Recent Research on Wireless Radiation and Electromagnetic Fields

I have been circulating abstracts of newly-published scientific papers on radio frequency and other non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) monthly since 2016. The complete collection contains more than 2500 abstracts with links to these papers. Several hundred EMF scientists around the world receive these updates.

To download Volume 3 which contains abstracts of papers published since 2024 

(including the new papers listed below) click on the following link (486 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFstudies-Oct-2025

To download Volume 2 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2021 through 2023 

click on the following link (867 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFStudies-2021-2023

To download Volume 1 which contains abstracts of papers published from 2016 through 2020 

click on the following link (875 page pdf):

https://bit.ly/EMFStudies-2016-2020

The abstracts for recently published papers appear below.

 

The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety

Melnick RL, Moskowitz JM, Héroux P, Mallery-Blythe E, McCredden JE, Herbert M, Hardell L, Phillips A, Belpoggi F, Frank JW, Scarato T, Kelley E, on behalf of the International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF). The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety. Environ Health 24, 70 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4.

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned 12 systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) on health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The health outcomes selected for those reviews (cancer, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, cognitive impairment, birth outcomes, male fertility, oxidative stress, and heat-related effects) were based on a WHO-conducted international survey. The SR of the studies of cancer in laboratory animal studies was the only one that did not include a MA, because those authors considered it inappropriate due to methodological differences among the available studies, including differences in exposure characteristics (carrier frequency, modulation, polarization), experimental parameters (hours/day of exposure, duration of exposure, exposure systems), and different biological models. MAs in all the other SRs suffered from relatively few primary studies available for each MA (sometimes due to excessive subgrouping), exclusion of relevant studies, weaknesses in many of the included primary studies, lack of a framework for analyzing complex processes such as those involved in cognitive functions, and/or high between-study heterogeneity. Due to serious methodological flaws and weaknesses in the conduct of the reviews and MAs on health effects of RF-EMF exposure, the WHO-commissioned SRs cannot be used as proof of safety of cell phones and other wireless communication devices. However, the animal cancer SR, which was rated as “high certainty of evidence” for heart schwannomas and “moderate certainty of evidence” for brain gliomas, provided quantitative information that could be used to set exposure limits based on reducing cancer risk. The multiple and significant dose-related adverse effects found in the SRs on male fertility and pregnancy and birth outcome should also serve as the basis for policy decisions to lower exposure limits and reduce human reproductive risks. The report of harmful effects (e.g., cancer, reproductive toxicity, etc.) at doses below the adverse health effect threshold claimed by ICNIRP demonstrates that current exposure limits to RF-EMF, which were established by applying arbitrary uncertainty factors to their putative adverse threshold dose, lack scientific credibility.

Open access: https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-025-01220-4

Supplementary Material 1. "Examples of Working Group Authors’ Ties to Industry"

Supplementary Material 2. "The Meta-Analyses in the WHO RF-EMF Systematic Reviews Yielded Unreliable Results"

https://www.saferemr.com/2022/10/international-commission-on-biological.html

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Review of the evidence on the influence of Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz radiation on oxidative stress and its possible relationship with Alzheimer’s disease

Laván D, Argüelles N, Lluncor A, Huaman D, Moyano J, Ubillus J, Peña M, Paredes M, Hernández I, Guerra A, De La Cruz-Vargas J, Cruz V. Review of the evidence on the influence of Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz radiation on oxidative stress and its possible relationship with Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Neurology. Volume 16, 2025. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1616435.

Abstract

To date, there is no scientific consensus on whether wireless communication systems, such as 2.4 and 5 GHz Wi-Fi, play a crucial role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease through oxidative stress. Although numerous studies have linked oxidative stress to exposure to electromagnetic radiation from wireless systems in various biological contexts, these studies have not established a direct connection to neurodegenerative diseases. Research on Alzheimer’s disease and oxidative stress is an active field in neuroscience and medicine, as oxidative stress involves an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant system’s ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular and neuronal damage. It is essential to recognize that Alzheimer’s disease is multifactorial, and its development generally results from a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The relationship between wireless systems such as Wi-Fi and oxidative stress, as well as its possible link to Alzheimer’s disease, continues to be the subject of research and debate in the scientific community. Although some studies have explored this possible association, the results have been mixed and inconclusive. While research on the health effects of wireless systems remains relevant, it is prudent not to consider this association as an established fact until solid and consistent scientific evidence is available. The study we present focuses on indirectly analyzing the relationship between genes that respond to oxidative stress upon exposure to Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz electromagnetic waves and genes associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Our results indicate that the modification of key genes involved in neurodegeneration, such as GSK3B and APOE, could be exacerbated by prolonged exposure to this radiation. It is essential for future research to explore this hypothesis to further clarify the potential risks associated with electromagnetic radiation and its impact on neuronal health and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Conclusion

In summary, exposure to 2.4 GHz electromagnetic fields emitted by Wi-Fi devices could have an indirect impact on the regulation of genes involved in Alzheimer’s disease, particularly those related to oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis. Although a direct relationship has not been demonstrated, current findings suggest that the alteration of genes such as GSK3B and APOE, which are fundamental in neurodegeneration, could be exacerbated by chronic exposure to this radiation. Future research should address this hypothesis to provide a clearer understanding of the potential risks associated with electromagnetic radiation and its impact on neuronal health and the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

Open access: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1616435

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Microwave and RF Exposure-Induced Molecular and Genetic Alterations

Lin JC. Microwave and RF Exposure-Induced Molecular and Genetic Alterations [Health Matters]. IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 16-17, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1109/MMM.2025.3594272. 

No abstract

"Recent reports of studies on the effects of microwave and RF exposure on molecular and cytogenetic materials have drawn considerable attention. They suggest that RF exposure could induce DNA damage at levels considered safe by promulgated guidelines and regulatory standards.

In particular, a new study described the observation of genetic alterations in rat cancers resulting from lifetime exposure to low-level RF radiation [1]...."

[1] A. M. Brooks et al., “Genetic profiling of rat gliomas and cardiac schwannomas from life-time radiofrequency radiation exposure study using a targeted next-generation sequencing gene panel,” PLoS One, vol. 19, no. 1, 2024, Art. no. e0296699, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296699.

Open access: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11195922

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Experience of Polish Physicians on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity

Undas K, Kanclerz G, Popielak J, Tatoń G. Experience of Polish Physicians on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity. 2025 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Koscielisko, Poland, 2025, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/PAEE68231.2025.11155985.

Abstract

The aim of this project was to assess the knowledge of Polish physicians about the impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health, their knowledge of electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS), and their experiences with patients who consider themselves hypersensitive to EMF. A questionnaire survey was conducted among physicians in a traditional paper-based format, as well as using an online form. Responses were obtained from 355 doctors of various specialties and with different levels of experience, both clinical and scientific. A subjective and objective assessment of the respondents' knowledge about the impact of EMF on humans leads to the disturbing conclusion that their knowledge cannot be considered broad. For example, the subjective self-assessment of knowledge in 1/3 of the respondents is at a very low or low level. Physicians do not seem to be familiar with the WHO guidelines for dealing with people who perceive themselves as hypersensitive to EMF. Respondents are aware of the low level of their knowledge about EMF and most of them are ready to improve their qualifications in this field. They also see the need to spread reliable knowledge about the EMF and its impact on society. The low assessment of doctors' knowledge of EMF and EHS is even more concerning as EHS is a phenomenon many encounter in their daily professional practice. Almost 45% of physicians declared that they had to deal with patients who associated their symptoms with the impact of EMF, and some physicians claim that they deal with such patients even several times a month or more often. These findings may lead to significant for public health conclusions. EHS is not a marginal phenomenon, and physicians are striving to properly address this condition. At the same time, their knowledge about EHS and about EMF in general is limited. In such cases, they are unable to adequately help their patients and may become a source of unreliable or unverified information, which could lead to anxiety.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11155985&isnumber=11155907

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Is Cellphone Carrying Below the Waist (Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation) Contributing to the Rapid Rise in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer?

Li DK, Ferber J, Hirst A, Odouli R, Quesenberry C, Levin T.  Is Cellphone Carrying Below the Waist (Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation) Contributing to the Rapid Rise in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer? ISEE 2024: 36th Annual Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology. Vol. 2024, Issue 1. doi: 10.1289/isee.2024.1903.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The incidence of early-onset (EO) (< 50 years of age) colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rising rapidly in recent decades, suggesting the presence of a new environmental risk factor. One emerging, yet under-investigated factor is increased exposure to radiofrequency (RF) non-ionizing radiation from widespread cellphone use. The young population has been documented to carry their cellphones in pants’ pockets many hours a day, leading to extensive exposure to RF radiation in the colorectal region. Intestinal epithelial cells are among the tissue cells most sensitive to radiation exposure. The study was designed to investigate whether cellphone carrying below the waist is associated with increased risk of EOCRC.

METHOD: We conducted a case-control study among 50 recently diagnosed EOCRC cases and 50 randomly selected age- and sex-matched controls. Information on carrying habits included specific locations below the waist before EOCRC diagnosis, the average amount of time carried per day and the ages at which they started and stopped carrying at a given location.[¤]RESULTS[|]After controlling for confounders, a longer duration (the highest tertile) in total hours of carrying a cellphone below the waist had more than 4-fold risk of EOCRC than shorter carrying duration (lower tertiles), adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=4.1, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.0-16.4. The association was stronger for rectal cancer (OR=6.4) vs. colon cancer (OR=1.9), given the closer proximity of pants’ pockets to the rectum. Most strikingly, the association was much stronger for ipsilateral carrying (cellphone carrying on the same side of EOCRC tumor location) with a OR=12.1 (1.5-97) vs. contralateral carrying (cellphone carrying on the opposite side of tumor location) with OR=1.6.

CONCLUSIONS: A longer duration of cellphone carrying below the waist is associated with an increased risk of EOCRC. Though preliminary, the finding revealed an emerging environmental contributor to the rapid rise in EOCRC, whose reasons remain unknown.

https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/isee.2024.1903

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Causal relationship between the duration of mobile phone use and risk of stroke: A Mendelian randomization study

Jin R, Jiang X, Lin Q, Huang X, Gao W, Wang B, Zheng F. Causal relationship between the duration of mobile phone use and risk of stroke: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025 Sep 19;104(38):e44485. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000044485. 

Abstract

This study investigates the causal relationship between the duration of mobile phone use (DMPU) and risk of stroke using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Independent single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association study datasets were employed as instrumental variables to estimate the effects of DMPU on the risk of stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and its subtypes (cardioembolic infarction, small-vessel disease, large artery atherosclerosis [LAAS]). Inverse-variance weighting was utilized as the primary MR method and sensitivity analyses were performed. Ninety single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with stroke from genome-wide association study datasets were selected as instrumental variables. Inverse-variance weighted analysis showed a significant causality between DMPU and an increased risk of LAAS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.120; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.005–1.248; P = .040). No genetic association was found for stroke (OR = 1.000; 95% CI = 0.999–1.001, P = .677), intracerebral hemorrhage (OR = 1.020; 95% CI = 0.912–1.140, P = .734), ischemic stroke (OR = 1.020; 95% CI = 0.979–1.062, P = .344), cardioembolic infarction (OR = 1.066; 95% CI = 0.974–1.166, P = .166), and small-vessel disease (OR = 1.052; 95% CI = 0.944–1.173, P = .356). MR-Egger regression (intercept = 2.75 × 10⁻³; P = .888) suggested multidimensionality was unlikely to bias the results; Cochran Q test and funnel plot showed no heterogeneity or asymmetry, indicating the robustness of present findings. The current investigation confirmed a causal relationship between DMPU and an increased risk of LAAS, suggesting significant implications for public health initiatives and policy development. 

Summary

This study used Mendelian randomization to explore if the duration of mobile phone use (DMPU) affects stroke risk. Researchers analyzed genetic data to see if DMPU is linked to different types of stroke. They found a significant link between DMPU and an increased risk of large artery atherosclerosis (LAAS), with an odds ratio of 1.120. However, no genetic association was found for other stroke types, including intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. The study suggests that DMPU may specifically increase the risk of LAAS, highlighting potential public health concerns and the need for policy development.

Open access: https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/09190/mobile_phone_usage_duration_and_male_fertility__a.4.aspx

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Mobile phone usage duration and male fertility: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

Xiang Y, Xu L, Sun Y, Hu C, Lv L. Mobile phone usage duration and male fertility: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025 Sep 19;104(38):e44668. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000044668.

Abstract

Mobile phone use has become ubiquitous in modern life, raising public concern over its potential effects on male reproductive health. While several observational studies have reported associations between prolonged phone use and decreased sperm quality or testosterone levels, these findings remain inconclusive due to residual confounding, reverse causation, and inconsistent exposure measurement. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using genetic variants associated with mobile phone usage duration to investigate its causal effects on male fertility. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was employed as the primary analytical method. Genetic predisposition to longer mobile phone use was not associated with levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), total testosterone, or the risk of abnormal sperm parameters, erectile dysfunction, or testicular dysfunction. These null findings were consistent across all MR methods and sensitivity analyses. Our findings suggest that mobile phone use is unlikely to have a direct causal impact on male reproductive hormones or sexual function. Future research incorporating precise exposure measurements and mechanistic evaluations is warranted. 

Open access: https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2025/09190/mobile_phone_usage_duration_and_male_fertility__a.4.aspx

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Differential metabolic responses of mouse Leydig and spermatogonia cells to radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure

Miao Xia , Lin Yanyun , Guo Juan , Lin Jiajin , Gao Peng , Zhang Wei , Zeng Lihua , Guo Guozhen , Li Jing. Differential metabolic responses of mouse Leydig and spermatogonia cells to radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure. Frontiers in Public Health. Volume 13 - 2025. Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1623701.

Abstract

Introduction: Although existing studies have shown that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) have a variety of effects on living organisms, the specific impact of RF-EMFs on the metabolism of reproductive cells and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear.This study aims to explore the effects of RF-EMFs on the metabolism of mouse Leydig cells (TM3) and spermatogonia cells (GC-1) through metabolomics analysis, revealing the potential mechanisms by which RF-EMFs affect reproductive health.

Methods: We employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze the metabolomic profiles of TM3 and GC-1 cells under two irradiation modalities: continuous and intermittent RF-EMF exposure. The data were further analyzed using KEGG pathway analysis to identify significantly enriched metabolic pathways. The ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) was used to detect glutathione levels.

Results: Our results showed that continuous irradiation had a more pronounced impact on the metabolism of TM3 cells, primarily affecting amino acid metabolism, the citric acid cycle, ABC transporters, bile secretion, and glutathione metabolism. In contrast, intermittent irradiation mainly altered the levels of fatty acyls and purine nucleosides, with significant enrichment in purine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and fatty acid metabolism. Compared to TM3 cells, GC-1 cells exhibited lower sensitivity to RF-EMF irradiation. Both irradiation modalities affected purine metabolism and lysine degradation pathways in TM3 cells, suggesting that changes in ADP levels may serve as a key metabolic signature in the cellular response to RF-EMF exposure.

Conclusion: Continuous irradiation significantly impacts TM3 cell metabolism, particularly amino acid and glutathione pathways, while intermittent irradiation mainly affects fatty acyls and purine metabolism. GC-1 cells show lower sensitivity to RF-EMF. ADP level changes may be a key metabolic signature of RF-EMF exposure.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1623701/full

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Radiofrequency regulates the BET-mediated pathways in radial glia differentiation in human cortical development

Cakir B, Tanaka Y, Choe MS, Kiral FR, Kim J, Micali N, Kang YJ, Dharmadhikari B, Patterson B, Yang WS, Cho Y, Xiang Y, Zhong M, Lee SH, Patra P, Rakic P, Park IH. Radiofrequency regulates the BET-mediated pathways in radial glia differentiation in human cortical development. Cell Rep. 2025 Sep 24:116238. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116238. 

Abstract

The human brain represents one of the most complex organs in our body, with development regulated by an intricate genetic program. Recently, non-genetic factors, such as prenatal stress, infection, and diet, have been shown to influence brain development. Radiofrequency radiation (RF; 800-2,400 MHz), emitted by natural and artificial sources such as microwaves and cell phones, represents a non-invasive environmental factor. Using human cortical organoids (hCOs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we investigate RF's effects on corticogenesis. We find that RF exposure regulates the differentiation of human and non-human primate radial glia progenitors, maintaining stem cell identity and delaying differentiation. Neurons differentiated under RF treatment show induction of expression of human endogenous retroviruses. Importantly, inhibitors for the BET (bromodomain and extraterminal) protein rescue RF-induced developmental defects in hCOs. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which RF modulates early brain development, offering a non-biological approach to regulate neural stem cell self-renewal.

Highlights

RF exposure alters radial glial differentiation in human cortical organoids

RF induces ASD-related gene and retroelement expression in cortical organoids

BET protein dysregulation mediates RF-induced neurodevelopmental defects

BET inhibitors rescue RF-induced developmental defects in cortical organoids

Open access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725010095

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Investigation of fetal exposure to electromagnetic waves between 2.45 and 5 GHz during pregnancy

İl N, Ateş K, Özen Ş. Investigation of fetal exposure to electromagnetic waves between 2.45 and 5 GHz during pregnancy. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2025 Sep 25:ncaf110. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncaf110. 

Abstract

In this paper, we have assessed the specific absorption rate (SAR) in fetal brain and lungs during the second trimester of pregnancy conditions of body exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF). SAR calculations were performed for frontal and lateral incidences, with both vertical and horizontal polarization of the incident electromagnetic (EM) waves at frequencies ranging from 2.45 to 5 GHz. A realistic pregnant human model with a belly button piercing was implemented for numerical simulation for nonionizing dosimetry. The simulation results reveal that SAR tends to rise in the presence of belly-button piercing. The highest SAR10g recorded on the fetus's lungs was 16 mW/kg at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Similarly, the maximum SAR10g value on the fetus's brain was measured 14 mW/kg, occurring at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Results indicate that metal objects can lead to an increase in SAR values. However, obtained values remain below limits set by international organizations like the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40995977/

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3.5GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on metabolic disorders in Drosophila melanogaster

Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Liao Y, Cai P. 3.5GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on metabolic disorders in Drosophila melanogaster. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Oct 6;304:119132. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119132. 

Abstract

The widespread implementation of fifth-generation (5 G) technology has raised concerns regarding its impact on biosafety. This study aims to uncover metabolic alterations in Drosophila melanogaster in response to electromagnetic radiation through metabolomics under 3.5 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) conditions. Newborn male flies were continuously exposed to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at intensities of 0.1 W/m², 1 W/m², and 10 W/m² throughout their entire life cycle under 24-hour constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis was performed on Drosophila samples after long-term exposure. The results indicate that long-term exposure to RF-EMF leads to disruptions in four metabolic pathways - alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, ascorbate and aldehyde metabolism, and purine metabolism - as well as 34 differential metabolites across various power density in Drosophila melanogaster. Notably, the most significant metabolites (GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG) exhibited high sensitivity to RF-EMF showing significant decreases. The suggests that long-term exposure to electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce the overall metabolic levels in fruit fly. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolic disturbance induced by RF-EMF and enhance our understanding of the potential health effects associated with 5 G radiation. 

Highlights

Long-term 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure disrupts metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster.
Key pathways affected: energy, neurotransmitter, membrane lipid, purine metabolism.
34 altered metabolites did not exhibit a clear dose-dependent response to RF-EMF exposure.
Six sensitive biomarkers identified (e.g., GABA, glucose‑6‑phosphate), with significant decreases.

Results provide mechanistic insights into 5 G RF‑EMF biosafety impacts.

Open access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325014770?via%3Dihub

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Bacterial Adaptation to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Based on Experiences from Ionizing Radiation

Said-Salman I, Mortazavi SMJ, Khatib SE, Mortazavi SA, Sihver L. (2025). Bacterial Adaptation to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Based on Experiences from Ionizing Radiation. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, (), -. doi: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2405-1770.

Abstract

Bacteria, part of the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria), are constantly exposed to man-made electromagnetic fields, which often exceed the intensity of natural electromagnetic sources. In response to this exposure, bacteria have developed various defensive and resistant traits. This article presents an overview of both historical and recent research on how bacteria adapt to common sources of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF. The widespread use of mobile phones and Wi-Fi, both utilizing Radiofrequency (RF) radiation, raises potential public health concerns, which have been addressed by international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). Understanding how bacteria adapt to EMF is important for mitigating the risk of increased pathogenicity of radio-resistant bacteria in the human environment.

Conclusion

The exposure of bacteria to EMF can be appreciated when altering with bacterial survival mechanism and may compromise therapeutic success. However, continuous exposure of microorganisms to common sources of EMF such RF may emerge super-pathogens with high resistance to treatments.

Open access: https://jbpe.sums.ac.ir/article_51139_0eca0c408ce6ec99ffd5908dc60c3449.pdf

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Associations between Individual and Geospatial Characteristics and Power of 4G Signals Received by Mobile Phones

Laplanche A, Guida F, Moissonnier M, Launay L, Beranger R, Lagroye I, Orlacchio R, Fontaine M, Bories S, Mazloum T, Conil E, Huss A, Wiart J, Danjou A, Schüz J, Dejardin O, Deltour I. Associations between Individual and Geospatial Characteristics and Power of 4G Signals Received by Mobile Phones. Environ Res. 2025 Oct 6:123030. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.123030.

Abstract

Background: The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures downlink signal intensity received by smartphones in 4th Generation LTE networks.

Objective: This study evaluated how individual, technical, and spatial factors influenced LTE-RSSI during daily activities.

Methods: Between November 2022 and October 2023, adults in France used the XMobiSensePlus Android smartphone application to record RSSI and GPS data. Distance to the operator's nearest antenna, obtained from Cartoradio, population and antenna density and urbanicity were analyzed using a geographic information system. Determinants of RSSI were assessed using an autoregressive mixed model incorporating restricted cubic splines for distance. Environmental exposures were estimated at 1800 MHz using conversion factors.

Results: From 1,969,913 records of 187 participants, with measurements taken every 30 seconds over 7.9 days, the average LTE-RSSI was -79.3 dBm. The estimated electric field strength was 0.12 V/m, albeit with large uncertainty. The median distance to the nearest antenna was 536 m. Proximity to antennas increased RSSI. Antenna density positively influenced RSSI (overall β = +0.37 dBm per additional antenna per km2). Lower RSSI was observed in the evening and night, particularly in urban areas. Smartphone's technical parameters (Android version and System-on-a-Chip) influenced RSSI, operators did not. Proximity to antennas had greater impact in rural areas.

Conclusion: Urbanicity, distance to the nearest 4G antenna, antenna density, time of day, and smartphone's technical parameters influenced RSSI levels in 4G networks in France, but not operator.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41061881/

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Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MF) and Radiofrequency: Risk of Childhood CNS Tumors in a City with Elevated ELF-MF Exposure

Correa‐Correa V, Núñez‐Enríquez JC, Mezei G, Rivera‐Luna R, Peñaloza‐González JG, Rivas-Carrillo SD, et al. Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MF) and Radiofrequency: Risk of Childhood CNS Tumors in a City with Elevated ELF-MF Exposure. Environmental Research, 2025, doi:.10.1016/j.envres.2025.122858.

Abstract

Background  Central nervous system tumors (CNSTs) are the second most common childhood cancer. While their etiology is unclear, exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and radiofrequency (RF) may be associated with increased risk. This study aims to examine the relationship between ELF-MF and RF exposure and CNST risk in Mexico City's pediatric population.

Methods  A case-control study was conducted in Mexico City (2017-2022), to assess ELF-MF and RF exposure in 200 CNST patients and 793 controls under 16 years old. Residential ELF-MF exposure was measured over 24 hours, and RF exposure was assessed through the total duration of cell phone calls and electronic device usage (with and without internet). ELF-MF exposure levels below 0.1 μT and the lowest RF exposure quartile (Q1) served as reference groups for adjusted odds ratio (aOR) analyses. Data analysis was performed using R and SPSS software.

Results  Of all participants, 5.1% had ELF-MF exposure ≥0.3 μT. Elevated ELF-MF exposure (≥0.4 μT) was significantly associated with an increased risk of CNST (aOR (95% confidence interval)=2.39 (1.15-5.00). While cell phone use showed no differences between cases and controls, prolonged tablet use (with and without internet) was significantly associated with increased CNST risk (aOR=2.53 (1.39-4.61), and 3.53 (1.45-8.59), respectively).

Conclusion  A high proportion of children in Mexico City are exposed to ELF-MF levels ≥0.3 μT, exceeding levels reported in other populations. Elevated residential ELF-MF exposure, as well as prolonged tablet use, both with and without internet connectivity, were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing CNST in childhood.

Highlights

• Many Mexico City children exposed to ELF-MF ≥0.3 μT, higher than global averages.
• Elevated ELF-MF exposure was associated with an increased risk of CNST.
• Prolonged tablet use increased CNST risk, especially in children aged 6-10.
• Cell phone use showed no association with CNST risk.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935125021103

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Dosimetric Electromagnetic Safety of People With Implants: A Neglected Population?

Kranold L, Xi J, Goren T, Kuster N. Dosimetric Electromagnetic Safety of People With Implants: A Neglected Population? Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Sep;46(6):e70023. doi: 10.1002/bem.70023. P

Abstract

Electromagnetic (EM) safety guidelines are designed to protect the general public and workers from the risks posed by exposure to EM sources of all types, with the exception of medical EM sources. However, it has never been systematically evaluated whether individuals with conductive implants are also protected by these guidelines or whether the local field enhancement due to presence of the implant may pose an unacceptable risk under certain realistic exposure conditions. To address this important knowledge and regulatory gap, we first evaluated the upper bound of the local enhancement of bare and insulated generic implants of 0.5 λ (approximately equal to resonant) and 0.1 λ lengths, but restricted the maximum length to 2 m, as a function of tissue properties and frequency (10 kHz to 1 GHz). Results for uniform electric field excitation showed local enhancement of psSAR_10mg and of locally averaged E-field, respectively, compared to the background in the presence of a generic implant of 10 dB (1 GHz) to over 100 dB at frequencies under 100 MHz. In the next step, we tested the hypothesis that fields induced inside the human body by realistic near-field sources are not sufficiently uniform to generate results in enhancement that could pose unacceptable risk. Common implant trajectories were inserted into the Virtual Population human anatomical model Ella V3.0, and the model was exposed to the following conditions (i) a standard source representing a wireless power transfer source operating at 85 kHz and (ii) a dipole source that operates at 450 MHz within the current exposure limits. Results show that the safety limit is exceeded at the tip of the implant by a factor of > 10 ( > 20 dB) or > 115 V/m at 85 kHz, whereas the locally induced specific absorption rate averaged over 10 mg at 450 MHz was 7.9 W/kg, resulting in a temperature increase after 6 min of < 0.4 K. Hence, as the hypothesis was falsified at frequencies < 450 MHz, patients with implants are inadequately protected by current safety and product guidelines. In the discussions, proposals for how to close this regulatory gap are provided. 

Summary

• In this study, we evaluated systematically whether people with conductive implants are protected by electromagnetic safety guidelines and standards or whether certain exposure conditions result in an unacceptable risk to the subpopulation.

• A systematic exposure study of generic insulated and non-insulated implants showed local enhancements of the psSAR_10mg and locally averaged E-field in a frequency range of 10 kHz to 1 GHz of up to 100 dB.

• The human anatomical model ViP Ella v3 with common implant trajectories was exposed to a realistic 85 kHz wireless power transfer coil and a 450 MHz dipole source, resulting in a local field enhancement at the implant tip of over > 115 V/m and 7.9 W/kg, respectively, showing that people with implants are not adequately protected by current safety guidelines.

Open access: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12464515/

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Numerical analysis of the thermal effects on adult with brain pacemaker implantation exposed to WIFI antennas

Tian R, Zhao Y, Lu M, Deng J. Numerical analysis of the thermal effects on adult with brain pacemaker implantation exposed to WIFI antennas. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Volume 74, 2025,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106941.

Abstract

In the regard of whether it's safe for the Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients with brain pacemaker (BP) implantation to use their cell phones, we investigated the electromagnetic (EM) radiation of cell phone to the patients. In this work, a three-dimensional model of the human brain including the real Basal Ganglia, two dual-frequency planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA) operating at WIFI/5G and two types of implanted BPs were modeled utilizing COMSOL finite element software. By varying the antennas operating frequency, the angles between the antennas and the human brain, the thermal conductivity of the Grey Matter (GM) and the electrode structure, we numerically analyzed the specific absorption rate (SAR), the temperature increase, the thermal strain and the displacement of the brain tissues. The results indicated that regardless of the frequencies and angles, the SAR value and temperature increase are below the limits of 2 W/kg and 2 °C specified by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 2020, but they reached their maximum at the angle of 90°. The change in GM thermal conductivity and electrode geometry affected the trend of the temperature increase in the brain tissues. The thermal strain and displacement of brain tissues during their temperature increase were found to have a potential impact on the postoperative efficacy of PD patients. The displacement of brain tissues was the similar as the displacement that was observed in some medical literatures, and the two displacements approximately had the same order of magnitude. Therefore, we recommended that one should avoid using the cell phones in the gesture of θ= 90°. The PD patients should also maintain the distance as far as possible. Considering that the PD patients may use cell phones frequently, we also suggested that they might visit the hospital once in a while, in order to confirm that the pacemaker is working properly.

Open access: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25012018

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Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure Levels for Humans from Electric Vehicle DC Charging Stations

Dong S, Lu M. Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure Levels for Humans from Electric Vehicle DC Charging Stations. Sensors (Basel). 2025 Sep 14;25(18):5735. doi: 10.3390/s25185735. 

Abstract

The potential health risks of DC charging piles to human health were investigated by quantifying the internal electromagnetic exposure level. In this study, the transformer in the DC/DC circuit of a DC charging pile was selected as the radiation source, and two realistic human models (adult and child) were used as exposure subjects. A simulation model, including the vehicle body, charging pile, and transformer, was established using COMSOL(COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2) Multiphysics software to calculate the magnetic induction intensity (B-field) and electric field intensity (E-field) in various organs at distances of 0.1 m, 0.3 m, and 0.6 m from the charging pile. The results show that at 0.1 m, the peak B-field (1.91 µT) and E-field (447 mV/m) in the adult body were 1.91% and 2.07% of the ICNIRP occupational exposure limits, respectively, and 7.07% and 4.14% of the public exposure limits. For the child model, the peak electromagnetic exposure levels (2.31 µT and 259 mV/m) were only 8.56% and 2.40% of the public limits. Further evaluation of exposure levels for in-vehicle occupants during charging showed that the peak B-field and E-field for an adult driver and a child in the front passenger seat were 0.0225 × 10^-2 µT, 0.0237 × 10^-2 µT, 5.81 mV/m, and 5.82 mV/m, respectively, far below the ICNIRP public limits. Additionally, analyses at multiple frequency bands (85 kHz, 90 kHz, and 95 kHz) under a typical scenario (adult at 0.1 m from the charging pile) revealed that the B-field in the human body decreased with increasing frequency, while the E-field showed minimal variation due to shielding effects. All electromagnetic exposure levels were below both ICNIRP public and occupational limits, indicating the broad applicability of the results. Under normal operating conditions of DC charging piles, the electromagnetic exposure from the DC/DC transformer fully complies with safety standards and poses no threat to human health. This study provides a scientific basis for alleviating public concerns about the health risks of electromagnetic radiation from DC charging piles for electric vehicles. 

Conclusions

This study uses the transformer in the DC/DC circuit of a DC charging station module as the radiation source and employs realistic adult and child human models as exposure subjects. At an 80 kHz switching frequency, the electromagnetic field excited by the AC signal input to the primary winding was calculated, and electromagnetic exposure levels were assessed for individuals in proximity to the charging station and for an adult in the driver’s seat and a child in the front passenger seat during EV charging. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1) For an adult standing 0.1 m from the charging pile, the peak B-field (1.91 µT) and the peak E-field (447 mV/m) in the body are 1.91% and 2.07% of the ICNIRP occupational exposure limits, respectively, and 7.07% and 4.14% of the public exposure limits. For the child, the electromagnetic exposure levels (2.31 µT and 259 mV/m) are 8.56% and 2.40% of the public exposure limits, respectively. These results indicate that electromagnetic exposure levels for occupational and private individuals near the DC charging pile are within safe limits.

(2) For an adult standing at distances of 0.1 m, 0.3 m, and 0.6 m from the DC charging pile, the peak B-field in the body corresponds to 7.07%, 3.02%, and 0.80% of the ICNIRP public exposure limits, respectively, while the peak E-field corresponds to 2.07%, 1.77%, and 0.44%. For a child at the same distances, the peak B-field is 8.56%, 3.45%, and 2.15% of the ICNIRP public exposure limits, and the peak E-field is 2.40%, 1.74%, and 1.43%. These findings demonstrate a significant negative correlation between the distance from the charging pile and the electromagnetic exposure level in the body.

(3) During electric vehicle charging, the peak B-fields in the body for an adult in the driver’s seat and a child in the passenger’s seat are 0.0225 × 10⁻² µT and 0.0237 × 10⁻² µT, respectively. The peak E-fields in the body and brain are 5.81 mV/m and 5.59 mV/m for the adult, and 5.82 mV/m and 5.67 mV/m for the child, all significantly below the ICNIRP public exposure limits.

(4) In the typical scenarios (adult at 0.1 m from the charging pile), analyses were conducted at multiple frequency bands, including 85 kHz, 90 kHz, and 95 kHz. The results show that as the frequency increases, the peak B-field in the human body gradually decreases, while the E-field in the body shows no significant change, possibly influenced by the vehicle body. The electromagnetic exposure levels in all frequency bands are below the ICNIRP safety limits.

This study has certain limitations, and future research will focus on the following areas: (1) expanding the types of human models to include sensitive populations such as pregnant women and adolescent females; (2) evaluating electromagnetic exposure from multiple radiation sources (e.g., inverters and cables) acting concurrently; (3) conducting field measurements and validation of electromagnetic fields from DC charging stations.

This study addresses gaps in the safety assessment of electromagnetic environments associated with DC charging stations, providing a scientific basis for establishing electromagnetic environment standards and industry exposure limits for EV charging facilities, thereby contributing to public health protection.

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/18/5735

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Bioelectricity in Morphogenesis

Nunes CO, Barriga EH. Bioelectricity in Morphogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2025 Oct;41(1):187-208. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101323-032747. Epub 2025 Aug 19. 

Abstract

Bioelectricity is likely as old as life itself. From the moment the first proto-cell was enclosed in a lipid bilayer, a membrane potential arose. Thus, one can expect that bioelectrical activities influence single-cell and collective cell behaviors in processes such as embryo development, tissue repair, and even disease. Despite the ubiquity of bioelectrical phenomena, most research has focused on bioelectrical control of neural tissues, and as a result, our knowledge of nonneural contexts remains comparatively less understood, scattered, and often misunderstood. Still, there are strong reasons for supporting the idea that bioelectricity contributes to diverse morphogenetic contexts. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of the current knowledge of how cells generate and perceive bioelectrical inputs, and discuss how cells translate these stimuli into responses that influence tissue morphogenesis in physiology and pathology. 

Open access: https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/cellbio/41/1/annurev-cellbio-101323-032747.pdf?expires=1759524214&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=4B7FD77ABD1E5E6E4D9239BE689002C4

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Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Methods and Procedures for Induction Hobs

Xi J, Kühn S, Fortunato C, Ofli E, Kuster N. Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Methods and Procedures for Induction Hobs. Bioelectromagnetics. 2025 Oct;46(7):e70024. doi: 10.1002/bem.70024.

Abstract

Induction hobs generate strong alternating magnetic fields to heat pots by inducing eddy currents. These fields are the strongest close to the bottom of the cookware, but stray fields at large distances can still be substantial. In general, these are higher than the reference levels defined by international electromagnetic exposure safety guidelines (ICNIRP 1998; ICNIRP 2010; IEEE 2019). That the reference levels are exceeded does not imply that the basic restrictions are also violated. In this study, we assess the exposures caused by the latest generation of induction hobs by applying the advanced instrumentation and different methods that include the procedures developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for household appliances (IEC 62233) (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 2005), the 4-tier approach developed for inductive wireless power transfer systems (IEC 63184) (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 2021), and their derivatives. First, methods for determining the maximum exposure configuration were assessed. Then, the 3D distribution of the incident magnetic field was sampled with a scanning system and analyzed, and the contact currents assessed. Lastly, numerical dosimetric evaluations were performed in anatomical models to determine the maximum fields induced by the measured incident fields directly or by a representative coil model converted from the measured fields. The study's findings reveal significant variations in exposure across different induction hobs, with differences of up to a factor of > 20 ( > 26 dB) as a function of power, coil size, and proximity to the coil. This suggests that low-exposure hobs can be designed without compromising cooking performance. Furthermore, the study strengthens the conclusions of previous studies that IEC 62233 (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 2005) may underestimate the exposure for persons standing next to the hob by up to a factor of > 30-based on testing according to the exposure limits from (ICNIRP 1998; IEEE 2019)-and thus does not ensure safety. A dosimetric analysis, the most accurate method, would be relatively costly. Alternative approaches derived from (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission, 2021) that are affordable and not overly conservative are discussed.

Summary

• The low-exposure induction hobs can be achieved by employing small heating coils without compromising cooking performance.

• The product standards IEC 62233 (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 2005) and EN 62233 (CENELEC, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization 2008) may significantly underestimate the exposure, and therefore require revision to ensure the safety of induction hobs.

• Conservative and affordable approaches from IEC 63184 (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 2021) and IEC 60990 (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 2016) are applied to demonstrate the compliance of induction hobs with the limits of incident/induced fields and contact current, respectively.

Open access: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.70024

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Simultaneous 4G and 5G EMF Exposure and Field Uniformity in a Reverberation Chamber for Animal Studies

Kwon D, Jeon S, Lee A-K, Choi H-D, Moon J-I. Simultaneous 4G and 5G EMF Exposure and Field Uniformity in a Reverberation Chamber for Animal Studies. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(18):10286. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810286.

Abstract

The design and validation of a reverberation chamber (RC) specifically constructed for conducting large-scale experimental animal carcinogenicity studies using RF electromagnetic fields (EMF) relevant to contemporary 4G and 5G mobile communication (900 MHz, 2.12 GHz, and 3.65 GHz) is proposed. The RC’s electric field (E-field) uniformity is evaluated under four practical loading conditions: empty, apparatus only, and two apparatus variations with 80 experimental animals (Sprague–Dawley rats) with approximate weights 400 g and 520 g, respectively. Measurement results show E-field uniformity better than 1.36 dB under all test conditions, with frequency-dependent variation becoming negligible once the RC is loaded with cage racks and 80 rats. Additionally, a predictive method is introduced to estimate composite E-field intensities under simultaneous multi-frequency exposures, potentially reducing experimental measurements. These findings confirm that the designed RC is capable of accurately evaluating RF EMF exposure in biological studies. 

Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/18/10286

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Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and postmenopausal breast cancer risk

Moayedi-Nia, S, Almadin C, Labrèche F, Goldberg MS, Richardson L, Cardis E, Ho V. Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ():10.1097/JOM.0000000000003564, October 1, 2025. | DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000003564.

Abstract

Objective Estimate the association between occupational exposures to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and postmenopausal breast cancer. 

Methods Lifetime job histories from a population-based case-control study (2008-2011) of histologically-confirmed breast cancer in Montréal, Canada were linked to a job-exposure matrix to assign geometric mean ELF-MF exposure/workday. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cumulative, average, maximum, and duration of maximum exposure to ELF-MF (per interquartile range increase), adjusting for individual-level and ecological covariables. 

Results Data from 663 cases and 592 controls revealed no association between occupational ELF-MF exposure and postmenopausal breast cancer, though restricting exposures to 0-10 years before interview and to those during breast development, some positive associations was observed, particularly for ER+/PR+ tumours. 

Conclusions Our findings suggest no association between occupational ELF-MF exposure and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. 

https://journals.lww.com/joem/abstract/9900/occupational_exposure_to_extremely_low_frequency.993.aspx

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The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on liver damage induced by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields in a rat model

Aydinbelge Dizdar N, Aylin Akbulut, Koca G, Demirel MK, Yumusak N, Umurhan G, Canseven Kursun AG, Korkmaz M. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on liver damage induced by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields in a rat model. Toxicol Ind Health. 2025 Sep 29:7482337251383412. doi: 10.1177/07482337251383412.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on liver damage caused by extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) in rats. Thirty-two male rats were arbitrarily assigned into four groups: Group 1 (control group), Group 2 (ELF-MF exposure group), Group 3 (ELF-MF exposure + ALA administration), and Group 4 (sham group). Groups 2 and 3 were exposed to ELF-MF at 2 mT intensity emitted by two Helmholtz coils for 4 hours/day throughout 30 days. Group 3 received ALA intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg/day) 1 hour prior to each exposure for 30 days. Group 4 was placed inside the coils, but the generator was turned off. Histopathological analysis of the liver revealed statistically significant increases in hyperemia, inflammation, fibrosis, vacuolization, multiple nuclei, and biliary proliferation in Group 2 compared to all other groups. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed that Group 2 had statistically significantly higher TUNEL and caspase-3 levels than all other groups. ELF-MF-induced alterations, including hyperemia, inflammation, vacuolization, and multiple nuclei, were significantly reduced in Group 3 compared with Group 2. However, no significant difference was observed between Group 2 and Group 3 regarding bile duct proliferation or fibrosis. No pathological changes were observed in Groups 1 and 4. ALA administration effectively reduced some histopathological changes caused by ELF-MF, particularly hyperemia, inflammation, vacuolization, and multiple nuclei, but did not improve fibrosis or biliary proliferation. Additionally, it reduced TUNEL and caspase-3 expression. Our findings suggest that ALA exhibits anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects against ELF-MF-induced liver damage. 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41022467/

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Female Crabs Are More Sensitive to Environmentally Relevant Electromagnetic Fields from Submarine Power Cables

James E, Ghodsi M, Ford AT.  Female Crabs Are More Sensitive to Environmentally Relevant Electromagnetic Fields from Submarine Power Cables. Environmental Science and Technology Letters. Sep 15, 2025. 

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00862.

Abstract

The expansion of offshore wind and marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) is increasing anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from submarine power cables (SPCs). SPC-generated EMFs can exceed 2700 μT, well above the geomagnetic field, and may affect benthic animal behavior. In decapod crustaceans, sex-specific habitat uses and seasonal migrations are well-documented, yet their role in EMF sensitivity remains untested. We exposed juvenile shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) (n = 120; 1:1 sex ratio) to EMFs of 500, 1000, and 3200 μT using a Helmholtz coil system and tracked behavior over 10 min trials. Females exhibited strong attraction across EMF levels, spending up to 131% more time in the EMF-exposed zone and significantly less time in the low-field zone. They also drove differences in distance moved, whereas males showed no consistent spatial preference and indifferent activity at the highest field strength. These sex-specific responses suggest SPC EMFs could disrupt female-driven reproductive behaviors like seasonal migrations and larval release. Attraction may cause disorientation, aggregation, or delays in migration, potentially altering sex ratios and reducing larval export. This study provides the first evidence of sex-specific EMF responses in crustaceans and highlights the importance of incorporating sex as a key variable in ecological risk assessments of offshore infrastructure.

Open access: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00862