band metamaterial absorber for sub-6 GHz 5G applications: Reducing specific absorption rate
Routray P, Ghosh D. Wide-band metamaterial absorber for sub-6 GHz 5G applications: Reducing specific absorption rate. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.155709.
Abstract
Wide coverage area, less sensitivity to noise, high data transceiving, low latency, IOT-based mass application, and increased connectivity make sub-6 GHz, a popularly used frequency band for 5G. However, the health issues due to the high amount of harmful electromagnetic radiation generated from the growing usage of the sub-6 GHz band have drawn the attention of researchers. This article presents a wide-band, polarization, and oblique angle insensitive metamaterial absorber with an absorption bandwidth of 1.9 GHz stretching from 3.1 to 5 GHz, covering bands of n77, n78, and n79 allocated for 5G. The design consists of combination of rings, split rings, and meander-crossed dipoles loaded with lumped resistors. The equivalent circuit is designed using a quasi-static approach and the design is fabricated and measured. The proposed absorber is demonstrated for the reduction of electromagnetic radiation and specific absorption rate in the entire 5G band allocated in the sub-6 GHz range.
Conclusion
The growing demands of 5G, especially in the sub-6 GHz band, can generate a large amount of EM radiation, which is harmful to living beings. This article presents a resistive loaded wideband metamaterial absorber based on the combination of rings, split rings, and meander dipoles. The absorption bandwidth of the absorber is 1.9 GHz ranging from 3.1 to 5 GHz, which includes the bands of n77 (3.3 to 4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3 to 3.8 GHz), and n79 (4.4 to 5 GHz). The absorber is independent of polarization angle and exhibits an absorptivity of over 80% up to an oblique angle of 60◦. The equivalence of the circuit is confirmed by comparing the absorptivity plots obtained from EM simulation and circuit simulation. The agreement between measured and simulation results veri fies that the structure can be used in a practical environment. The demonstration of the proposed absorber for the reduction of EM radiation and SAR generated in the 5G band is demonstrated to be up to 95%. Hence, the proposed absorber can be used to protect living beings and also can help to solve the concerns regarding health hazards due to the widespread use of 5G in the sub-6 GHz band.
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Network-Scale Impact of Vegetation Loss on Coverage and Exposure for 5G Networks
Schampheleer J, Huss A, Deruyck M. Network-Scale Impact of Vegetation Loss on Coverage and Exposure for 5G Networks. IEEE Access,
vol. 13: 23902-23912, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3538054.
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of vegetation on 5G
network performance, with a particular focus on coverage, user exposure,
and base station deployment strategies in an urban environment
(Utrecht, The Netherlands). This is the first study to perform network
planning simulations that account for vegetation and building-induced
propagation challenges on a city-wide scale, providing understanding of
their effects on 5G network performance and exposure. The study also
explores the influence of user height, examining how vegetation’s
blocking and shielding effects vary with user height. By evaluating both
sub-6 GHz and mmWave networks under various simulated scenarios, the
research qualifies the dual role of vegetation as both a coverage
barrier and a mitigator of user exposure. Key findings include a
significant 14.71% reduction in coverage for sub-6 GHz networks in the
presence of vegetation and a 42.98% decrease in downlink whole-body SAR
in mmWave networks due to vegetation’s shielding effects. Flexible base
station placement is shown to effectively counteract coverage losses
while maintaining stable exposure metrics, but mmWave networks remain
highly sensitive to environmental obstructions. These findings emphasize
the importance of incorporating vegetation and other environmental
factors into network planning, especially for high-frequency 5G
networks, to ensure optimal performance and limit user exposure.
Open access paper: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
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Study on field strength prediction using different models on time series from urban continuous RF-EMF monitoring
Song X, Feng W, Yang C, Djuric N, Kljajic D, Djuric S. Study on field strength prediction using different models on time series from urban continuous RF-EMF monitoring. Expert Systems with Applications. 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2025.126963.
Abstract
State-of-the-art electromagnetic field (EMF) monitoring networks, such as the latest one – the Serbian EMF RATEL system, are able to provide continuous and daily monitoring of radio-frequency (RF) EMF levels, which is especially important for urban areas where people may spend many hours and, consequently, experience increased sensitivity to RF-EMF exposure. By generating considerable time series sets of RF-EMF data, these monitoring networks are initiating a new research topic – near-future RF-EMF prediction, which is valuable for a number of public health activities, from supplementing EMF monitoring in high-risk areas, to proactively reducing exposure times, and towards advancing pre-testing of EMF compliance. This paper investigates the impact of different models on the prediction of field strength in urban environments, where Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) and Transformer models are considered. The prediction performance of each model is analyzed on a case study of EMF-sensitive areas in the Serbian city of Novi Sad, i.e., two kindergartens and an elementary school; however, the established framework has strong potential for generalization to other urban environments. Based on two-year long monitoring data sets, a comprehensive comparison of the six models on prediction accuracy, performance degradation rate, extreme value prediction accuracy, and training time is made, showing that the PLS model outperforms other models in predicting EMF exposure. This preliminary study may be a valuable reference for large-scale deployment in real-time monitoring systems for public health protection and may trigger additional research on this ultimate EMF topic.
A Survey of IEEE 802.11ax WLAN Temporal Duty Cycle for
the Assessment of RF Electromagnetic Exposure
(Wi-Fi 6)
Yang Y, Vermeeren G,
Verloock L, Guxens M,
Joseph W.
A Survey of IEEE 802.11ax WLAN Temporal Duty Cycle for
the Assessment of RF Electromagnetic Exposure. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(5):2858.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
Abstract
The increasing deployment of IEEE
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) networks necessitates an accurate assessment of
radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure under realistic
usage scenarios. This study investigates the duty cycle (DC) and
corresponding exposure levels of Wi-Fi 6 in controlled laboratory
conditions, focusing on bandwidth variations, multi-user scenarios, and
application types. DC measurements reveal significant variability across
internet services, with FTP upload exhibiting the highest mean DC
(94.3%) under 20 MHz bandwidth, while YouTube 4K video streaming showed
bursts with a maximum DC of 89.2%. Under poor radio conditions, DC
increased by up to 5× for certain applications, emphasizing the
influence of degraded signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on retransmissions and
modulation. Weighted exposure results indicate a reduction in average
electric-field strength by up to 10× when incorporating DC, with maximum
weighted exposure at 4.2 V/m (6.9% of ICNIRP limits) during multi-user
scenarios. These findings highlight the critical role of realistic DC
assessments in refining exposure evaluations, ensuring regulatory
compliance, and advancing the understanding of Wi-Fi 6’s EMF exposure
implications.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-
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The Numerical Assessment of RF Human Exposure to Microwave Ovens with Contact-Type Doors
Tian R, Wei J-C, Lu M.
The Numerical Assessment of RF Human Exposure to Microwave Ovens with Contact-Type Doors. Electronics. 2025; 14(5):873.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
In complex electromagnetic environments, cardiac pacemakers may be
interfered with easily. Microwave ovens, as common household appliances,
may display electromagnetic leakage, which may pose risks to pacemaker
wearers. This work evaluates the electromagnetic exposure of pacemaker
wearers under various conditions. One involves different distances from
the microwave oven to the human body, and the other involves a distinct
oven door gap. This work uses COMSOL Multiphysics to establish a human
thoracic cavity model with a heart and unipolar pacemaker, as well as a
model of a microwave oven with contact-type doors. The results show that
the specific absorption rate (SAR10g) and temperature
increase in the thoracic cavity and heart tissue are inversely
proportional to the distance from the microwave source. They are
directly proportional to the oven door gap size. The induced electric
field intensity, the temperature increase, and the induced voltage in
the pacemaker show the same trend. When the human body is closest to the
microwave oven with the largest door gap (D = 100 mm, d = 0.3 mm), the
SAR10g and temperature increase of the thoracic cavity and
heart tissue reach their maximum values, which are significantly below
the safety standards recommended by ICNIRP. Similarly, the maximum value
of the temperature increase and the induced electric field intensity in
the pacemaker are below the safety standard recommended by ISO 14708-3
(+2 °C) and IEC 60601-1-2 (28 V/m). The maximum induced voltage at the
pacemaker electrode is 5.322 mV, which exceeds the sensing sensitivity
setting recommended by ISO 14117 (2 mV) for unipolar pacemakers. These
findings demonstrate that microwave ovens with contact-type doors
electromagnetic radiation do not threaten human health under normal
usage conditions. However, the maximum value of the induced voltage
exceeds the sensing sensitivity of some unipolar pacemakers, which may
affect the operation of the unipolar pacemaker. This phenomenon requires
attention from clinicians and patients. We still recommend that
pacemaker wearers keep a distance from microwave ovens when using them.
Conclusions
Through the simulation of the induced electric field intensity, the SAR10g
distribution, the temperature increase after 30 min of exposure of the
human thoracic cavity, the heart tissue, and the cardiac pacemaker, and
the induced voltage at the electrode under different distances and oven
door gap sizes, the following conclusions were drawn:
- Human thoracic tissue: The SAR10g and temperature increase in the thoracic cavity gradually decreased as the distance between the human thoracic cavity and the microwave source increased, and they increased with the size of the oven door gap. Under a condition of a 100 mm distance from the microwave source and a 0.3 mm oven door gap, the SAR10g and temperature increase in the thoracic cavity reached their maximum values, which were 0.295 W/kg and 0.008687 °C, respectively. Nevertheless, the SAR10g value and temperature increase remained below the safety standard recommended by ICNIRP.
- Heart tissue: The SAR10g value and temperature increase in the heart tissue were lower than those of the thoracic tissue, and the change trends in the heart tissue were similar to those in the thoracic tissue. Under the most unfavorable conditions (distance of 100 mm and a 0.3 mm oven door gap), the maximum SAR10g value and temperature increase in the heart tissue were 0.000789 W/kg and 0.00001156 °C, respectively, which were far below the safety standard recommended by ICNIRP. Although the SAR10g of the human thoracic cavity and heart tissue for a single exposure was below the safety standard recommended by ICNIRP, long-term exposure could have led to electromagnetic energy accumulation in the tissue, potentially causing health risks [31].
- Electromagnetic compatibility of cardiac pacemaker: The temperature increase, the induced electric field intensity, and the induced voltage of the cardiac pacemaker were also inversely proportional to the distance between the human thoracic cavity and the microwave source, and directly proportional to the size of the microwave oven door gap. The induced electric field intensity, temperature increase, and induced voltage of the cardiac pacemaker reached their highest values when the distance was 100 mm and the oven door gap was 0.3 mm, which were 27.7 V/m, 0.000892 °C and 5.322 mV, respectively. However, the induced electric field intensity and temperature increase remained below the immunity recommended by IEC 60601-1-2 (28 V/m) and the temperature rise standard recommended by the ISO 14708-3 standard (+2 °C). ISO 14117 recommends setting the sensing sensitivity of the unipolar pacemaker to 2 mV. Some manufacturers set the sensing sensitivity according to the characteristics of their products at the factory. For example, Medtronic’s unipolar pacemaker is set to 2.8 mV [32], and Biotronik’s unipolar pacemaker is set to 2.5 mV [33]. The maximum induced voltage used in this work was 5.322 mV. This value already exceeded the sensitivity of the aforementioned pacemakers. We hope that this conclusion is helpful to those involved in research.
To
sum up, under the conditions set in this work, the electromagnetic
radiation of the microwave oven with contact-type doors had a minimal
impact on the human body, remaining within the safe range. However, when
the human body is within 300 mm of the microwave oven, it may affect
the operation of the unipolar pacemaker. It was recommended that
patients implanted with medical devices, especially those with
pacemakers, maintain a safe distance or replace aging microwave ovens,
while also minimizing the time spent near an operating microwave. In
addition, patients are advised to opt for bipolar pacemakers whenever
possible to reduce potential electromagnetic exposure risks.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-
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Bio-Electromagnetic Safety Assessment of Wireless Charging Environment for Electric Vehicles
Zheng H,
Zhao X. Bio-Electromagnetic Safety Assessment of Wireless Charging Environment for Electric Vehicles. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters,
Vol. 122, 87-92, 2024. doi:10.2528/
Abstract
Wireless power charging
technology has been developed rapidly and is extensively utilized for
electric vehicle wireless charging due to its numerous over plug-in
charging. The electromagnetic bio-safety of the human body in charging
environment has become a significant public concern. To address this
issue, this paper employs the finite element analysis method to assess
the electromagnetic safety of crucial organs in a typical charging
environment. Firstly, human-vehicle models in various typical postures
were constructed in COMSOL, and the spatial distribution of
electromagnetic fields in the critical organs was calculated in a 7.7
kW, 85 kHz charging environment. Subsequently, the electromagnetic
radiation dose of each organ was calculated and compared with the ICNIRP
standards. The results indicated that the electromagnetic radiation
dose received by different organs is influenced by both the
electromagnetic parameters and position of the organs. When the human
body is positioned flat in the car, the electromagnetic radiation
exposure to various organs is at its highest. Additionally, the maximum
radiation dose for each organ is significantly below ICNIRP standard in a
low-power wireless charging environment, supporting the commercial
adoption of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles.
Open access paper: https://www.jpier.org/issues/
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Electromagnetic exposure level of pure
electric vehicle inverter to human body in different seating positions
Dong X, Ren Y, Lu M. Electromagnetic exposure level of pure
electric vehicle inverter to human body in different seating positions. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/
The market share of pure electric vehicle (PEV) as a green transportation steadily increases as the global demand for renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly mobility continues to increase. However, during PEV operation, the inverter system, as the key power conversion device, generates strong electromagnetic field in the local space. Long-term exposure to such electromagnetic environments may have potential effects on human body. In this study, the electromagnetic environment model of the PEV body, human body and simplified inverter is established. The finite element software, COMSOL Multiphysics, is used to calculate and analyse the variations in the induction field in different tissues of the driver and rear passenger, caused by the electromagnetic field generated by the inverter system operating at maximum power. The electromagnetic exposure level of the driver and rear passenger is assessed. Results show significant differences in the electromagnetic exposure levels of different seating positions in the vehicles. The electromagnetic exposure level in the driver’s body is higher than that of the rear passenger, but it does not exceed the exposure limits defined by the International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection. This finding effectively complements the study on evaluating the safety of the electromagnetic environment of PEV and improves public awareness.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/
https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/
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Brain Disease-Modifying Effects of Radiofrequency as a
Non-Contact Neuronal Stimulation Technology
Sun S, Bok J,
Jang Y, Seo H.
Brain Disease-Modifying Effects of Radiofrequency as a
Non-Contact Neuronal Stimulation Technology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(5):2268.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
Abstract
Non-invasive, non-contact, and painless methods of electrical
stimulation to enhance neural function have been widely studied in
recent years, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias, which cause
cognitive decline and other neurological symptoms. Radiofrequency (RF),
which is a rate of oscillation in the range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz (3 THz),
has been suggested as one potential non-contact neuronal stimulation
(NCNS) technique for improving brain function. A new type of electrical
stimulation uses a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF). RF
exposure has been shown to modulate neural stimulation and influence
various brain activities in in vitro and in vivo models. Recent studies
have explored the effects of RF-EMF on human physiology, particularly in
areas such as brain activity, cognition, and sleep behavior. In this
review, we summarize recent findings about the effects of non-contact
stimulations in in vitro studies, in vivo animal models, and human
clinical cases.
Open access paper: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-
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Learned magnetic map cues and two mechanisms of
magnetoreception in turtles
Goforth KM, Lohmann CMF, Gavin A, Henning R, Harvey A, Hinton TL, Lim
DS, Lohmann KJ. Learned magnetic map cues and two mechanisms of
magnetoreception in turtles. Nature. 2025 Feb 12. doi:
10.1038/s41586-024-08554-y.
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that migratory animals exploit the magnetic field of the Earth for navigation, both as a compass to determine direction and as a map to determine geographical position1. It has long been proposed that, to navigate using a magnetic map, animals must learn the magnetic coordinates of the destination2,3, yet the pivotal hypothesis that animals can learn magnetic signatures of geographical areas has, to our knowledge, yet to be tested. Here we report that an iconic navigating species, the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), can learn such information. When fed repeatedly in magnetic fields replicating those that exist in particular oceanic locations, juvenile turtles learned to distinguish magnetic fields in which they encountered food from magnetic fields that exist elsewhere, an ability that might underlie foraging site fidelity. Conditioned responses in this new magnetic map assay were unaffected by radiofrequency oscillating magnetic fields, a treatment expected to disrupt radical-pair-based chemical magnetoreception4-6, suggesting that the magnetic map sense of the turtle does not rely on this mechanism. By contrast, orientation behaviour that required use of the magnetic compass was disrupted by radiofrequency oscillating magnetic fields. The findings provide evidence that two different mechanisms of magnetoreception underlie the magnetic map and magnetic compass in sea turtles.
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Effects of electromagnetic radiation from offshore wind
power on the physiology and behavior of two marine fishes
Xu P, Wang B, Wang Z, Jin R, Ahmad M, Shang Y, Hu M, Chen F, Khalil MF,
Huang W, Wang Y. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from offshore wind
power on the physiology and behavior of two marine fishes. Mar Pollut
Bull. 2025 Feb 7;213:117633. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.
Abstract
With the widespread promotion of wind power, its potential ecological impacts on marine ecosystems have raised concerns, among which electromagnetic radiation is one of the significant impacts. It is well known that the effects of electromagnetic fields on different marine organisms vary greatly, but little is known about their effects on commercially important fish species. We studied the toxicity differences between the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and the black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) when exposed to magnetic field strengths of 0mT, 0.5mT, 1.0mT, 1.5mT and 2.0mT. We found that under the 1.5mT and 2.0mT, the swimming velocity of L. crocea and A. schlegelii was reduced and the antioxidant enzymes in the body had a protective function on the body. Under the 2.0mT, the stress response of A. schlegelii was higher and the immune systems of both fish species were activated. The electromagnetic intensity below 2.0mT was more sensitive to L. crocea and A. schlegelii. However, electromagnetic radiation seems to have no significant effect on the nutrient absorption capacity of the organisms. After several days of recovery, all affected markers showed signs of reversibility. In summary, the experiment could provide valuable data for developing early warning systems and preventive measures to mitigate potential threats to marine life from offshore wind farms.
