COSMOS. A
methodologically-flawed cohort study of the health effects from exposure
to radiofrequency radiation from mobile phone use
Moskowitz JM, Frank JW, Melnick RL, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Héroux P,
Kelley E, Lai H, Maisch D, Mallery-Blythe E, Philips A; International
Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. COSMOS: A
methodologically-flawed cohort study of the health effects from
exposure to radiofrequency radiation from mobile phone use. Environ Int.
2024 Jun 21;190:108807. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108807.
No abstract
Response to the letter to the editor regarding “Mobile phone use and brain tumour risk − COSMOS, a prospective cohort study”
Feychting M, Schüz J, Toledano MB,
Vermeulen R, Auvinen A, Poulsen AH, Deltour I, Smith RB, Heller J,
Kromhout H, Huss A, Johansen C, Tettamanti G, Elliott P. Response to the
Letter to the Editor regarding "Mobile phone use and brain tumour risk -
COSMOS, a prospective cohort study". Environ Int. 2024 May;187:108664.
doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108664.
No abstract
--
Summary of seven Swedish case reports on the microwave syndrome associated with 5G radiofrequency radiation
Hardell L, Nilsson M. Summary of seven Swedish case reports on the
microwave syndrome associated with 5G radiofrequency radiation. Rev
Environ Health. 2024 Jun 19. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2024-0017.
Abstract
The fifth generation, 5G, for wireless communication is currently
deployed in Sweden since 2019/2020, as well as in many other countries.
We have previously published seven case reports that include a total of
16 persons aged between 4 and 83 years that developed the microwave
syndrome within a short time after being exposed to 5G base stations close
to their dwellings. In all cases high radiofrequency (RF) radiation
from 4G/5G was measured with a broadband meter. RF radiation reached
>2,500,000 to >3,180,000 μW/m2 in peak maximum value in
three of the studies. In total 41 different health issues were assessed
for each person graded 0 (no complaint) to 10 (worst symptoms). Most
prevalent and severe were sleeping difficulty (insomnia, waking night
time, early wake-up), headache, fatigue, irritability, concentration
problems, loss of immediate memory, emotional distress, depression
tendency, anxiety/panic, dysesthesia (unusual touched based sensations),
burning and lancinating skin, cardiovascular symptoms (transitory high
or irregular pulse), dyspnea, and pain in muscles and joints. Balance
disorder and tinnitus were less prevalent. All these symptoms are
included in the microwave syndrome. In most cases the symptoms declined
and disappeared within a short time period after the studied persons had
moved to a place with no 5G. These case histories are classical
examples of provocation studies. They reinforce the urgency to inhibit
the deployment of 5G until more safety studies have been performed.
Open access paper:
--
Follow-Up Research on NTP’s Clear Evidence on RF Causing Malignant Tumors in Rats
Lin JC. Follow-Up Research on NTP’s Clear Evidence on RF Causing Malignant Tumors in Rats [Health Matters]. IEEE Microwave Magazine. 25(6):16-18. June 2024. doi: 10.1109/MMM.2024.3378608.
Abstract
The recent disclosure of the U.S. National Toxicology Program
(NTP) closing down its RF radiation research program on how RF radiation
causes cancer was a surprise [1], [2], [3]. NTP is a part of the
National Institutes of Health and reports to the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services. NTP’s mandates are to provide the scientific
basis for programs, activities, and policies that promote health or lead
to the prevention of disease.
Excerpts
In
2018, NTP published the final report on its US$30 million laboratory
research showing “clear evidence” that lifelong exposure to low-level RF
radiation caused cancers in rats [6], [7], [8]. The statistically
significant findings showed that both GSM- and CDMA-modulated 900-MHz RF
radiation had led to the development of malignant schwannoma, a rare
form of tumor in the hearts of male rats. Furthermore, an independent
analysis of the NTP data for overall cancer incidence detected in any
organ or tissue inside the animal showed that rats exposed to GSM and
CDMA cellphone RF radiation had significantly higher overall or total
primary tumor incidence than the concurrent controls....
The
NTP findings of clear evidence that RF radiation can cause cancer was
already reaffirmed by the Ramazzini Institute study from Italy [10] ....
In 2019, NTP announced a new genotoxicology project designed to examine how RF radiation causes cancer....
Apparently,
now, close to five years later, the new project has never progressed
beyond the feasibility studies with the compact exposure chambers.
Moreover, the NTP located in Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, no longer
plans to study biological effects from cellphone RF radiation. NTP has
decided that “the research was technically challenging and more
resource-intensive than expected.” This effectively marks the end of the
nonmilitary governmental project in the United States to study the
biological effects of cellphone or RF radiation. Any future NTP
publications on the topic would come from the feasibility studies only
[3].
Unfortunately,
whether the U.S. civilian government halts doing the important research
on mechanistic causes for cancer from low-level chronic exposure to RF
radiation or not, nearly 100% of all Americans are being cast as
subjects in a massive health experiment without a formal protocol.
Furthermore, billions of people worldwide, including the young and older
adults, are being exposed to unnecessary levels of human-made wireless
RF radiation.
The obvious question is, what happened? Should we
all forget about NTP’s findings of clear scientific evidence that
lifelong exposure to low-level RF radiation causes cancer from a federal
government health agency that prides itself in telling the nation that
its product is “science you can depend on for decisions that matter”?
Postscript:
It is interesting to recall that the recently announced termination of
NTP’s RF research program on how RF radiation causes cancer practically
halts most, if not all, biological research of RF radiation supported by
the civilian U.S. government. In contrast, the military arm of the U.S.
government through its Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) has initiated a new research program on the roles RF radiation
may have in biological systems [11]. DARPA’s historical and contemporary
contributions to scientific and technological advancements are widely
known. Thus, it poses the question, what does DARPA know about RF
radiation on biological systems?
--
Epidemiological
exploration of the impact of bluetooth headset usage on thyroid nodules
using Shapley additive explanations method
Zhou N, Qin W, Zhang JJ, Wang Y, Wen JS, Lim YM. Epidemiological
exploration of the impact of bluetooth headset usage on thyroid nodules
using Shapley additive explanations method. Sci Rep. 2024 Jun
21;14(1):14354. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-63653-0.
Abstract
With an increasing prevalence of thyroid nodules globally, this
study investigates the potential correlation between the use of
Bluetooth headsets and the incidence of thyroid nodules, considering the
cumulative effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) emitted by these
devices. In this study, we analyzed 600 valid questionnaires from the
WenJuanXing platform using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and the
XGBOOST model, supplemented by SHAP analysis, to assess the risk of
thyroid nodules. PSM was utilized to balance baseline characteristic
differences, thereby reducing bias. The XGBOOST model was then employed
to predict risk factors, with model efficacy measured by the area under
the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). SHAP analysis
helped quantify and explain the impact of each feature on the prediction
outcomes, identifying key risk factors. Initially, 600 valid
questionnaires from the WenJuanXing platform underwent PSM processing,
resulting in a matched dataset of 96 cases for modeling analysis. The
AUC value of the XGBOOST model reached 0.95, demonstrating high accuracy
in differentiating thyroid nodule risks. SHAP analysis revealed age and
daily Bluetooth headset usage duration as the two most significant
factors affecting thyroid nodule risk. Specifically, longer daily usage
durations of Bluetooth headsets were strongly linked to an increased
risk of developing thyroid nodules, as indicated by the SHAP analysis
outcomes. Our study highlighted a significant impact relationship
between prolonged Bluetooth headset use and increased thyroid nodule
risk, emphasizing the importance of considering health impacts in the
use of modern technology, especially for devices like Bluetooth headsets
that are frequently used daily. Through precise model predictions and
variable importance analysis, our research provides a scientific basis
for the formulation of public health policies and personal health habit
choices, suggesting that attention should be paid to the duration of
Bluetooth headset use in daily life to reduce the potential risk of
thyroid nodules. Future research should further investigate the
biological mechanisms of this relationship and consider additional
potential influencing factors to offer more comprehensive health
guidance and preventive measures.
--
The effects of radiofrequency exposure on male fertility: A systematic review of human observational studies with dose–response meta-analysis (SR 3--male)
Kenny RPW, Johnson EE, Adesanya AM, Richmond C, Beyer F, Calderon C, Rankin J, Pearce MS, Toledano M, Craig D, Pearson F. The effects of radiofrequency exposure on male fertility: A systematic review of human observational studies with dose–response meta-analysis. Environment International, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108817.
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together evidence on radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in relation to health outcomes, previously identified as priorities for research and evaluation by experts in the field, to inform exposure guidelines. A suite of systematic reviews have been undertaken by a network of topic experts and methodologists to collect, assess and synthesise data relevant to these guidelines. Following the WHO handbook for guideline development and the COSTER conduct guidelines, we systematically reviewed the evidence on the potential effects of RF-EMF exposure on male fertility in human observational studies.
Methods We conducted a broad and sensitive search for potentially relevant records within the following bibliographic databases: MEDLINE; Embase; Web of Science and EMF Portal. We also conducted searches of grey literature through relevant databases including OpenGrey, and organisational websites and consulted RF-EMF experts. We hand searched reference lists of included study records and for citations of these studies. We included quantitative human observational studies on the effect of RF-EMF exposure in adult male participants on infertility: sperm concentration; sperm morphology; sperm total motility; sperm progressive motility; total sperm count; and time to pregnancy. Titles and abstracts followed by full texts were screened in blinded duplicate against pre-set eligibility criteria with consensus input from a third reviewer as required. Data extraction from included studies was completed by two reviewers, as was risk of bias assessment using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool. We conducted a dose–response meta-analysis as possible and appropriate. Certainty of the evidence was assessed by two reviewers using the OHAT GRADE tool with input from a third reviewer as required.
Results We identified nine studies in this review; seven were general public studies (with the general public as the population of interest) and two were occupational studies (with specific workers/workforces as the population of interest). General public studies. Duration of phone use: The evidence is very uncertain surrounding the effects of RF-EMF on sperm concentration (10/6 mL) (MD (mean difference) per hour of daily phone use 1.6 106/mL, 95 % CI −1.7 to 4.9; 3 studies), sperm morphology (MD 0.15 percentage points of deviation of normal forms per hour, 95 % CI −0.21 to 0.51; 3 studies), sperm progressive motility (MD −0.46 percentage points per hour, 95 % CI −1.04 to 0.13; 2 studies) and total sperm count (MD per hour −0.44 106/ejaculate, 95 % CI −2.59 to 1.7; 2 studies) due to very low-certainty evidence. Four additional studies reported on the effect of mobile phone use on sperm motility but were unsuitable for pooling; only one of these studies identified a statistically significant effect. All four studies were at risk of exposure characterisation and selection bias; two of confounding, selective reporting and attrition bias; three of outcome assessment bias and one used an inappropriate statistical method. Position of phone: There may be no or little effect of carrying a mobile phone in the front pocket on sperm concentration, total count, morphology, progressive motility or on time to pregnancy. Of three studies reporting on the effect of mobile phone location on sperm total motility and, or, total motile count, one showed a statistically significant effect. All three studies were at risk of exposure characterisation and selection bias; two of confounding, selective reporting and attrition bias; three of outcome assessment bias and one used inappropriate statistical method. RF-EMF Source: One study indicates there may be little or no effect of computer or other electric device use on sperm concentration, total motility or total count. This study is at probably high risk of exposure characterisation bias and outcome assessment bias. Occupational studies. With only two studies of occupational exposure to RF-EMF and heterogeneity in the population and exposure source (technicians exposed to microwaves or seamen exposed to radar equipment), it was not plausible to statistically pool findings. One study was at probably or definitely high risk of bias across all domains, the other across domains for exposure characterisation bias, outcome assessment bias and confounding.
Discussion
The majority of evidence identified was assessing localised RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone use on male fertility with few studies assessing the impact of phone position. Overall, the evidence identified is very uncertain about the effect of RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones on sperm outcomes. One study assessed the impact of other RF-EMF sources on male fertility amongst the general public and two studies assessed the impact of RF-EMF exposure in occupational cohorts from different sources (radar or microwave) on male fertility. Further prospective studies conducted with greater rigour (in particular, improved accuracy of exposure measurement and appropriate statistical method use) would build the existing evidence base and are required to have greater certainty in any potential effects of RF-EMF on male reproductive outcomes.
Prospero Registration: CRD42021265401 (SR3A)
Excerpts
Conclusions Overall, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of RF-EMF on male fertility outcomes. Where dose–response
meta-analysis
was possible, the evidence was rated as very low-certainty on OHAT
GRADE, while the majority of included studies were at risk of bias and
only a small number of studies reported on each outcome of interest.
Given this, we cannot be confident in what the current body of research
concludes about the effect of RF-EMF on male fertility.
Further
prospective studies conducted with greater rigour (in particular,
improved accuracy of exposure measurement and appropriate statistical
method use) are required to build on the existing evidence base and
provide greater certainty in any potential effects of RF-EMF on male
reproductive outcomes.
Competing interests Carolina
Calderon was involved in both MOBI-Kids (risk of brain cancer from
exposure to radiofrequency fields in childhood and adolescence) and
GERoNIMO, Tsarna et al. 2019 was one of the outcomes of this project.
Although Carolina was not involved in the publication, with her
involvement being in the intermediate frequency exposure assessment.
Mireille
Toledano has been involved in funded research assessing mobile phone
and other wireless technologies usage on health outcomes. The SCAMP
(study cognition adolescents and mobile phones) prospective cohort study
which is currently ongoing (2015–2021). The COSMOS (cohort study of
mobile phone use and health) a longitudinal cohort study which is
completed (2019).
Declaration of competing interest The
authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests
or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work
reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements We
would like to thank Anastasija Jadrevska, Claudia Preuss, and Susanna
Lagorio for providing translations. Additionally, we would like to thank
Yangzihan Wang for translation and data extraction of studies in
Chinese. We would like to thank Jos Verbeek, Emilie Van
Deventer and Maria Feychting for their expertise and support throughout
the systematic review.
--
The effects of radiofrequency exposure on adverse female reproductive
outcomes: A systematic review of human observational studies with
dose–response meta-analysis (SR 3--female)
Johnson EE, Kenny RPW, Adesanya AM, Richmond C, Beyer F, Calderon C, Rankin J, Pearce MS, Toledano M, Craig D, Pearson F. The effects of radiofrequency exposure on adverse female reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of human observational studies with dose–response meta-analysis. Environment International, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108816.
Abstract
Background To inform radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure guidelines the World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together evidence on RF-EMF in relation to health outcomes prioritised for evaluation by experts in this field. Given this, a network of topic experts and methodologists have conducted a series of systematic reviews collecting, assessing, and synthesising data of relevance to these guidelines. Here we present a systematic review of the effect of RF-EMF exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes in human observational studies which follows the WHO handbook for guideline development and the COSTER conduct guidelines.
Methods We conducted a broad, sensitive search for potentially relevant records within the following bibliographic databases: MEDLINE; Embase; and the EMF Portal. Grey literature searches were also conducted through relevant databases (including OpenGrey), organisational websites and via consultation of RF-EMF experts. We included quantitative human observational studies on the effect of RF-EMF exposure in adults’ preconception or pregnant women on pre-term birth, small for gestational age (SGA; associated with intrauterine growth restriction), miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight (LBW) and congenital anomalies. In blinded duplicate, titles and abstracts then full texts were screened against eligibility criteria. A third reviewer gave input when consensus was not reached. Citation chaining of included studies was completed. Two reviewers’ data extracted and assessed included studies for risk of bias using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool. Random effects meta-analyses of the highest versus the lowest exposures and dose–response meta-analysis were conducted as appropriate and plausible. Two reviewers assessed the certainty in each body of evidence using the OHAT GRADE tool.
Results We identified 18 studies in this review; eight were general public studies (with the general public as the population of interest) and 10 were occupational studies (with the population of interest specific workers/workforces). General public studies. From pairwise meta-analyses of general public studies, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of RF-EMF from mobile phone exposure on preterm birth risk (relative risk (RR) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97–1.34, 95% prediction interval (PI): 0.83–1.57; 4 studies), LBW (RR 1.14, 95% CI: 0.96–1.36, 95% PI: 0.84–1.57; 4 studies) or SGA (RR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02–1.24, 95% PI: 0.99–1.28; 2 studies) due to very low-certainty evidence. It was not feasible to meta-analyse studies reporting on the effect of RF-EMF from mobile phone exposure on congenital anomalies or miscarriage risk. The reported effects from the studies assessing these outcomes varied and the studies were at some risk of bias. No studies of the general public assessed the impact of RF-EMF exposure on stillbirth. Occupational studies. In occupational studies, based on dose–response meta-analyses, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of RF-EMF amongst female physiotherapists using shortwave diathermy on miscarriage due to very low-certainty evidence (OR 1.02 95% CI 0.94–1.1; 2 studies). Amongst offspring of female physiotherapists using shortwave diathermy, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of RF-EMF on the risk of congenital malformations due to very low-certainty evidence (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.32; 2 studies). From pairwise meta-analyses, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of RF-EMF on the risk of miscarriage (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.18; very low-certainty evidence), pre-term births (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.32 to 4.37; 3 studies; very low-certainty evidence), and low birth weight (RR 2.90, 95% CI: 0.69 to 12.23; 3 studies; very low-certainty evidence). Results for stillbirth and SGA could not be pooled in meta-analyses. The results from the studies reporting these outcomes were inconsistent and the studies were at some risk of bias.
Discussion Most of the evidence identified in this review was from general public studies assessing localised RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone use on female reproductive outcomes. In occupational settings, each study was of heterogenous whole-body RF-EMF exposure from radar, short or microwave diathermy, surveillance and welding equipment and its effect on female reproductive outcomes. Overall, the body of evidence is very uncertain about the effect of RF-EMF exposure on female reproductive outcomes. Further prospective studies conducted with greater rigour (particularly improved accuracy of exposure measurement and using appropriate statistical methods) are required to identify any potential effects of RF-EMF exposure on female reproductive outcomes of interest.
Excerpts
Summary of the evidence and interpretation of the results In total, 18 studies were identified for this review: in eight the general public was the population of interest and in 10 the populations of interest were occupational. Within the general population, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of RF-EMF on pre-term birth, SGA and low birth weight. It was not possible to conduct meta-analyses for miscarriage and congenital anomalies due to significant heterogeneity between studies. Within the occupational studies, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of RF-EMF on miscarriage and the effects of maternal RF-EMF exposure on pre-term birth, congenital anomalies and low birth weight.
Limitations of the evidence The are multiple limitations with the evidence base of human observational studies assessing the effect of localised and whole-body RF-EMF exposure on pre-term birth; SGA; miscarriage; still birth and, or, congenital anomalies compared to no or low level exposure in preconception or pregnant adults.
Risk of bias was often apparent in both general public and occupational studies; all but one of the included studies were rated as probably or definitely high risk for at least two domains on the OHAT risk of bias tool. Nine studies were at probably or definitely high risk of exposure characterisation bias (Allam, 2016, Baste et al., 2012, Cromie et al., 2002, Källén et al., 1982, Karuserci et al., 2019, Lu et al., 2017, Taskinen et al., 1990, Tsarna et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2021), while another nine were at risk of outcome assessment bias (Baste et al., 2012, Cromie et al., 2002, Källén et al., 1982, Karuserci et al., 2019, Lu et al., 2017, Mahmoudabadi et al., 2015, Tsarna et al., 2019, Xu et al., 2016, Zhao et al., 2021). In 10 studies, issues surrounding the identification and handling of confounders was present (Allam, 2016, Baste et al., 2012, Baste et al., 2015, Brizzi and Marinelli, 2018, Cromie et al., 2002, Källén et al., 1982, Karuserci et al., 2019, Kolmodin-Hedman et al., 1988, Mahmoudabadi et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2016), while three were also at risk of selective reporting (Cromie et al., 2002, Källén et al., 1982, Kolmodin-Hedman et al., 1988).
More generally, reporting of exposures across studies was often inconsistent and lacking in detail (see Table 1, Table 2). Most studies in the general population used a proxy exposure, such as time spent on mobile phone or mobile phone usage, with heterogeneity between how these were measured.
One of the main issues of the evidence base is a lack of confounding assessment in studies (Baste et al., 2015, Allam, 2016, Brizzi and Marinelli, 2018, Karuserci et al., 2019, Kolmodin-Hedman et al., 1988, Baste et al., 2012, Källén et al., 1982, Cromie et al., 2002, Mahmoudabadi et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2016) and inconsistency regarding the method of exposure measurement. All analyses were downgraded to either low-certainty or very low-certainty evidence on OHAT GRADE, with risk of bias, indirectness and imprecision causing concerns. Indirectness was an issue for occupational studies measuring congenital anomalies. Many of the studies only stated that they were assessing the risk of any congenital anomalies rather than identifying and assessing the risk of specific congenital anomalies (e.g. the effect of RF-EMF could potentially affect different congenital anomalies in different ways). This limits our ability to assess the risk of different kinds of congenital anomalies following RF-EMF exposure.
Conclusions Overall,
the majority of evidence suggest that there is little to no effect of
RF-EF on female reproductive outcomes. The evidence was rated as low to
very low certainty, was at risk of bias and only a small number of
studies reported on each outcome of interest. Given this we cannot be
confident in what the body of research is indicating about the effect of
RF-EMF on female reproductive outcomes. The meta-analyses that
were possible suggest no increased relative risk for female
reproductive outcomes due to RF-EMF exposure in the general public or
occupational settings. This is further supported by the dose–response meta-analysis in female physiotherapists using SWD. For studies that were not meta-analysed, there was variation in effect. Most included studies were at risk of bias.
Overall,
while we observe a lack of effect, further prospective studies
conducted with greater rigour would build the existing evidence base and
are required to have greater certainty in any potential effects of
RF-EMF on female reproductive outcomes.
Registration and protocol The protocol was published in Environment International (Kenny et al., 2022) and an abridged version is also available on PROSPERO (CRD42021265401; referred to as SR3B).
Declaration of competing interest The
authors declare the following financial interests/personal
relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
[Mireille Toledano has been involved in funded research assessing mobile
phone and other wireless technologies usage on health outcomes: the
SCAMP (study cognition adolescents and mobile phones) prospective cohort
study which is currently ongoing (2015–2021), and the COSMOS (cohort
study of mobile phone use and health) a longitudinal cohort study which
is completed (2019). Carolina Calderon has been involved in MOBI-Kids
(risk of brain cancer from exposure to radiofrequency fields in
childhood adolescence) and GERoNIMO, of which the Tsarna 2019 study was
one of the outcomes. However, they were not directly involved in the
Tsarna 2019 paper and was not involved in the selection, data extraction
or risk of bias assessment for this study.].
Acknowledgements We
would like to thank Jos Verbeek, Emilie Van Deventer and Maria
Feychting for their expertise and support throughout the systematic
review.
See: WHO Radiofrequency EMF Health Risk Assessment Monograph (EHC series)
--
Detrimental impact of cell phone
radiation on sperm DNA integrity
Koohestanidehaghi
Y, Khalili MA, Dehghanpour F, Seify M. Detrimental impact of cell phone
radiation on sperm DNA integrity. Clinical and Experimental
Reproductive Medicine 2024;51(1):13-19.
Abstract
Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from various sources
may impact health due to the generation of frequency bands. Broad pulses
emitted within frequency bands can be absorbed by cells, influencing
their function. Numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that
mobile phones—generally the most widely used devices—can have harmful
effects on sex cells, such as sperm and oocytes, by producing RF-EMR.
Moreover, some research has indicated that RF-EMR generated by mobile
phones can influence sperm parameters, including motility, morphology,
viability, and (most critically) DNA structure. Consequently, RF-EMR can
disrupt both sperm function and fertilization. However, other studies
have reported that exposure of spermatozoa to RF-EMR does not affect the
functional parameters or genetic structure of sperm. These conflicting
results likely stem from differences among studies in the duration and
exposure distance, as well as the species of animal used. This report
was undertaken to review the existing research discussing the effects of
RF-EMR on the DNA integrity of mammalian spermatozoa.
Conclusion
EMW
can induce oxidative stress, which subsequently leads to disorders such
as reduced mobility, morphological changes, acrosome disturbances, and
ultimately, damage to the nucleus and genetic material. This oxidative
damage to DNA can result in the breakdown of both single-stranded and
double-stranded DNA structures, culminating in fragmentation. If the DNA
is not repaired and the damage accumulates, the sperm may undergo
apoptosis. Damage to the sperm genome can ultimately impact fertility,
potentially leading to infertility. Therefore, it is advisable to limit
daily exposure to these sources to prevent irreversible damage caused by
EMWs. Many men carry their cell phones in their trouser pockets or
clipped to their belts, and the use of Bluetooth can increase their
susceptibility to RF-EMR exposure. This exposure can induce changes in
sperm quality through oxidative stress, potentially leading to
infertility. Agarwal et al. [11] suggested that carrying a cell phone in
a pocket could lead to a decline in sperm quality. However, it is
important to note that the phone and male reproductive organs are
separated by multiple tissue layers. Therefore, extrapolating these in
vitro effects to real-life conditions requires further studies [11].
In
July 2021, the European Parliament commissioned a research report
titled “Health impact of 5G.” The report concluded that the commonly
used RF-EMFs are likely carcinogenic to humans and have a definitive
impact on male fertility. It also suggested potential adverse effects on
the development of embryos, fetuses, and newborns. To mitigate these
adverse effects, the organization proposed several strategies. These
include favoring non-wireless connections, increasing distance from the
source of RF-EMFs, switching off devices when not in use, and practicing
safe phone usage [55].
--
A comprehensive review of 5G NR
RF-EMF exposure assessment technologies: fundamentals, advancements,
challenges, niches, and implications
Korkmaz E, Aerts S, Coesoij R, Bhatt CR, Velghe M, Colussi L, Land D,
Petroulakis N, Spirito M, Bolte J. A comprehensive review of 5G NR
RF-EMF exposure assessment technologies: fundamentals, advancements,
challenges, niches, and implications. Environ Res. 2024 Jul 5:119524.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119524.
 Abstract This
review offers a detailed examination of the current landscape of radio
frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) assessment tools, ranging
from spectrum analyzers and broadband field meters to area monitors and
custom-built devices. The discussion encompasses both standardized and
non-standardized measurement protocols, shedding light on the various
methods employed in this domain. Furthermore, the review highlights the
prevalent use of mobile apps for characterizing 5G-NR radio network
data. A growing need for low-cost measurement devices is observed,
commonly referred to as ”sensors” or ”sensor nodes,” that are capable of
enduring diverse environmental conditions. These sensors play a crucial
role in both microenvironmental surveys and individual exposures,
enabling stationary, mobile, and personal exposure assessments based on
body-worn sensors, across wider geographical areas. This review revealed
a notable need for cost-effective and long-lasting sensors, whether for
individual exposure assessments, mobile (vehicle-integrated)
measurements, or incorporation into distributed sensor networks.
However, there is a lack of comprehensive information on existing
custom-developed RF-EMF measurement tools, especially in terms of
measuring uncertainty. Additionally, there is a need for real-time,
fast-sampling solutions to understand the highly irregular temporal
variations EMF distribution in next-generation networks. Given the
diversity of tools and methods, a comprehensive comparison is crucial to
determine the necessary statistical tools for aggregating the available
measurement data. Open access paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935124014294 |
|
--
Under
the Hood of Electromagnetic Field Estimation and Evaluation in 5G
Networks
Estrada-Jimenez JC, Pardo E, Roth U, L. Selmane L, Faye S. Under
the Hood of Electromagnetic Field Estimation and Evaluation in 5G
Networks. IEEE Access, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3418301.
Abstract
The estimation of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure is
critical for evaluating the potential health risks associated with
wireless network implementation. With the advent of new communication
technologies, such as 5G and 6G, new methodologies are required. Indeed,
higher frequency ranges are being studied, necessitating an increased
number of base stations for service provision. In this paper, we
introduce a novel methodology for EMF estimation in 5G mobile networks.
We also evaluate common scenarios that mobile network operators
frequently encounter, resulting in additional exposure, such as
interference, overpropagation, and the presence of other users. Our
approach is validated through a combination of simulated values and real
data collected from sensors deployed in the field. Finally, a digital
twin approach is proposed to combine the simulated values with the real
data obtained from radio frequency sensors. The scenario is deployed in
Belval, Luxembourg.
--
Demonstration of Safe Electromagnetic
Radiation Emitted by 5G Active Antenna Systems
Kumar S, Sheemar CK,
Astro A,
Querol J,
Chatzinotas S. Demonstration of Safe Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by 5G Active Antenna Systems.
arXiv:2406.07910v1 [cs.ET] 12 Jun 2024.
Abstract
The careful planning and safe deployment of 5G technologies will bring
enormous benefits to society and economy. Higher frequency, beamforming
and small-cells are key technologies that will provide unmatched
throughput and seamless connectivity to the 5G users. Superficial
knowledge of these technologies has raised concerns among the general
public about the harmful effects of radiation. Several standardization
bodies are active to put limits on the emissions which are based on a
defined set of radiation measurement methodologies. However, due to the
peculiarity of 5G such as dynamicity of the beams, network
densification, Time Division Duplexing mode of operation, etc, using
existing EMF measurement methods may provide inaccurate results.
In this context, we discuss our experimental studies aimed towards the
measurement of radiation caused by beam-based transmissions from 5G
base-station equipped with an Active Antenna System (AAS). We elaborate
on the shortcomings of current measurement methodologies and address
several open questions. Next, we demonstrate that using user-specific
downlink beamforming, not only better performance is achieved compared
to non-beamformed downlink, but also the radiation in the vicinity of
the intended user is significantly decreased. Further, we show that
under weak reception conditions, an uplink transmission can cause
significantly high radiation in the vicinity of the user-equipment. We
believe that our work will help in clearing several misleading concepts
about the 5G EMF radiation effects. We conclude the work by providing
guidelines to improve the methodology of EMF measurement by considering
the spatio-temporal dynamicity of the 5G transmission.
--
Smartphone-Based Methodology
Applied to Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment
López-Espí PL, Sánchez-Montero R, Guillén-Pina J, Castro-Sanz R,
Chocano-Del-Cerro R, Martínez-Rojas JA. Smartphone-Based Methodology
Applied to Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment. Sensors (Basel).
2024 May 31;24(11):3561. doi: 10.3390/s24113561.
Abstract
This study presents the measurements of exposure to
electromagnetic fields, carried out comparatively following standard
methods from fixed sites using a broadband meter and using a smartphone
on which an App designed for this purpose has been installed. The
results of two measurement campaigns carried out on the campus of the
University of Alcalá over an area of 1.9 km2 are presented.
To characterize the exposure, 20 fixed points were measured in the first
case and 860 points along the route made with a bicycle in the last
case. The results obtained indicate that there is proportionality
between the two methods, making it possible to use the smartphone for
comparative measurements. The presented methodology makes it possible to
characterize the exposure in the area under study in four times less
time than that required with the traditional methodology
--
A boundary element method of bidomain
modeling for predicting cellular responses to electromagnetic fields
Czerwonky DM, Aberra AS, Gomez LJ. A boundary element method of bidomain
modeling for predicting cellular responses to electromagnetic fields. J
Neural Eng. 2024 Jun 11. doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad5704.
Abstract
Objective:
Commonly used cable equation approaches for simulating the effects of
electromagnetic fields on excitable cells make several simplifying
assumptions that could limit their predictive power. Bidomain or “whole”
finite element methods have been developed to fully couple cells and
electric fields for more realistic neuron modeling. Here, we introduce a
novel bidomain integral equation designed for determining the full
electromagnetic coupling between stimulation devices and the
intracellular, membrane, and extracellular regions of neurons.
Methods:
Our proposed boundary element formulation offers a solution to an
integral equation that connects the device, tissue inhomogeneity, and
cell membrane-induced E-fields. We solve this integral equation using
first-order nodal elements and an unconditionally stable Crank-Nicholson
time-stepping scheme. To validate and demonstrate our approach, we
simulated cylindrical Hodgkin-Huxley axons and spherical cells in
multiple brain stimulation scenarios.
Main
Results: Comparison studies show that a boundary element approach
produces accurate results for both electric and magnetic stimulation.
Unlike bidomain finite element methods, the bidomain boundary element
method does not require volume meshes containing features at multiple
scales. As a result, modeling cells, or tightly packed populations of
cells, with microscale features embedded in a macroscale head model, is
simplified, and the relative placement of devices and cells can be
varied without the need to generate a new mesh.
Significance:
Device-induced electromagnetic fields are commonly used to modulate
brain activity for research and therapeutic applications. Bidomain
solvers allow for the full incorporation of realistic cell geometries,
device E-fields, and neuron populations. Thus, multi-cell studies of
advanced neuronal mechanisms would greatly benefit from the development
of fast-bidomain solvers to ensure scalability and the practical
execution of neural network simulations with realistic neuron
morphologies.
Conclusion
We
introduced a novel bidomain integral equation for modeling the electric
response of neuron cells to device-induced E-fields. Our study includes
several canonical test cases with unmyelinated cells, including
scenarios with multiple cells, transverse polarization, DBS electrodes
at varying proximity to multiple axon geometries, and TMS with a
spherical head model. The study results indicate that (1) the hybrid
cable-equation approach is a sufficient choice for most simulations, (2)
longitudinal stimulation serves as the primary activation mechanism for
electromagnetic brain stimulation, and (3) multi-cell studies of
advanced mechanisms would greatly benefit from further development of
fast-bidomain or hybrid cable-bidomain solvers. Our future efforts will
focus on developing fast bidomain solvers to fully incorporate realistic
neuron morphologies.
Acknowledgements
Preliminary
results for this work have been presented at the Applied Computational
Electromagnetics Society (ACES) 2023 conference (March 2023, Monterey,
California, USA)[67], the 2023 IEEE MTTS International Conference on
Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization
(NEMO’2023, June 2023, Winnipeg, Canada), the IEEE International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society and USNC-URSI Radio
Science Meeting (IEEE-AP-S 2023, July 2023, Portland, Oregon, USA), and
the Brain and Human Body Modeling conference 2023 (BHBM 2023, August
2023, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Additionally, a preprint of this
manuscript has been uploaded to https://www.biorxiv.org.
Research
reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of
Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number
R00MH120046. The content of the current research is solely the
responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the
official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Additionally,
this effort was sponsored by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
through CIA Federal Labs. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce
and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any
copyright notation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein
are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily
representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or
implied, of the U.S. Government or of the Central Intelligence Agency.
--
(In)accuracy and convergent validity of daily end-of-day and single-time
self-reported estimations of smartphone use among adolescents
Tkaczyk
M, Tancoš M, Smahel D, Elavsky S, Plhák J. (In)accuracy and convergent
validity of daily end-of-day and single-time self-reported estimations
of smartphone use among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior. Vol.
158, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2024.108281.
Abstract
Understanding
the measurement inaccuracy and bias introduced by self-reports of
smartphone use is essential for making meaningful inferences about
smartphone use and its effects. Evidence for the self-reports of
smartphone use in intensive longitudinal studies is largely missing.
Based on self-reported and digital trace data from 137 Czech adolescents
(41% girls, Mage = 14.95 years), this study examined the accuracy,
directional bias, and convergent validity of daily end-of-day and
single-time reports of screen time and phone-checking behavior. Overall,
the study found considerable discrepancies between self-reported
smartphone use and digital trace and low between-person convergent
validity for all self-reports considered for the study. Respondents
usually reported shorter screen time and lower frequency of
phone-checking behavior as compared to digital trace, both in daily and
single-time self-reports. The within-person convergent validity between
daily reports and digital tracking was low, indicating poor self-reports
ability to capture the actual day-to-day fluctuations in smartphone
use. This study adds to the existing evidence showing that self-reports
based insights into how people use smartphones differ considerably from
digital trace data and shows that both person and situational levels
contribute to explaining the discrepancy between digital trace and
self-report data among adolescents.
--
Fuzzy-Based Bioengineering System for Predicting and Diagnosing Diseases
of the Nervous System Triggered by the Interaction of Industrial
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Korenevskiy NA, Al-Kasasbeh RT, Krikunova EA, Rodionova SN, Shaqdan A,
Al-Habahbeh OM, Filist S, Alshamasin MS, Khrisat MS, Ilyash M.
Fuzzy-Based Bioengineering System for Predicting and Diagnosing Diseases
of the Nervous System Triggered by the Interaction of Industrial
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2024;52(5):1-16.
doi: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2024053240.
Abstract
The study aims to enhance the standard of medical care for
individuals working in the electric power industry who are exposed to
industrial frequency electromagnetic fields and other relevant risk
factors. This enhancement is sought through the integration of fuzzy
mathematical models with contemporary information and intellectual
technologies. The study addresses the challenges of forecasting and
diagnosing illnesses within a specific demographic characterized by a
combination of poorly formalized issues with interconnected conditions.
To tackle this complexity, a methodological framework was developed for
synthesizing hybrid fuzzy decision rules. This approach combines
clinical expertise with artificial intelligence methodologies to promote
innovative problem-solving strategies. Additionally, the researchers
devised an original method to evaluate the body's protective capacity,
which was integrated into these decision rules to enhance the precision
and efficacy of medical decision-making processes. The research findings
indicate that industrial frequency electromagnetic fields contribute to
illnesses of societal significance. Additionally, it highlights that
these effects are worsened by other risk factors such as adverse
microclimates, noise, vibration, chemical exposure, and psychological
stress. Diseases of the neurological, immunological, cardiovascular,
genitourinary, respiratory, and digestive systems are caused by these
variables in conjunction with unique physical traits. The development of
mathematical models in this study makes it possible to detect and
diagnose disorders in workers exposed to electromagnetic fields early
on, especially those pertaining to the autonomic nervous system and
heart rhythm regulation. The results can be used in clinical practice to
treat personnel in the electric power industry since expert evaluation
and modeling showed high confidence levels in decision-making accuracy.
--
Exposure assessment and cytogenetic biomonitoring study of
workers occupationally exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic
fields
Nguyen H, Vandewalle G, Mertens B, Collard
JF, Hinsenkamp M, Verschaeve L, Feipel V, Magne I, Souques M, Beauvois
V, Ledent M. Exposure assessment and cytogenetic biomonitoring study of
workers occupationally exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic
fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 2024 Jun 11. doi: 10.1002/bem.22506.
Abstract
Human cytogenetic biomonitoring (HCB) has long been used to evaluate the
potential effects of work environments on the DNA integrity of workers.
However, HCB studies on the genotoxic effects of occupational exposure
to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-MFs) were limited
by the quality of the exposure assessment. More specifically, concerns
were raised regarding the method of exposure assessment, the selection
of exposure metrics, and the definition of exposure group. In this
study, genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to ELF-MFs were
assessed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 88 workers from the
electrical sector using the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus
assay, considering workers' actual exposure over three consecutive days.
Different methods were applied to define exposure groups. Overall, the
summarized ELF-MF data indicated a low exposure level in the whole study
population. It also showed that relying solely on job titles might
misclassify 12 workers into exposure groups. We proposed combining
hierarchical agglomerative clustering on personal exposure data and job
titles to define exposure groups. The final results showed that
occupational MF exposure did not significantly induce more genetic
damage. Other factors such as age or past smoking rather than ELF-MF
exposure could affect the cytogenetic test outcomes.
Highlights
-
The study results indicated that exposure assessment had better rely on the workers' actual exposure data.
Electrical workers in this study were exposed on
average to quite low levels of 50 Hz magnetic fields at work. But there
was wide variability between workers. This highlights the value of using
cluster analysis on workers' actual exposure data to define exposure
groups.
-
Occupational exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields did
not significantly increase the level of DNA or chromosomal damage on
workers' blood samples.
--
Thoughts on the entanglement
of electromagnetism and life: A theoretical study
Zsarnovszky A. Thoughts on the entanglement
of electromagnetism and life: A theoretical study. Acta Vet Hung. 2024
Jun 18. doi: 10.1556/004.2023.00976. Epub ahead of print. PMID:
38888962.
Abstract
Dissection of the matter into its constituents leads us to the
smallest particles that we know. These particles form a material
structure that is determined by the electromagnetic field generated and
carried by those particles. Changes in any of the two major constituents
leads to changes in that material system, be it a living organism or a
lifeless object. The latter statement carries the mystery of life that
is born from a continuous and programmed series of system changes
fuelled by an energy source with a yet unknown functioning mechanism.
The present work is a theoretical approach towards the understanding and
potential discovery of the aforementioned, not-yet-known cellular
energetic mechanism. Understanding the energetic basis of intracellular
biochemistry is equally important in human and animal therapeutics.
Additionally, as all such discoveries offer novel solutions in various
fields of the global industry, the final outcome of this theoretical
work also brings about the idea of a new discovery in electronics
industry.
--
Investigation of genetic stress parameters in
brain tissues of rats exposed to 1.8 GHz cell phone radiofrequency
electromagnetic field
Arslan
B, Aras N, Yaman S, Comelekoglu U. Investigation of genetic stress
parameters in brain tissues of rats exposed to 1.8 GHz cell phone
radiofrequency electromagnetic field. Med Science. 2024;13(1):78-82.
Abstract
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) may induce various cellular processes, including replication, apoptosis, cell-cycle progression. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are the primary mechanism that mediates the cellular stress response to extracellular stimuli and regulates transcriptional activity. It has been shown that mobile phone exposure can stimulate the Hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway. In this study, twenty-seven mature female Wistar albino rats were exposed to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) 2h/day for 8 weeks (SAR: 0.06 W/kg). Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expressions were investigated in rat brains. Rats were divided into groups sham-exposed, cage control, and 1.8 GHz RF-EMF exposed. Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expression levels were investigated from the brain. p38MAPK expression was found to be upregulated in RF-EMF exposed group (p=0.018) Hsp27 expressions were not altered (p=0.897). In conclusion, long-term exposure to 1.8 GHz cell phone radiation can activate the Hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway. It may cause several cellular disorders and can affect brain function.
--
Critical role of model organism
selection in assessing weak urban electromagnetic field effects:
Implications for human health
Sincak M, Adamkova P, Demeckova V, Smelko M, Lipovsky P, Oravec M,
Luptakova A, Sedlakova-Kadukova J. Critical role of model organism
selection in assessing weak urban electromagnetic field effects:
Implications for human health. Bioelectrochemistry. 2024 Jun
29;160:108756. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108756.
Highlights
Real urban electromagnetic field present a combination 50 and 150 Hz in ratio 4:1.
Macrophages shifted from M2 to M1 phenotype in 2 h in urban magnetic field.
Urban magnetic fields can induce pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype.
Yeast showed only one change: 17 h exponential growth phase extension.
Is crucial to choose proper organism for study of urban magnetic field perception.
Abstract
The impact of electromagnetic fields on human health has been
investigated in recent years using various model organisms, yet the
findings remain unclear. In our work, we examined the effect of
less-explored, weak electromagnetic fields commonly found in the urban
environments we inhabit. We studied different impacts of electromagnetic
fields with a frequency of 50 Hz and a combination of 50 Hz and 150 Hz,
on both yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and human macrophages. We
determined growth, survival, and protein composition (SDS-PAGE)
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and morphology of macrophages (human
monocytic cell line). In yeast, the sole observed change after 24 h of
exposure was the extension of the exponential growth phase by 17 h.
Conversely, macrophages exhibited morphological transformations from the
anti-inflammatory to the pro-inflammatory type within just 2 h of
exposure to the electromagnetic field. Our results suggest that effects
of electromagnetic field largely depend on the model organism. The
selection of an appropriate model organism proves essential for the
study of the specific impacts of electromagnetic fields. The potential
risk associated with the presence of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in
everyday urban environments primarily arises from the continual
promotion of inflammatory reactions within a healthy organism and
deserves further investigation.
Conclusion
Based
on our observations, macrophages appear to be more responsive to the
presence of an electromagnetic field, making them a more proper model
organism for describing the influence of the urban electromagnetic
environment on humans compared to yeasts. Our results demonstrate that
while yeasts did not exhibit changes in growth, pH, and redox potential
within 24 h under low-intensity fields (20 µT and 50 or 50/150 Hz),
immune system cells detected a magnetic field alteration within just
2 h, manifested in a shift in their phenotype.
Though
these changes were temporary, the transformation of macrophages into
pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages raises concerns about the potential
risks associated with prolonged exposure to the weak urban
electromagnetic fields that surround us daily. Continuous exposure to
electromagnetic fields in our daily lives may have adverse effects on
our health, as demonstrated through the use of macrophages as model
organisms.
--
On the origin of the
biological effects of time varying magnetic fields: quantitative
insights
Ravikumar K, Roy Choudury AN, Dubey AK, Kumaran V, Basu B. On the origin of the
biological effects of time varying magnetic fields: quantitative
insights. J Mater Chem B. 2024 Jul 3. doi: 10.1039/d4tb00362d.
Abstract
In a number of recently published experimental studies from our research
group, the positive impact of magnetic stimuli (static/pulsed) on cell
functionality modulation or bactericidal effects, in vitro, has
been established. In order to develop a theoretical understanding of
such magnetobiological effects, the present study aimed to present two
quantitative models to determine magnetic Maxwell stresses as well as
pressure acting on the cell membrane, under the influence of a time
varying magnetic field. The model predicts that magnetic field-induced
stress on the cell/bacteria is dependent on the conductivity properties
of the extracellular region, which is determined to be too low to cause
any significant effect. However, the force on the cell/bacteria due to
the induced electric field is more influential than that of the magnetic
field, which has been used to determine the membrane tension that can
cause membrane poration. With a known critical membrane tension for
cells, the field parameters necessary to cause membrane rupture have
been estimated. Based on the experimental results and theoretically
predicted values, the field parameters can be classified into three
regimes, wherein the magnetic fields cause no effect or result in
biophysical stimulation or induce cell death due to membrane damage.
Taken together, this work provides some quantitative insights into the
impact of magnetic fields on biological systems.
--
Do non-ionizing radiation concerns affect people's choice between hybrid and traditional cars?
Anat Tchetchik, Sigal Kaplan, Orit Rotem-Mindali O. Do non-ionizing radiation concerns affect people's choice between hybrid and traditional cars? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 131, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2024.104226.
Abstract
The growing market for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) has raised concerns about the long-term impacts of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) exposure. This study is the first to address the impact of NIR on consumer choice between HEV and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. We explore the hypothesis that NIR is associated with a lower probability of HEV choice in the presence of NIR information and the relative effect of NIR-health concerns versus environmental attitudes and driving norms. The data are collected from a stated choice experiment and estimated via a hybrid choice model. The results show that i NIR is associated with a lower choice probability of HEV, ii NIR-dread is associated with a higher probability of choosing ICE vehicles, while skepticism about NIR is associated with a higher probability of choosing HEV, iii prompting positively or negatively framed information about NIR discourages HEV choice compared to providing no information.
Conclusions and policy recommendations
The results show the effect of NIR-associated barriers on the choice of HEV versus ICE and highlight the following policy recommendations.
First, the massive production of EVs combined with the lack of regulatory frameworks can lead to the introduction of low-cost car models with low NIR safety standards (Trentadue et al., 2020). The European Union recommends a clear regulatory framework and international standards to promote the transition toward EVs. This study showed that NIR levels negatively affect the choice of HEV, signaling to car manufacturers and policymakers that consumers are concerned about NIR levels. Accordingly, setting NIR safety standards and maintaining low NIR levels are important goals for the transition toward autonomous, connected, electric vehicles.
Second, this study showed that while NIR dread was a discouraging factor, NIR skepticism was a strong choice motivator. Thus, perceived occurrence probability is as important as NIR risk dread. As with other health issues, prevalence across the population is an important decision-making factor that, in the absence of information, may lead to self-exemption beliefs. Scientific evidence from large-scale studies regarding both short- and long-term NIR effects and their prevalence in the population and among risk groups will enable informed decision-making, help mitigate NIR dread, and establish meaningful guidelines for in-vehicle NIR levels. With climate goals requiring the transition toward EV by 2030 and with the rapid technological advancement of autonomous, connected, electric vehicles, establishing the prevalence of NIR short- and long-term health effects is important for the future of the industry.
Third, better information quality strengthens the relationship between the depiction of new vehicle technologies and perceived purchase value (Zhang et al., 2022). Our study showed that both positive and negative framing can lead to a lower choice probability when an NIR safety threshold is provided. In this study, the information that “Studies show that long-term exposure to NIR levels below 4 mG is safe” was associated with lower choice probabilities, similar to the case of negative framing, “Studies show that long-term exposure to NIR levels below 4 mG increases the health risks to health concerns.” Policymakers and manufacturers must consider information quality in terms of accuracy, clarity, ambiguity, and potential sources of confusion and decision bias. In this study, consumers used the provided threshold of 4 mG as a decision anchor, which means that consumers in some cultural contexts seek clear, “fast and frugal” evaluation criteria without engaging in complex exposure evaluations.
Finally, the model shows that travel with children is negatively associated with HEV leasing. Nevertheless, while NIR dread is negatively associated with HEV leasing, an additional interaction effect between NIR levels and travel with children was not statistically significant. These results indicate that while NIR dread is important, there is no additional health concerns particularly asso- ciated with travel with children. Hence, the decrease in the HEV leasing propensity when traveling with children may be associated with other reasons, such as vehicle reliability or other concerns that were not investigated in the current study. Notably, previous studies found a particular concern for children’s health-related to NIR from mobile phones and cellular stations. Leach and Bromwich (2018) found that two-thirds of the participants believed that mobile technology use should be restricted due to possible health risks to children’s health. P¨olzl (2011) added that 30 % of the population had strong or considerable concerns regarding NIR health risks to children, and noted that adults can be motivated to adjust their behavior to protect their children. Further research is important in other regions and contexts, to understand more thoroughly the issue of HEV leasing or purchase when traveling with children.
--
50 Hz magnetic field influences
caspase-3 activity and cell cycle distribution in ionizing radiation
exposed SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Nieminen V, Martikainen MV, Kalliomäki S, Virén T, Seppälä J,
Juutilainen J, Naarala J, Luukkonen J. 50 Hz magnetic field influences
caspase-3 activity and cell cycle distribution in ionizing radiation
exposed SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 2024 Jun
26:1-10. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2369105.
Abstract
Purpose: Earlier evidence suggests that extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MFs) can modify the effects of carcinogenic agents. However, the studies conducted so far with ionizing radiation as the co-exposure agent are sparse and have provided inconclusive results. We investigated whether 50 Hz MFs alone, or in combination with ionizing radiation alter cell biological variables relevant to cancer and the biological effects of ionizing radiation.
Materials and methods: Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were sham exposed or exposed to 100 or 500 µT MF for 24 h either before or after ionizing radiation exposure (0, 0.4 or 2 Gy). After the exposures, cells were assayed for viability, clonogenicity, reactive oxygen species, caspase-3 activity, and cell cycle distribution. Cell cycle distribution was assayed with propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry analysis and ROS levels were assayed together with cell viability by double staining with DeepRed and Sytox Blue followed by flow cytometry analysis.
Results: Increased caspase-3 activity was observed in cells exposed to 500 µT MF before or after ionizing radiation. Furthermore, exposure to the 500 µT MF after the ionizing radiation decreased the percentage of cells in S-phase. No changes in the ROS levels, clonogenicity, or viability of the cells were observed in the MF exposed groups compared to the corresponding sham exposed groups, and no MF effects were observed in cells exposed at 100 µT.
Conclusions: Only the 500 µT magnetic flux density affected SH-SY5Y cells significantly. The effects were small but may nevertheless help to understand how MFs modify the effects of ionizing radiation. The increase in caspase-3 activity may not reflect effects on apoptosis, as no changes were observed in the subG1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast to some earlier findings, 50 Hz MF exposure after ionizing radiation was not less effective than MF treatment given prior to ionizing radiation.
--
Electromagnetic
field-induced adaptive response in Schwann cells through DNA
methylation, histone deacetylation, and oxidative stress
Colciago A, Mohamed T, Colleoni D, Melfi V, Magnaghi V. Electromagnetic
field-induced adaptive response in Schwann cells through DNA
methylation, histone deacetylation, and oxidative stress. J Cell
Physiol. 2024 Jun 30:e31365. doi: 10.1002/jcp.31365.
Abstract
Schwannomas are benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system
arising from the transformation of Schwann cells (SCs). On the whole,
these tumors are related to alterations of the neurofibromin type 2
gene, coding for the oncosuppressor merlin, a cytoskeleton-associated
protein belonging to the ezrin-radixin-moesin family. However, the
underlying mechanisms of schwannoma onset and progression are not fully
elucidated, whereas one of the challenges might be the environment. In
this light, the exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF), generated by
the use of common electrical devices, has been defiantly suggested as
the cause of SCs transformation even if the evidence was mostly
epidemiologic. Indeed, insubstantial mechanisms have been so far
identified to explain SCs oncotransformation. Recently, some in vitro
evidence pointed out alterations in proliferation and migration
abilities in SCs exposed to EMF (0.1 T, 50 Hz, 10 min). Here, we used
the same experimental paradigma to discuss the involvement of putative
epigenetic mechanisms in SCs adaptation to EMF and to explain the
occurrence of hypoxic alterations after the exposure. Our findings
indicate a set of environmental-induced changes in SCs, toward a
less-physiological state, which may be pathologically relevant for the
SCs differentiation and the schwannoma development.
--
The Slowest Shared Resonance: A Review of
Electromagnetic Field Oscillations Between Central and Peripheral
Nervous Systems
Young A, Hunt T, Ericson M. The Slowest Shared Resonance: A Review of
Electromagnetic Field Oscillations Between Central and Peripheral
Nervous Systems. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022 Feb 16;15:796455. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2021.796455.
Abstract
Electromagnetic field oscillations produced by the brain are
increasingly being viewed as causal drivers of consciousness. Recent
research has highlighted the importance of the body's various endogenous
rhythms in organizing these brain-generated fields through various
types of entrainment. We expand this approach by examining evidence of
extracerebral shared oscillations between the brain and other parts of
the body, in both humans and animals. We then examine the degree to
which these data support one of General Resonance Theory's (GRT)
principles: the Slowest Shared Resonance (SSR) principle, which states
that the combination of micro- to macro-consciousness in coupled field
systems is a function of the slowest common denominator frequency or
resonance. This principle may be utilized to develop a spatiotemporal
hierarchy of brain-body shared resonance systems. It is predicted that a
system's SSR decreases with distance between the brain and various
resonating structures in the body. The various resonance relationships
examined, including between the brain and gastric neurons, brain and
sensory organs, and brain and spinal cord, generally match the predicted
SSR relationships, empirically supporting this principle of GRT.
--
Brain structure alterations following neonatal
exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields: A histological
analysis
Sissons SM, Dotta BT. Brain structure alterations following neonatal
exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields: A histological
analysis. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2024 Jul 5. doi: 10.1002/jdn.10361.
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been
extensively studied for their roles in neurobiology, particularly in
regulating cerebral functions and synaptic plasticity. This study
investigates the impact of EMFs on NO modulation and its subsequent
effects on neurodevelopment, building upon prior research examining EMF
exposure's consequences on Wistar albino rats. Rats were exposed
perinatally to either tap water, 1 g/L of L-arginine (LA) or 0.5 g/L of
N-methylarginine (NMA). Half of the rats in each group were also exposed
to a 7-Hz square-wave EMF at three separate intensities (5, 50 and 500
nT) for 2-14 days following birth. Animals were allowed to develop, and
their brains were harvested later in adulthood (mean age = 568.17 days,
SD = 162.73). Histological analyses were used to elucidate structural
changes in key brain regions. All brains were stained with Toluidine
Blue O (TBO), enabling the visualization of neurons. Neuronal counts
were then conducted in specific regions of interest (e.g. hippocampus,
cortices, amygdala and hypothalamus). Histological analyses revealed
significant alterations in neuronal density in specific brain regions,
particularly in response to EMF exposure and pharmacological
interventions. Notable findings include a main EMF exposure effect where
increased neuronal counts were observed in the secondary somatosensory
cortex under low EMF intensities (p < 0.001) and sex-specific
responses in the hippocampus, where a significant increase in neuronal
counts was observed in the left CA3 region in female rats exposed to EMF
compared to unexposed females (t(18) = 2.371, p = 0.029). Additionally,
a significant increase in neuronal counts in the right entorhinal
cortex was seen in male rats exposed to EMF compared to unexposed males
(t(18) = 2.216, p = 0.040). These findings emphasize the complex
interaction among sex, EMF exposure and pharmacological agents on
neuronal dynamics across brain regions, highlighting the need for
further research to identify underlying mechanisms and potential
implications for cognitive function and neurological health in clinical
and environmental contexts.
--
Electromagnetic Exposure Levels of Electric Vehicle Drive Motors to Passenger Wearing Cardiac Pacemakers
Dong X, Qian Y, Lu M.
Electromagnetic Exposure Levels of Electric Vehicle Drive Motors to Passenger Wearing Cardiac Pacemakers. Sensors. 2024; 24(13):4395. doi: 10.3390/s24134395
Abstract
The number of individuals wearing
cardiac pacemakers is gradually increasing as the population ages and
cardiovascular disease becomes highly prevalent. The safety of pacemaker
wearers is of significant concern because they must ensure that the
device properly functions in various life scenarios. Electric vehicles
have become one of the most frequently used travel tools due to the
gradual promotion of low-carbon travel policies in various countries.
The electromagnetic environment inside the vehicle is highly complex
during driving due to the integration of numerous high-power electrical
devices inside the vehicle. In order to ensure the safety of this group,
the paper takes passengers wearing cardiac pacemakers as the object and
the electric vehicle drive motors as the exposure source. Calculation
models, with the vehicle body, human body, heart, and cardiac pacemaker,
are built. The induced electric field, specific absorption rate, and
temperature changes in the passenger’s body and heart are calculated by
using the finite element method. Results show that the maximum value of
the induced electric field of the passenger occurs at the ankle of the
body, which is 60.3 mV/m. The value of the induced electric field of the
heart is greater than that of the human trunk, and the maximum value
(283 mV/m) is around the pacemaker electrode. The maximum specific
absorption rate of the human body is 1.08 × 10−6 W/kg, and that of heart positioned near the electrode is 2.76 × 10−5 W/kg. In addition, the maximum temperature increases of the human torso, heart, and pacemaker are 0.16 × 10−5 °C, 0.4 × 10−6 °C, and 0.44 × 10−6
°C within 30 min, respectively. Accordingly, the induced electric
field, specific absorption rate, and temperature rise in the human body
and heart are less than the safety limits specified in the ICNIRP. The
electric field intensity at the pacemaker electrode and the temperature
rise of the pacemaker meet the requirements of the medical device
standards of ICNIRP and ISO 14708-2. Consequently, the electromagnetic
radiation from the motor operation in the electric vehicle does not pose
a safety risk to the health of passengers wearing cardiac pacemakers in
this paper. This study also contributes to advancing research on the
electromagnetic environment of electric vehicles and provides guidance
for ensuring the safe travel of individuals wearing cardiac pacemakers.
--
Personal light exposure
patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes: analysis of 13 million hours
of light sensor data and 670,000 person-years of prospective observation
Daniel
P. Windred, Angus C. Burns, Martin K. Rutter, Chris Ho Ching Yeung,
Jacqueline M. Lane, Qian Xiao, Richa Saxena, Sean W. Cain, Andrew J. K.
Phillips. Personal light exposure
patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes: analysis of 13 million hours
of light sensor data and 670,000 person-years of prospective
observation. Lancet. 2024.
doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100943.
Abstract
Background
Light at night disrupts circadian rhythms, and circadian disruption is a
risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Whether personal light exposure
predicts diabetes risk has not been demonstrated in a large prospective
cohort. We therefore assessed whether personal light exposure patterns
predicted risk of incident type 2 diabetes in UK Biobank participants,
using ∼13 million hours of light sensor data.
Methods
Participants (N = 84,790, age (M ± SD) = 62.3 ± 7.9 years, 58% female)
wore light sensors for one week, recording day and night light exposure.
Circadian amplitude and phase were modeled from weekly light data.
Incident type 2 diabetes was recorded (1997 cases; 7.9 ± 1.2 years
follow-up; excluding diabetes cases prior to light-tracking). Risk of
incident type 2 diabetes was assessed as a function of day and night
light, circadian phase, and circadian amplitude, adjusting for age, sex,
ethnicity, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and polygenic risk.
Findings
Compared to people with dark nights (0–50th percentiles), diabetes risk
was incrementally higher across brighter night light exposure
percentiles (50–70th: multivariable-adjusted HR = 1.29 [1.14–1.46];
70–90th: 1.39 [1.24–1.57]; and 90–100th: 1.53 [1.32–1.77]). Diabetes
risk was higher in people with lower modeled circadian amplitude (aHR =
1.07 [1.03–1.10] per SD), and with early or late circadian phase (aHR
range: 1.06–1.26). Night light and polygenic risk independently
predicted higher diabetes risk. The difference in diabetes risk between
people with bright and dark nights was similar to the difference between
people with low and moderate genetic risk.
Interpretation Type 2
diabetes risk was higher in people exposed to brighter night light, and
in people exposed to light patterns that may disrupt circadian rhythms.
Avoidance of light at night could be a simple and cost-effective
recommendation that mitigates risk of diabetes, even in
those with high genetic risk.
--
IEC/IEEE Draft International Standard - Assessment methods of the human
exposure to electric and magnetic fields from wireless power transfer
systems
IEC/IEEE Draft International Standard - Assessment methods of the human
exposure to electric and magnetic fields from wireless power transfer
systems - models, instrumentation, measurement and numerical methods and
procedures (Frequency range of 1 kHz to 30 MHz). IEC/IEEE P63184/FDIS, June 2024 , vol., no., pp.1-153, 26 June 2024.
Abstract
The objective of this document is to specify the assessment methods to
evaluate compliance of stationary and dynamic wireless power transfer
(WPT) systems with electromagnetic human exposure guidelines (specific
absorption rate (SAR), internal electric fields, or current density
including contact currents). The frequency range covered by this
document is from 1 kHz to 30 MHz. This version of the standard focuses
on exposures from inductive WPT systems. Future versions will consider
extended guidance for assessments of exposure from capacitive WPT
systems.
